(TIỂU LUẬN) đề TIỂU LUẬN TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH

ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC TP HỒ CHÍ MINH KHOA KHOA HỌC CƠ BẢN BỘ MÔN NGOẠI NGỮ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Học phần: Tiếng Anh Họ tên sinh viên thực hiện: NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG HẠNH Mã số sinh viên: 611208254 Ngày tháng năm sinh: 09/10/2002 Khối: CNCQ20 Tổ: 10 - HS20 Điện thoại liên hệ: 0336903926 Năm học: 2020 – 2021 KẾT QUẢ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Điểm (bằng số) Tiêu chí đánh giá Category Organization (10 points) Content (30 points) Language Use (60 points) Score HỘ SINH 20 ĐỀ TIỂU LUẬN - TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH TOPIC Present everything we should know about prenatal period Your paper should clearly present the following information: when pregnancy occurs and how the fetus develops description of trimesters of pregnancy how the body changes during pregnancy and physiological changes the woman may have description of discomforts of pregnancy and how to alleviate them 10 fun facts about pregnancy description of some common medical complications of pregnancy Your paper should contains about 1,000 words and images with captions I When pregnancy occurs and how the fetus develops  Phenomenon of pregnancy: After fertilization, the egg forms a zygote, then develops into an embryo and implants in the uterus to develop  Typical signs of pregnancy: - Late period (since sex >2 weeks) - The pregnancy test showed lines - Need to more Beta HCG test < 5mIU/ml: combine with the above signs to confirm more definitely pregnancy to avoid false positive cases  Fetal development takes place in trimesters: First trimester (1-12 weeks), Second trimester (13-27weeks) and Third trimester (28-42 weeks) in which most important milestones: week 12, week 22, week 32 II Description of the second trimester of pregnancy Week 13: Urine is formed, essentially the phenomenon of the fetus swallowing amniotic fluid and excreting it back in the amniotic chamber 14th week: sex formation begins - Gender can be detected through 3D ultrasound, also at this time, the fetus is about 87mm long and weighs about 45g 15th week: scalp has hair growth - The fetus is now developing like a miniature baby with the formation and completion of the scalp, the developed muscles help them to move their limbs - The triple test at this time helps to detect the risk of fetal malformations Week 16: Eyes and extremities - The baby's head is stiff, the eyes can move slowly The fetal ear is also entering the final stages of completion - Fetal limbs are able to move together and can be seen during ultrasound However, these movements are too small for pregnant women to feel Week 17: toenail formation begins Week 18: Formation of sensory and digestive function - The ears begin to protrude outward, and the fetus begins to be able to hear The baby's eyes begin to look forward, and the digestive system also begins to work 19th week: Protection layer development and genital formation - During this period, fetal growth slows down - A greasy, cheese-like layer appears, covering the baby's skin called the vernix caseosa, which protects the baby's sensitive skin from friction, cracking, or thickening stiffness due to contact with amniotic fluid - For females, the uterus and vagina are formed during this period Week 20: There are basic human activities - At this time, the pregnant woman can feel the movement of the fetus The fetus will alternate sleep and wakefulness, and of course, the fetus may be awakened by noise or movements of the pregnant woman Week 21: the fetus can suck its thumb - The whole body of the fetus is covered with a soft layer of hair This layer of fluff plays the role of helping to keep the substance on the baby's skin - Fetal sucking emission is also formed The fetus begins to suck the thumb 10 22nd week: The golden time to evaluate malformations and fetal development in the 2nd trimester - At this time, the fetus has a length from the top of the head to the heel of about 26.6 30cm and weighs about 360 - 500g - This is the period when the organs of the fetus