C# 4.0: The Complete Reference About the Author Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on C#, C++, C, and Java His programming books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages He is the author of numerous bestsellers, including Java: The Complete Reference, C++: The Complete Reference, and C: The Complete Reference, among many others Although interested in all facets of computing, his primary focus is computer languages, including compilers, interpreters, and robotic control languages He also has an active interest in the standardization of languages Schildt holds both graduate and undergraduate degrees from the University of Illinois He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683 His web site is www.HerbSchildt.com About the Technical Editor Michael Howard is a principal security program manager on the Trustworthy Computing (TwC) Group’s Security Engineering team at Microsoft, where he is responsible for managing secure design, programming, and testing techniques across the company Howard is an architect of the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL), a process for improving the security of Microsoft’s software Howard began his career with Microsoft in 1992 at the company’s New Zealand office, working for the first two years with Windows and compilers on the Product Support Services team and then with Microsoft Consulting Services, where he provided security infrastructure support to customers and assisted in the design of custom solutions and development of software In 1997, Howard moved to the United States to work for the Windows division on Internet Information Services, Microsoft’s next-generation web server, before moving to his current role in 2000 Howard is an editor of IEEE Security & Privacy, a frequent speaker at security-related conferences, and he regularly publishes articles on secure coding and design Howard is the co-author of six security books, including the award-winning Writing Secure Code, 24 Deadly Sins of Software Security, The Security Development Lifecycle, and his most recent release, Writing Secure Code for Windows Vista C# 4.0: The Complete Reference Herbert Schildt New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-174117-0 MHID: 0-07-174117-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-174116-3, MHID: 0-07-174116-X All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com All trademarks or copyrights mentioned herein are the possession of their respective owners and McGraw-Hill makes no claim of ownership by the mention of products that contain these marks Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill, or others, McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGrawHill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise 948 C# 4.0: The Complete Reference Value type(s), 37–38, 117 boxing and unboxing, 315–317 and call-by-reference, 178–183 constraints, 516, 529, 531 default value of, 129, 534 new and, 132–133 null and, 530 and nullable types, 618 passed to methods, 176–177 simple type category of, 37, 38 structures as, 319, 334, 338, 339 structures corresponding to the built-in numeric, NET, 406–407, 646–664 table of C#, 38 Values property, 822, 832, 834, 846, 858, 860, 862 Values property, 846 var keyword, 53, 153, 155 used with queries, 567, 568, 570, 591 Variable(s) captured, 424–425, 428 const, 632 declaration, 25, 26, 29, 51, 55 definition of, 24 dynamic initialization of, 52–53 implicitly typed, 7, 26, 53–54, 567, 568, 589, 591 initializing, 52–53, 55–56 instance See Instance variables local, 51, 54–55 member, 12 names, rules governing, 34–35 outer, 424–425, 428 pointer See Pointer(s) query, 567, 568, 569, 570 reference See Reference variable(s) scope and lifetime of, 54–56 static, 213, 214–217 volatile, 632 virtual keyword, 302, 305, 309 Virtual methods, 299, 302–309, 313, 552–553 properties, 305 Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment), 14, 15–21, 921, 923 void, 22, 118 methods, returning from, 121–122 volatile modifier, 632 vsvars32.bat file, 15 W Wait( ), 755–759, 779, 789–791, 792 WaitAll( ), 791 WaitAny( ), 791 WaitForExit( ), 782 WaitForFullGCApproach( ), 684 WaitForFullGCComplete( ), 684 WaitForPendingFinalizers( ), 684 WaitHandle class, 763, 767 WaitOne( ), 763, 766, 767, 770, 772 #warning directive, 463, 468 warning #pragma option, 469 Warth, Chris, Web crawler definition of, 913 example program, 913–916 WebClient class, 896, 897, 916–920 methods, table of synchronous, 918–919 properties, table of, 917 WebException, 905, 917 WebExceptionStatus enumeration, 905 WebHeaderCollection collection, 908 WebRequest class, 897, 898, 899–900, 901–904, 913, 917, 920 methods, table of commonly used synchronous communication, 899 properties, table of, 900 WebResponse class, 897, 898, 899, 900–904, 905, 908, 913, 917, 920 methods, table of commonly used, 901 properties, table of, 901 where clause, 516, 517, 518, 524, 529, 532, 533 in a LINQ query, 567–568, 571–572 Where( ) extension method, 594, 595–596 while loop, 87, 101–103, 107 Widening conversion, 57–58 Windows, 6, 8, 9, 402 WithCancellation( ), 814 WithDegreeOfParallelism( ), 816 WithExecutionMode( ), 816 Write( ), 26, 372, 374, 379, 385, 393 WriteByte( ), 372, 384, 385 WriteLine( ), 23, 26, 27, 43, 50, 315, 359, 374, 379, 402, 403, 404, 406, 662 and bool values, 45 formatted output version of, 45–48, 715, 716, 723–725 and string objects, 159 using a method within, 124 WriteTimeout property, 373 Index X XML, 565 XML comment, 921 tags, table of, 922 XML file containing, 923–924 XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^) bitwise, 75, 79–80 logical, 69, 70 Xor( ), 921 Y yield break statement, 889 contextual keyword, 34, 888 return statement, 888 statements, multiple, 890 Yield( ), 781 Z Zero field, 657 949 ... Development Lifecycle, and his most recent release, Writing Secure Code for Windows Vista C# 4.0: The Complete Reference Herbert Schildt New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City... bestsellers, including Java: The Complete Reference, C+ +: The Complete Reference, and C: The Complete Reference, among many others Although interested in all facets of computing, his primary focus is computer... for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential