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C# 3.0: The Complete Reference About the Author Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on C#, C++, C, and Java His programming books have sold more than 3.5 million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages He is the author of numerous bestsellers, including Java: The Complete Reference, C++: The Complete Reference, C: The Complete Reference, and C#: A Beginner’s Guide Although interested in all facets of computing, his primary focus is computer languages, including compilers, interpreters, and robotic control languages He also has an active interest in the standardization of languages Schildt holds both graduate and undergraduate degrees from the University of Illinois He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683 His web site is www.HerbSchildt.com About the Technical Editor Michael Howard (Austin, Texas) is a principal security program manager on the Trustworthy Computing (TwC) Group’s Security Engineering team at Microsoft, where he is responsible for managing secure design, programming, and testing techniques across the company Howard is an architect of the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL), a process for improving the security of Microsoft’s software Howard speaks regularly on the topic of securing code for Microsoft and at conferences worldwide He regularly publishes articles on security design and is the co-author of six security books, including the award-winning Writing Secure Code, 19 Deadly Sins of Software Security, The Security Development Lifecycle, and his most recent release, Writing Secure Code for Windows Vista C# 3.0: The Complete Reference Herbert Schildt New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-159842-2 MHID: 0-07-159842-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-158841-6, MHID: 0-07-158841-8 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill, or others, McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise Index constrained, 504 See also Constraint(s) constructed See Constructed type data See Data types extensibility, 213, 240 identification, runtime, 459–463 inference, 416, 526, 527, 549–550 metadata, 457 nullable, 36, 518, 519 numeric, NET structures for the built-in, 397–397 open, 499 parameterized, 495 promotion, 59–60 reference See Reference types safety and generics, 495, 496, 498, 499–502, 506, 526, 529, 544, 641, 660, 750, 775, 800, 801 value See Value types Type argument(s), 498, 499 and constraints, 503–521 See also Constraint(s) and pointer types, 544 to call a generic method, using explicit, 527 Type class, 462, 463, 465, 485 commonly used methods defined by the, list of, 464 commonly used properties defined by the, list of, 464 Type conversion, 42, 55–62 and casting, 55, 56–58, 60–62 implicit (automatic), 55–56, 59, 190–192 Type parameter(s), 497–498, 544 comparing instances of a, 534–537 and constraints, 503–504 creating a default value of a, 522–523 and generic class hierarchies, 537–540 and generic delegates, 527 and generic interfaces, 530, 533, 534 and generic methods, 524–526 overloading methods that use, 542–543 relationship between two, establishing a, 520 TypeCode enumeration, 624, 626, 628, 632, 636, 640 typeof operator, 462–463, 467, 476 U uint value type, 36, 37, 38, 396, 623 literal, 46 UInt16 NET structure, 396, 397, 623 UInt32 NET structure, 396, 397, 623 UInt64 NET structure, 396, 397, 623 ulong value type, 36, 37, 396, 623 literal, 46 Unboxing, 307–309 unchecked keyword, 360–362 #undef directive, 451, 455 Unicode, 41, 363, 378 UTF–16 and UTF–32, 634–635 UnicodeCategory enumeration, 636 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), 823 constructing a, 833 dissecting a, 833–834 Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 823 UnionWith( ), 798 Unmanaged code, 9, 585, 586 UnmanagedMemoryStream class, 365 /unsafe compiler option, 586 unsafe keyword, using, 587–588 UploadData( ), 844, 845 UploadFile( ), 845 UploadString( ), 845 UploadValues( ), 845 Uri class, 823, 833–834 UriFormatException, 825, 830 UseDefaultCredentials property, 826, 843 ushort value type, 36, 37, 38, 396, 623 using directive to bring a namespace into view, 20, 22–23, 441–443 to create an alias, 443–444 using statement, 374, 607–608 V ValidOn property, 491 value contextual keyword, 33 implicit parameter, 246, 248–249, 255, 425 428 Value property, 599, 755, 778, 783, 788, 791, 809, 836–837 Value type(s), 35–36, 115 boxing and unboxing, 307–309 and call-by-reference, 176–181 constraints, 504, 517, 519 default value of, 127, 522 new and, 130–131 null and, 518 passed to methods, 174–175 structures as, 311, 326, 330, 331 structures corresponding to the built-in numeric, NET, 396–397, 623–641 table of, 36 Values property, 754, 762, 765, 777, 788, 790, 793 Values property, 777 var keyword, 51, 151, 153, 547, 548, 550, 571 Variable(s) captured, 412–413, 416 const, 607 declaration, 23–24, 25, 28, 49, 53 definition of, 23 dynamic initialization of, 50–51 implicitly typed, 7, 25, 51–52, 547, 569, 571 initializing, 50–51, 53–54 instance See Instance variables local, 49, 52–53 member, 12 names, rules governing, 33–34 outer, 412–413, 416 pointer See Pointer(s) query, 547, 548 reference See Reference variable(s) scope and lifetime of, 52–54 static, 205–206, 208–209 volatile, 607 Version class, 835 virtual keyword, 294, 297, 301 Virtual methods, 291, 294–301, 305, 540–542 properties, 297 Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition, 15 Visual C# 2008 Express Edition, 14, 15 Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment), 14, 15–19, 848, 851, 852, 867 void, 21, 116 methods, returning from, 119–120 volatile modifier, 607 vsvars32.bat file, 15 W Wait( ), 723–727, 746 WaitForExit( ), 748 WaitForPendingFinalizers( ), 658 WaitHandle class, 730, 734 WaitOne( ), 730, 733, 734, 737, 739 885 886 C# 3.0: The Complete Reference #warning directive, 451, 456 warning #pragma option, 457 Warth, Chris, Web crawler definition of, 839 example program, 839–842 WebClient class, 822, 823, 842–845 methods, table of synchronous, 844–845 properties, table of, 843 WebException, 830–831, 842 WebExceptionStatus enumeration, 831 WebHeaderCollection collection, 834 WebRequest class, 823, 824–826, 829, 830, 842, 845 methods, table of synchronous communication, 825 properties, table of, 825–826 WebResponse class, 823, 824, 826, 830, 831, 834, 842, 845 methods, table of commonly used, 827 properties, table of, 827 where clause, 504, 505, 512, 517, 520, 521 in a LINQ query, 547–548, 551–552 Where( ) extension method, 574, 575–576 while loop, 85, 99–101, 105 Widening conversion, 55, 56 Width property, 855, 863 Window, form-based changing default size of, 863 illustration of skeletal, 850 Windows, 6, 8, API, 847–848, 851 controls, 849, 852, 855 form See Form, Windows program, compiling, 851 Windows application, form-based adding button to, 852–853 adding menu to, 859–866 compiling, 851 message handling, 853–856 skeleton, 849–851 threading model, 851 using message box in, 856–858 Windows Forms NET subsystem, 847, 848, 850 Windows programming form-based, 847–866 history of, 847–848 and message-based interaction, 849 using Visual Studio, 848 Write( ), 24–25, 364, 366, 371, 375, 384 WriteByte( ), 364, 375 WriteLine( ), 21, 24–25, 26, 41, 43, 48, 307, 351, 366, 371, 394, 395, 396, 640 formatted output version of, 43–46, 685 using a method within, 122 WriteTimeout property, 365 X X property, 852 XML, 545, 546 XML comment, 867 tags, table of, 868 XML file containing, 869–870 XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^) bitwise, 73, 77–78 logical, 67, 68 Xor( ), 772 Y Y property, 852 yield break statement, 815 contextual keyword, 33, 814 return statement, 814 statements, multiple, 815–816 Z Zero field, 635 ... structure, 39 6, 39 7, 6 23 ulong value type, 36 , 37 , 39 6, 6 23 literal, 46 Unboxing, 30 7? ? 30 9 unchecked keyword, 36 0? ? ?36 2 #undef directive, 451, 455 Unicode, 41, 36 3, 37 8 UTF–16 and UTF? ?32 , 634 – 635 UnicodeCategory... unboxing, 30 7? ? 30 9 and call-by-reference, 176–181 constraints, 504 , 517, 519 default value of, 127, 522 new and, 1 30 – 131 null and, 518 passed to methods, 174–175 structures as, 31 1, 32 6, 33 0, 33 1 structures... including Java: The Complete Reference, C+ +: The Complete Reference, C: The Complete Reference, and C# : A Beginner’s Guide Although interested in all facets of computing, his primary focus is computer