FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - - FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH LECTURER: Nguyễn Mỹ Phương CLASS: Friday ( lesson 4-5-6 ) LEADER: Nguyễn Ngọc Trúc Linh ‘‘ Learning is the treasure that will follow its owner everywhere ’’ MỤC LỤC MORPHEMES PREFIXES SUFFIXES INFIXES 13 SOURCES: 16 THÀNH VIÊN Nguyễn Quỳnh Khánh An Nguyễn Hoàng Lâm Ngơ Ngọc Linh Nguyễn Ngọc Trúc Linh (nhóm trưởng) Cao Thị Thanh Loan Nguyễn Bảo Long Nguyễn Tuyết Nhi MORPHEMES What is a Morpheme? A morpheme is the minimal grammatical unit within a language Every word comprises one or more morphemes A standalone morpheme and a word are identical but when a root word becomes modify with addition of affixes, it becomes word only Look at the examples: Listen, listener, listened, listening The root is listen is stand alone morpheme and a word at a same time When root word was modifies with affixes like -s, -er, -ed and –ing it became a word consisting of two morpheme in each word Types of Morpheme There are two main types of morphemes: - Frreee moorrpphheemme Boouunnd moorrpphheemme Free Morphemes The morpheme that can stand alone as a single word (as a meaningful unit) is called free morpheme The free morphemes are roots that are identical to words Free morpheme are set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc When a free morpheme is used with bound morphemes, the basic word forms are technically known as stems or roots Examples of free morphemes: Sun (noun), dog (noun), walk (verb), and happy (adjective) Free morpheme can stand alone and cannot be subdivided further ‘Sun’ or ‘dog’ are ‘free morphemes because they cannot be further split up, therefore the stems that cannot divide further are also called roots Free morphemes are divided into two categories: Lexical morphemes and functional morphemes Lexical morphemes are set of content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs They can be understood fully e.g run, blue, slow, paper, small, throw, and now Lexixicacal morprphemes depict dictctioionary meananining of a word that is attributed to a specific referent Functional Morphemes are set of functional words like conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals and quantifiers Some examples of functional morphemes are and, near, when, on, because, but, it, in, that, the, and above Functional morphemes perform as a relationship between one lexical morpheme and another A functional morpheme modifies the meaning, rather than supplying the root meaning of the word It encodes grammatical meaning e.g., the players entered the ground In this sentence, ‘the’ is functional morpheme, which is specifying players and ground Bound Morphemes Segments that cannot stand alone and occurs with another root/stem are called Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes are also called affixes (prefixes, suffixes and infixes) in English Two bound cannot occur together but it is necessary for a bound morpheme to occur with a root/stem Examples of bound morphemes: Opened: (Open + ed) = root + suffix Reopen: (Re + open) = Prefix + root Men: (Man + plural) = root + infix (infix makes a change inside a root word) The set of affixes that make up the category of bound morphemes can also be divided into two types Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes change the grammatical categories of words For example the word ‘bake’ (verb) is a root word (free morpheme) and when we add bound morpheme ‘er’(a suffix) with stem: it becomes baker (a noun), So the grammatical category was changed from verb to noun Derivational Morphemes: Inflectional Morphemes: An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that is added to a word to assign a particular grammatical property to that word For example, liste +ing = listening or boy+s = boys They not change the essential meaning or the grammatical category of a word Inflectional morphemes serve as grammatical markers that indicate tense, number, possession, or comparison PREFIXES A prefix can be a noun or a verb It is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples You can find more detail or precision for each prefix in any good dictionary prefix a- also an- a- meaning examples not, without atheist, anaemic to, towards aside, aback in the process of, in a particular state a- ab- also abs- a-hunting, aglow of anew completely abashed away, from abdicate, abstract ad- also a-, ac-, af-, ag- al-, an-, ap-, at- as-, at- prefix ante- anti- also ant- be- com- also co-, col-, con-, cor- contra- prefix counter- de- dia- also di- dis- also di- en- also em- SUFFIXES A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways: inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog → dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk → walked) In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach → teacher or care → careful Inflectional suffixes Inflectional suffixes not change the meaning of the original word So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have the same basic meaning In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness" Look at these examples: example suffix grammatical change original word suffixed word -s dog dogs ox oxen 3rd person singular present like plural -en plural (irregular) -s -ed past tense work he likes he worked example past participle he has worked -en past participle (irregular) eat -ing continuous/progressive sleep he is sleeping -er big bigger big the biggest comparative -est superlative he has eaten Derivational suffixes With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning We can add more than one suffix, as in this example: derive (verb) + ation → derivation (noun) + al → derivational (adjective) There are several hundred derivational suffixes Here are some of the more common ones: suffix making -ation nouns example example original word suffixed word explore exploration suffix making -sion -er -cian -ess -ness -al -ary -ment -y 10 suffix making -al adjectives -ary -able -ly -y -ful -ly adverbs -ize verbs -ate 11 INFIXES While most people know prefixes and suffixes, you might not have encountered infixes before Rather than going before or after a word, they’re added inside English really doesn’t use that many infixes In fact, the only common case for them is with swear words For example, the “bloody” in “abso-bloody-lutely” is an infix for “absolutely.” There are other swear words that act as infixes, but you can use your imagination Woorrd Meeaanniinng -ciir- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets the cardiovascular system -mu- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix mul-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -pr- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix pro-, used for ease of pronunciation before all source affixes but -xi- and - zu-fu- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix fung-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -ne- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix ner-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -baac- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets a bacterium -me- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix mel-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -os- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets bone -co- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix col-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -tuum- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets a tumor not covered by one of the suffixes -col-, -mel-, -mar-, -got-, -gov-, -pr-/-pro-, or that targets 12 Woorrd Meeaanniinng a combination of such tumors -ki- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix kin-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -liim- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that is an immunomodulator -li- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix lim-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -goot- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets testicular tumors -meel- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets melanomas -bllooooddy- (British slang) An intensifier -prro- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets prostate tumors -zu- (pharmacology) a humanized monoclonal antibody -tu- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix tum-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -niil- (chemistry) Used in the systematic element names of elements, standing for a in the atomic number -muul- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets the muscoskeletal system -vi- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix vir-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation 13 Woorrd Meeaanniinng -fuunng-go- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets a fungus (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affixes - got- and -gov-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zufor ease of pronunciation -xiizzu- (pharmacology) a hybrid monoclonal antibody, derived from both chimeric and humanized sources -lees- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets an infectious lesion -cool- (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets colon tumors -ba- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix bac-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -ci- (pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix cir-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -iz- (slang) An intensifier 14 Morphemes: SOURCES: https://literaryenglish.com/types-of-morphemes-free-vs-bound-morphemes/ Prefixes: https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prefixes.htm Suffixes: https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/suffixes.htm Infixes: https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/prefixes-suffixes-andinfixes https://www.wordexample.com/list/infixes-in-english 15 ... functional morpheme modifies the meaning, rather than supplying the root meaning of the word It encodes grammatical meaning e.g., the players entered the ground In this sentence, ? ?the? ?? is functional morpheme,... a noun or a verb It is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples... and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness" Look at these examples: example