FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH

  HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - - FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH LECTURER: Nguyễn Mỹ Phương CLASS: Friday ( lesson 4-5-6 ) LEADER: Nguyễn Ngọc Trúc Linh   ‘‘ Learning is the treasure that will follow its owner everywhere ’’    MỤC LỤC MORPHEMES MORPHEMES 33 PREFIXES PREFIXES SUFFIXES SUFFIXES INFIXES INFIXES .13 13 SOURCES: SOURCES: 16 16 THÀNH VIÊN Nguyễn Quỳnh Khánh An Nguyễn Hoàng Lâm Ngơ Ngọc Linh Nguyễn Ngọc Trúc Linh (nhóm trưởng) Cao Thị Thanh Loan Nguyễn Bảo Long Nguyễn Tuyết Nhi   MORPHEMES What is a Morpheme? A morpheme is the minimal grammatical unit within a language Every word comprises one or more morphemes A standalone morpheme and a word are identical but when a root word becomes modify with addition of affixes, it becomes word only Look at the examples: Listen, listener, listened, listening listening The root is listen is stand stand alone morpheme and a word at a same time time When root word was modifies with affixes like -s, -er, -ed and –ing it became a word consisting of two morpheme in each word  Types of Morpheme There are two main types of morphemes: - Free morpheme - Bound morpheme     Free Morphemes The morpheme that can stand alone as a single word (as a meaningful unit) is called free morpheme The free morphemes are roots that are identical to words Free morpheme are set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc When a free morpheme is used with bound morphemes, the basic word forms are technically known as stems or roots Examples of free morphemes: Sun (noun), dog (noun), walk (verb), and happy (adjective) Free morpheme can stand alone and cannot be subdivided further ‘Sun’ or ‘dog’ are ‘free morphemes because they cannot be further split up, therefore the stems that cannot divide further are also called roots Free morphemes are divided into two categories: Lexical morphemes and functional  morphemes are set of content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs They can be understood fully e.g run, blue, slow, paper, small, throw, an andd now now Lexi Lexica call morp morphe heme mess de depi pict ct dict dictio iona nary ry mean meanin ingg of a word word that that is attributed to a specific referent   Func Function tional al Morph Morphemes emes are set of functional words like conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals and quantifiers Some examples of  functional morphemes are and, near, when, on, because, but, it, in, that, the, and above Functional above Functional morphemes morphemes perform perform as a relat relationsh ionship ip between one lexical    Lexical morphemes  morpheme and another A functional morpheme modifies the meaning, rather than   supplying the root meaning of the word It encodes grammatical meaning e.g., the  players entered the ground In this sentence, ‘the’ is functional morpheme, which is specifying players and ground     Bound Morphemes Segments that cannot stand alone and occurs with another root/stem are called Bound Morphemes also occur called together affixes (prefixes, andforinfixes) in English TwoBound boundmorphemes morpheme are cannot but it is suffixes necessary a bound morpheme to occur with a root/stem Examples of bound morphemes: Opened: (Open + ed) = root + suffix Reopen: (Re + open) = Prefix + root Men: (Man + plural) = root + infix (infix makes a change inside a root word) The set of affixes that make up the category of bound morphemes can also be divided  into two types. Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes Derivati Deriv ationa onall morphe morphemes mes cha change nge the the gra gramma mmatic tical al categories of words For example the word ‘bake’ (verb) is a root word (free morphe mor pheme) me) and when when we add bound bound morphe morpheme me ‘er’(a ‘er’(a suffix) suffix) with with ste stem: m: it  becomes baker (a noun), So the grammatical category was changed from verb to noun.   noun    Inflectio Inflectional nal Morphemes: An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that is added to a word to assign a particular grammatical property to that word For example, liste +ing = listening or boy+s = boys They not change the essential meaning or the grammatical category of a word Inflectional morphemes serve as grammatical markers that indicate tense, number, possession, or comparison    Derivation Derivational al Morphemes:   PREFIXES A prefix can be a noun or a verb It is placed is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples You can find more detail or precision for each  prefix in any good dictionary dictionary prefix meaning examples a-   also a  ann- not, without atheist, anaemic a- to, towards aside, aback   in the process of, in a a-hunting, aglow  particular state a- ab-   also a  abbs- of anew completely abashed away, from abdicate, abstract ad-   also a-, ac-, af-, movement to, change advance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, ag- al-, an-, ap-, into, addition or affiliate, affirm, aggravate, alleviate, at- as-, atincrease annotate, apprehend, arrive, assemble, attend   prefix meaning examples ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room anti-   also a  annt- opposing, against, the anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, opposite Antarctic  be- all over, all around bespatter, beset beset completely bewitch, bemuse havi ving ng,, co cove vere redd wit withh be beje jewe well lled ed affect with (added to  befog nouns) cause to be (added to  becalm adjectives) com-  also co-, col-, con-, cor- with, jointly, completely combat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode contra- against, opposite contraceptive   prefix meaning examples counter- opposition, opposite direction counter-attack, counteract de- down, away descend, despair, depend, deduct completely denude, denigrate removal, reversal de-ice, decamp dia-   also d  dii- through, across diagonal dis-   also d  dii- negation, removal, expulsion disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar  en-   also e  em m- put into or on engulf, enmesh  bring into the condition of  enlighten, embitter  intensification entangle, enrage   SUFFIXES A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways: inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog → dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk → walk ed ed) In this case, the  basic meaning of the the word does not change change derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach → teacher or care → careful Inflectional suffixes Inflectional suffixes