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FIFTH EDITION Programming C# 3.0 Jesse Liberty and Donald Xie Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Kưln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo Programming C# 3.0, Fifth Edition by Jesse Liberty and Donald Xie Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly Media, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com) For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com Editor: John Osborn Developmental Editor: Brian MacDonald Production Editor: Sumita Mukherji Copyeditor: Audrey Doyle Proofreader: Sumita Mukherji Indexer: Angela Howard Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Jessamyn Read Printing History: July 2001: First Edition February 2002: Second Edition May 2003: Third Edition February 2005: Fourth Edition December 2007: Fifth Edition Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Programming C# 3.0, the image of an African crowned crane, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc Microsoft, MSDN, the NET logo, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual Studio, and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding ISBN-10: 0-596-52743-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-596-52743-3 [M] Table of Contents Preface ix Part I The C# Language C# 3.0 and NET 3.5 The Evolution of C# The C# Language The NET Platform Getting Started: “Hello World” Classes, Objects, and Types Developing “Hello World” Using the Visual Studio 2008 Debugger 14 18 C# Language Fundamentals 21 Types Variables and Constants Whitespace Statements Operators Preprocessor Directives 21 25 33 33 49 59 Classes and Objects 61 Defining Classes Creating Objects Using Static Members Destroying Objects Passing Parameters 62 67 75 79 83 iii Overloading Methods and Constructors Encapsulating Data with Properties readonly Fields 89 92 96 Inheritance and Polymorphism 98 Specialization and Generalization Inheritance Polymorphism Abstract Classes The Root of All Types: Object Nesting Classes 98 101 102 109 113 115 Operator Overloading 118 Using the operator Keyword Supporting Other NET Languages Creating Useful Operators Logical Pairs The Equality Operator Conversion Operators Putting Operators to Work 118 119 120 120 120 121 121 Structs 127 Defining Structs Creating Structs 128 129 Interfaces 132 Defining and Implementing an Interface Overriding Interface Implementations Explicit Interface Implementation 132 147 151 Arrays, Indexers, and Collections 156 Arrays The foreach Statement Indexers Collection Interfaces Constraints List Queues Stacks Dictionaries iv | Table of Contents 156 162 177 186 190 195 206 208 211 About the Authors Jesse Liberty, currently a senior program manager on the Silverlight Development Team at Microsoft, is the author of Programming NET 3.5, Learning ASP.NET with AJAX (both for O’Reilly), and many other books He is a recognized NET expert whose experience includes working as a software architect at PBS and as a distinguished software engineer at AT&T He can be reached at http://www.JesseLiberty.com Donald Xie has been programming since Apple II was known as state of the art He has written a lot of applications using different languages and technologies Since the late 90s, Donald has focused on developing enterprise-strength business applications using Microsoft technologies—especially with NET—from the very first beta Donald is a coauthor of several books, including Pro Visual Studio NET (Apress), and Fast Track ADO.NET and Data-Centric NET Programming with C# (both for Peer Information, Inc.) He has also written books on C++ and Visual Basic Currently, Donald works as a business analyst for Chevron Colophon The animal on the cover of Programming C# 3.0, Fifth Edition, is an African crowned crane This tall, skinny bird wanders the marshes and grasslands of West and East Africa (the Western and Eastern African crowned cranes are known as Balearica pavonia pavonia and Balearica regulorum gibbericeps, respectively) Adult birds stand about three feet tall and weigh six to nine pounds Inside their long necks is a five-foot long windpipe—part of which is coiled inside their breastbone— giving voice to loud calls that can carry for miles They live for about 22 years, spending most of their waking hours looking for the various plants, small animals, and insects they like to eat (One crowned crane food-finding technique, perfected during the 38 to 54 million years these birds have existed, is to stamp their feet as they walk, flushing out tasty bugs.) They are the only type of crane to perch in trees, which they at night when sleeping Social and talkative, African crowned cranes group together in pairs or families, and the smaller groups band together in flocks of more than 100 birds Their elaborate mating dance has served as a model for some of the dances of local people The cover image is an original engraving from the 19th century The cover font is Adobe ITC Garamond The text font is Linotype Birka; the heading font is Adobe Myriad Condensed; and the code font is LucasFont’s TheSans Mono Condensed ... Howard Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Jessamyn Read Printing History: July 200 1: First Edition February 200 2: Second Edition May 20 03: Third Edition. .. February 200 5: Fourth Edition December 200 7: Fifth Edition Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Programming C# 3. 0, ... books on C+ + and Visual Basic Currently, Donald works as a business analyst for Chevron Colophon The animal on the cover of Programming C# 3. 0, Fifth Edition, is an African crowned crane This
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