continue to develop and perfect 4D ultrasound is used to evaluate fetal malformations, can be combined with Triple Test to give better results 11 Week 23: fingerprints and foot prints form - Grooves also begin to appear in the hands and feet, which will later become an extremely important biometric factor, that is, fingerprints and foot prints - The fetus may start hiccups, causing sudden jerky movements 12 Week 24: Fetal skin has wrinkles - Fetal skin appears wrinkles, is no longer transparent as before, and is pink or red (the color of blood in the capillaries) 13 Week 25: The fetus responds to the mother's words - In the 25th week of pregnancy (equivalent to 23 weeks after fertilization), the fetus can move in response to familiar sounds such as the mother's voice - The baby's sleep at this time is mostly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (a phase of sleep, when the eyeballs move very quickly even though the eyes are still closed) 14 26th week: fetal lungs develop - At the 26th week of pregnancy (equivalent to 24 weeks after fertilization) the fetal lungs begin to produce surfactant - a substance that keeps the alveoli open when inhaled and does not collapse or stick when exhaled 15 27th week: end of the second trimester (second trimester) - The 27th week of pregnancy (equivalent to 25 weeks after fertilization) is the end of the second trimester of pregnancy At this time, the nervous system of the fetus continues to mature The baby's fat layer begins to appear, making the baby's skin look smoother and smoother How the body changes during pregnancy and the physiological and BI psychological changes of a woman  Physiological and endocrine changes - Nausea - Constipation - Increase in progesterone, causing decreased tone of the ureters and bladder, causing hydronephrosis, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections, causing polyuria, burning - Estrogen increases sharply causing increased coagulation and increased risk of venous thrombosis - Cravings for strange foods - Increased Progesteron causes an increase in body temperature, feeling irritable, uncomfortable - Changes in thyroid function, increased levels of T3, T4, there are transient episodes of hyperthyroidism - Increased risk of gestational diabetes (Type diabetes)  Anatomical changes - The nipples are darker and rougher, the breasts begin to grow larger - The uterus grows bigger and heavier - Appearance of Cladwick's sign in the vagina, here also appear white blood of pregnancy IV Describe pregnancy discomforts and how to relieve them Change breasts  Breasts increase in size as milk glands and fatty tissue develop, causing engorgement Blue veins may also appear as the blood volume increases Nipples may darken, and sometimes a thick fluid called colostrum may flow Advice: - Wear a maternity bra, made of cotton or natural fibres, in a firm, tight-fitting size that won't irritate the nipples; - Try wearing a comfortable bra at night; - Insert a cotton towel or gauze pad into the bra to absorb any discharge from the nipple - Wash breasts with warm water and mild soap so as not to dry the skin Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting  The growing fetus requires the mother to need more energy, so it is easy to get tired Sometimes fatigue is also a sign of iron deficiency anemia - a common problem during pregnancy Combined with hormonal changes, it is easy to get nauseous Advice: - Get plenty of rest and combine a moderate lifestyle and lifestyle - Visit the hospital to check for iron deficiency anemia regularly - Can light exercise Frequent urination, burning urine  The growing uterus presses on the bladder, causing the pregnant woman to urinate a lot during pregnancy in the first months This will happen again in the last months as the baby's head moves down the pelvis before the due date Advice: - Do not wear tight underwear or pants; - If you feel a burning sensation while urinating, it may be a sign of a urinary tract infection, requiring immediate medical attention Constipation  Hormones, vitamins and iron supplements can make it difficult or infrequent for a woman to have bowel movements The pressure of the uterus on the rectum is also the cause of constipation Advice: - Add more fiber (such as whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables) to your diet; - Drink at least 6-8 glasses of water and 1-2 glasses of fruit juice every day It is recommended to drink warm water, especially in the morning; - Daily exercise; - Avoid straining when defecating; - Ask your doctor about using a laxative or stool softener Difficulty sleeping  Finding a comfortable resting position can become very difficult later in pregnancy Advice: - Do not take sleeping pills, instead try drinking warm milk before going to bed; - Take a warm bath or bath before going to bed; - Use extra pillows to support pregnant women while sleeping to limit muscle tension and provide comfortable support; - It is recommended to lie on the left side to improve blood circulation throughout the body Heartburn or indigestion  Heartburn is a burning sensation that begins in the stomach and almost rises up to the throat During pregnancy, the change in hormone levels slows down the digestive system, weakens the stomach and uterine sphincters, which can cause gastric blockage It is these factors that push stomach acid up Advice: - Eat slowly and divide into several small meals throughout the day instead of three large meals; - Drink warm water or milk; - Avoid fried, spicy, or overeating foods that are difficult to digest; - Do not lie down immediately after eating; - Elevate your head above your feet or place a pillow under your shoulders to prevent stomach acid from flowing up into your throat; - Do not mix fatty foods and sweets, liquids and solids in one meal; - Ask your doctor about certain medications such as Tums, Maalox, Titralac, Mylanta, Riopan or Gaviscon Varicose veins 10  Pregnancy can affect blood circulation, enlarging or swelling the veins in your legs Some ways to prevent such as: - Avoid standing or sitting still for long periods of time It is important to move often; - Avoid postures that restrict blood circulation in the legs, for example, crossing your legs when sitting; - Elevate your legs and feet while sitting; - Exercise regularly; - Wear supportive stockings for varicose veins, but avoid wrapping your legs too tightly Nasal congestion and difficulty breathing  Pregnancy hormones will dry out the lining of the nose, causing the nose to become inflamed and swollen Therefore, pregnant women can have a stuffy nose or feel like they have a cold, combined with increased pressure of the uterus on the lungs, making it difficult for pregnant women to breathe Advice : - Apply a warm washcloth to your cheeks, eyes, and nose to relieve congestion; - Avoid using nasal sprays unless directed by your doctor; - Drink plenty of water (at least 6-8 glasses/day) to thin the mucus; - Put an extra pillow while sleeping to raise your head and prevent mucus from clogging your throat; - Use a humidifier or mist in the room; - Take a warm bath or soak in the tub - Walk slowly and often stop for a while; - Avoid lying on your back and try to sleep with your head elevated; - If shortness of breath persists or you feel sharp pain when you inhale, see your doctor right away because you are at risk for a pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs) 11 Vaginal discharge  Normally, vaginal discharge will increase during pregnancy due to a larger supply of blood and hormones Normal vaginal discharge is white or clear, non-irritating, and odorless There may be yellow dry stains on the underwear of pregnant women Advice : - Choose underwear made of cotton or natural fibers; - Avoid tight jeans or pants; - Do not douche to avoid introducing air into the circulation or breaking the amniotic sac; - Clean the intimate area regularly with soap and water; - Wipe dry from front to back; - See your doctor if you experience itching, burning, irritation, or swelling in your vagina, or discharge that is foul-smelling, bleeding, yellow, or green These symptoms could be signs of an infection 10 False labor contractions  The uterine muscles will contract (tighten) as early as the second trimester of pregnancy Irregular, infrequent contractions are called Braxton-Hicks contractions These are normal signs in pregnancy Advice: - Try to relax; - Change positions to relieve contractions; - Call your doctor if uterine contractions don't stop V.10 interesting facts about pregnancy - It only takes at least sperm for the insemination process to take place, but more than 100,000 sperm must be involved each journey to find a “winner” - 24 hours is the time it takes for eggs and sperm to fertilize Your pregnancy will begin later, even if you don't even know it 12 - Only 2% of pregnant women have a chance of conceiving twins, and your chance of giving birth to identical twins is purely coincidental - Is it a princess or a prince? The decision maker is your brother, not you All eggs produced carry an X chromosome, while some sperm carry an X or a Y chromosome - After weeks, although still as small as a pea, the fetus has its own heartbeat - At the 8th week of pregnancy, your baby is officially considered a "fetus" - In the 10th week of pregnancy, if you touch your belly, you can feel your baby "swirling" inside your body - All the major organs of the fetus including the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain and intestines have been formed at 10 weeks This is also the right time to some important tests - 12 weeks, baby only weighs as much as a music player - 13 weeks old, your baby forms his "unique" fingerprints VI.Describe some common medical complications of pregnancy - Ectopic pregnancy - Miscarriage - Labor and premature birth - Mesothelioma - Preeclampsia - Gestational diabetes - Striker vegetables Collection of references: I) Vinmec, pregnancy signs to recognize, https://www.vinmec.com/vi/tin-tuc/thong-tin- suc-khoe/san-phu-khoa-va-ho-tro-sinh-san/cac-dau-hieu-co-thai-ban-co-tu-nhanbiet/#:~:text=1.%20%C4%90au%20ng%E1%BB%B1c,ch%C3%ADnh%20x%C3%A1c %20h%C6%A1n AI) Vu trang, 11/4/2017, https://dinhduongdoisong.com/xet-nghiem-triple-test-tuan- bao-nhieu 13 Vinmec, signs of good development in the middle months: https://www.vinmec.com/vi/tin-tuc/thong-tin-suc-khoe/dau-hieu-thai-phat-trien-tot-3thang-giua/#:~:text=D%E1%BA%A5u%20hi%E1%BB%87u%20thai,v %C3%A0%20babycenter.com III) Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Talikng, pages 927-928 IV) Vinmec, uncomfortsble symptoms of pregnacy and how: https://www.vinmec.com/vi/tin-tuc/thong-tin-suc-khoe/san-phu-khoa-va-ho-tro-sinhsan/21-trieu-chung-kho-chiu-khi-mang-thai-nguyen-nhan-va-cach-khacphuc/#:~:text=21%20tri%E1%BB%87u%20ch%E1%BB%A9ng,kh%E1%BA%A3o %3A%20webmd.com V) Marybaby, 11/05/2015, https://www.marrybaby.vn/thai-giao/su-phat-trien-cua-thai- nhi-co-20-dieu-thu-vi VI) Vinmec, some common complications in the process: https://www.vinmec.com/vi/tintuc/thong-tin-suc-khoe/mot-so-bien-chung-hay-gap-trong-qua-trinh-mangthai/#:~:text=Ch%C6%B0%CC%89a%20ngoa%CC%80i%20da %CC%A3%20con, %C4%91i%CC%A3nh%20sinh%20m%C3%B4%CC%89 Mở đầu: - Trước hết em xin gửi lời cảm ơn đến GV môn av chuyên ngành đồng hành em suốt thời gian qua, dạy cho em nhiều kiến thức bổ ích học chất lượng - Bài tiểu luận xem lời cảm ơn chân thành em giành cho GV, em xin cam đoan lượng kiến thức, nội dung viết hồn tồn thật, khơng có giả dối 14 Kết thúc: - Av chuyên ngành cho nhìn rộng mở giới y học, giúp nhiều việc có hội tiếp cận với văn minh y học giới - Lượng kiến thức em đưa viết kiểm tra đánh giá cách kỹ lưỡng để đảm bảo đem đến cho người đọc nhìn phát triển thai kỳ thán cách xác - Hy vọng người sau đọc xong tiểu luận trình tiếp cận kiên thức y học có bước tiến xa hơn, người chưa học y có cảm hớn để bắt đầu theo đuổi môn hoc thú vị 15 ...KẾT QUẢ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Điểm (bằng số) Tiêu chí đánh giá Category Organization (10 points) Content (30 points) Language Use (60 points) Score HỘ SINH 20 ĐỀ TIỂU LUẬN - TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH TOPIC... Trước hết em xin gửi lời cảm ơn đến GV môn av chuyên ngành đồng hành em suốt thời gian qua, dạy cho em nhiều kiến thức bổ ích học chất lượng - Bài tiểu luận xem lời cảm ơn chân thành em giành cho... xin cam đoan lượng kiến thức, nội dung viết hồn tồn thật, khơng có giả dối 14 Kết thúc: - Av chuyên ngành cho nhìn rộng mở giới y học, giúp nhiều việc có hội tiếp cận với văn minh y học giới -