not change the meaning of the original word So in "Every day I walked have walk school" and "Yesterday I walked to school",  and meaning  and same to basic meaning In "I have one car" and "I have the twowords cars", walk  the basic of thethe words car and cars is exactly the same In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness" "correctness" Look at these examples:   example suffix grammatical change original word suffixed word -s plural dog dogs -en plural (irregular) ox oxen -s 3rd person singular present like he likes -ed past tense work he worked      example  past participle -en past participle (irregular) he has work ed ed eat he has eaten -ing continuous/progressive sleep he is sleeping -er comparative big bigger -est superlative big the biggest   Derivational suffixes With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning We can add more than one suffix, as in this example: derive (verb) + ation → derivation (noun) + al → derivational (adjective) There are several hundred derivational suffixes Here are some of the more common ones: suffix making example original word example suffixed word -ation nouns explore exploration     suffix making example original word example suffixed word hesitate hesitation -sion persuade divide  persuasion division -er teach teacher -cian music musician -ess god goddess -ness sad sadness -al arrive arrival -ary diction dictionary -ment treat treatment -y jealous victor   jealousy victor y 10   suffix making example original word example suffixed word -al accident accidental -ary imagine imaginary -able tax taxable -ly brother brotherly   -y ease easy -ful sorrow forget sorrowful forgetful adjectives -ly adverbs helpful helpfully -ize verbs terror    private terror ize ize  privatize hyphen hyphenate -ate 11   INFIXES While most people know prefixes and suffixes, you might not have encountered infixes  before Rather than going before or after a word, word, they’re added inside inside English really doesn’t use that many infixes In fact, the only common case for them is with swear words For example, the “bloody” in “abso-bloody-lutely” is an infix for “absolutely.” There are other swear words that words that act as infixes, but you can use your imagination Word Meaning -cir- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets the cardiovascular system -mu-  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix ( pharmacology mul-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -pr- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix  pro-, used for ease of pronunciation before all all source affixes but -xi- and zu- -fu-  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix ( pharmacology fung-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -ne- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix ner-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -bac- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets a bacterium -me- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix mel-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -os- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets bone -co- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix col-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -tum- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets a tumor not covered by one of the suffixes -col-, -mel-, -mar-, -got-, -gov-, -pr-/-pro-, or that targets 12   Word Meaning a combination of such tumors -ki- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix kin-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -lim- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that is an immunomodulator  -li- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix lim-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -got- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets testicular tumors -mel-  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets melanomas ( pharmacology -bloody- ( British  British  slang ) An intensifier -pro- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets prostate tumors -zu- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a humanized monoclonal antibody -tu- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix tum-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -nil- (chemistry ) Used in the systematic element element names of elements, standing for a in the atomic number -mul- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets the muscoskeletal system -vi-  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix ( pharmacology vir-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation 13   Word Meaning -fung- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets a fungus -go- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affixes got- and -gov-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of  pronunciation -xizu- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a hybrid monoclonal antibody, derived from both chimeric and humanized sources -les- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets an infectious lesion -col- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets colon tumors -ba- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix  bac-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu-zu- for ease of pronuncia pronunciation tion -ci- ( pharmacology  pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix cir-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation -iz- ( slang   slang ) An intensifier 14   SOURCES: Morphemes: https://literaryenglish.com/type https://litera ryenglish.com/types-of-morphemes-frees-of-morphemes-free-vs-bound-morphemes/ vs-bound-morphemes/ Prefixes: https://www.englishclub.com/vo https://www englishclub.com/vocabulary/prefixes cabulary/prefixes.htm htm Suffixes: https://www.englishclub.com/vo https://www englishclub.com/vocabulary/suffixes cabulary/suffixes.htm htm Infixes: https://www.babbel.com/en/ma https://www babbel.com/en/magazine/prefixes gazine/prefixes-suffixes-and-infixe -suffixes-and-infixess https://www.wordexample.com/ https://www wordexample.com/list/infixes-inlist/infixes-in-english english 15 ... another A functional morpheme modifies the meaning, rather than   supplying the root meaning of the word It encodes grammatical meaning e.g., the  players entered the ground In this sentence, ? ?the? ??... twowords cars", walk  the basic of thethe words car and cars is exactly the same In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness" "correctness" Look at these examples:   example... a verb It is placed is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples