Một số kết quả bước đầu về nghiên cứu công nghệ và thiết bị thu gom, chế biến rơm ở việt nam

MOT SO K^T QUA BlTaC DAU V£ NGHIEN CU'U CONG NGHE VA THIET Bl THU GOM, CHE BIEN RQM d VIET NAM Dau Thd Nhu, Nguydn Ngpe Huydn, Trdn Bdng San, Cao Dang IMinh, Nguydn Dire Long, Dinh Thj Hgi, Nguydn Viet Anh, Vien Co dien Ndng nghiep va Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach Tom tat Viet Nam hdng ndm co khodng 20 trieu tdn ram vd ddy Id ngudn thuc dn thd quan cho chan nuoi trau bd, dgc biet Id vdo miia kho vd miia dong Tuy nhien viec xie ly vd sie dung ram chua duac quan tdm diing muc, luang ram thu gom sir dung khdng ddng ke, dgi bp phdn dteac dot tren dong vd tu hiiy ldm d nhiem moi truong Cdn thiet phdi co cong nghe, thiet bi thu gom, xie ly de bdo qudn ram phu hop vdi dieu kien thdi tiet mua nhieu cua nudc ta Cdc thiet bi de thu gom ram Id cdc mdy thu gom ram kien vuong, kien iron, co the thu gom duac ram rdi tren ddng cUng nhu ram dong Kem theo cdc thiet bi tren Id cdc mdy phiAC VIA bao kien vd che bien nhu mdy bao kien, mdy bdm ram kien, mdy trpn thirc dn TMR I M6^DAU Rom sdn xuat lua Id ngudn phy pham cd khdi lugng Idn vd cd thl sft dyng, chl bien thdnh nhilu sdn pham cd hieu qud kinh te nhu lam thfte an chan nudi, phdn bdn hihi co, nhien lieu, nguyen lieu san xuat giay Kit qua dilu tra cho thdy d Viet Nam hdng ndm c6 khoang 20 trieu tan ram tft san xuat lua Tuy nhien d nudc ta hien nay, viec xft ly vd sft dung ram chua dugc quan tam dung mftc, cdn mang tinh tu phdt Vide thu gom ram tren ddng hoan loan bdng phuang phdp thu cdng, khdi lugng dugc sft dyng khdng dang kl, dai bd phdn dugc ddt tren ddng va tu buy lam d nhidm mdi trudng Day la mdt su lang phi rdt Idn phy phdm ndng nghiep Gidi quyit vdn dk thuc su la mdt yeu cdu bftc xftc, dem lai khdng chi hieu qua kinh le - xa hdi ma cdn giam thieu d nhidm mdi trudng Viec nghien cftu edng nghe va he thdng thiet bj de thu gom ddng kien, bao quan, sft dyng chl biln ram theo hudng cdng nghiep Id yeu cau thuc le, cap bach can dugc nghien cftu giai quyit ddng bd dl mang lai hieu qua kinh ll xa hdi gdp phan cdng nghiep hda ndng nghiep, ndng thdn II PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U - Phdn tich xft ly cac thdng tin dilu tra khdo sat vd ngodi nudc, lua chpn mdu may lien lien cua nudc ngoai lam ca sd dl thiet kl, chl tao mdu mdy nudc; - Phuang phdp thill k l may ndng nghiep: sft dyng phdn mim thilt kl, md phdng tren may vi tinh; - Phuang phap khao nghiem may ndng nghiep; - Phuang phap xdc djnh hieu qua kinh t l mdy ndng nghiep III K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Ket qua nghien ciPu khau co giol hoa thu gom ro-m Tren the gidi cac may thu gom ram chu ylu dftng cho ram khd theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua mpt gia, doan nudc la, hien dang phd biln cd hai loai cdng nghe thu hoach lua:" cdng ngh? 78 thu hoach lua mdt giai doan vd edng nghe thu hoach lua nhilu giai doan Ndm 2007-2010, Vien Co dien NN & Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach da nghien cftu thilt kl, chl tao he thdng may thu gom ram phu hgp vdi cdng nghe thu hoach lua mdt giai doan vd cdng nghe thu hoach Ifta nhilu giai doan (ram ddng) Gdm cd: - Mdy thu gom ddng kien vudng lien hgp vdi may keo 30-50 ma luc; - May thu gom ddng kien trdn lien hgp vdi mdy keo 18-35 ma lyc; - Mdy thu gom ddng kien trdn ty hdnh 3.1.1 Dac diem chinh cua tung thiet bi he thong * Mdy thu gom ddng kiin vudng (hinh 1) Hinh IVIay thu gom ddng kipn vudng Bang Dac tinh ky thuat cua may thu gom ddng kidn vudng STT Dgc tinh ky thugt Cdng nghp thu hogch lua Kieh thu'O'c kidn: Dan vj Gia trj Mpt, nhieu giai dogn em Tiet dipn kipn: 32x42 Chiiu dai ki#n: 40-80 Nang sudt trung binh, kipn/gia Bp chat trung binh, kg/m^ (ram khd) Cdng sudt may keo ki^n/gia 90 kg/m^ 180-220 HP 35 Pham vi ftng dyng: dung dk thu gom ram theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua mdt giai doan hay nhilu giai doan May thu gom ddng kien vudng vdi kich thudc khd ldm thyc hien thu gom ram rdi tren ddng theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua I giai doan phii hgp vdi nhimg vung cd Id thfta ldn Vdi kich thudc bl ngang m, cdp lieu lech ben nen yeu cdu ddi bang thu hoach (bl rdng gidi Ilia dugc cdt bang mdy gat dap lien hgp) phdi tren m 79 * Mdy thu gom ddng kiin tron liin hap v&i mdy keo (hlnh 2) - m — iin - "'Vi % » w Hinh IVIay thu gom ddng kidn trdn lien hp-p vd-i may keo Bang Dgc tinh ky thugt cua may thu gom ddng kidn trdn lien hp'p vd-l may keo STT Gia tri Dan vi Dgc tinh ky thugt Mdt, nhidu giai doan Cdng nghe thu hoach lua m 0,48 X 0,7 kien/gia 55 kg/m" 200-250 Kich thu'O'c kien (DxL) Nang sudt trung binh, kien/gia Dp chat trung binh, kg/m (ram khd) Pham vi ftng dung: dung dl thu gom ram theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua mdt giai doan hay nhieu giai doan (ram ddng) Trong dieu kien hien viec ftng dyng mdy thu gom kien trdn Id thich hgp gid thdnh thdp, may gpn nhe phu hgp vdi ddng rudng nudc ta Vdi kich thudc nhd, gpn nhe, may thu gom ddng kien trdn lien hgp vdi may keo dap ftng dugc yeu cau cua san xudt vd khd ndng phdt trien thdi gian tdi la rat Idn * Mdy thu gom ddng kien tron tie hdnh (Hmh 3) Pham vi ftng dung: may thu gom ddng kien ram trdn tu hdnh phii hgp vdi dieu kien ddng rudng nhd le cua vung DBSH, cd the thu gom ram theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua nhieu giai doan Hinh IWlay thu gom dong kipn trdn \.\f hanh Bang Die tinh ky thugt may thu gom ddng kidn trdn tu> hanh STT 80 Die tinh ky thugt Dan vj Gia tri Kich thu'O'c kipn (DxL) m 0,45 X 0,5 Nang suat tmng binh kien/gid 50 Dp chat trung binh (ram khd) kg/m^ 180-220 3.1.2 Ket qua thir nghiem va hieu qua mang lai I ' 1^^^'' "^^^ ^ c" ^""^ ' " ^ '^" ^' ^"'^'^ ""^^ ^^° ^o"8 d2 ^^?c tiln hanh khdo nghiem tai Vien Lua Dong bang Song Ciru Long, Vien Cdy Luang Thuc va Cdy Thuc Phdm, Trung tdm kghien cmi Bo va Dong Co Ba Vi Qua khdo nghiem sdn xudt, cd thl rut nhftng nhdn xet sau: , : "['^"S ^"^ ^^ *hu Chung la cd thl thu gom ram tuoi, khd theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua mpt va nhieu giai doan Trong dd d vy ddng xudn mua nhilu viec thu gom chu ylu la theo cong ngh? thu gom ram tuai Tai DBSCL du theo cdng ngh? thu hoach nao, ram cung dl d tren dong O vu dong xuan, trdi mua nhieu, viec thu gom ram Id khdng cd hieu qud ^ r "^'^^ fP 'l^^.S ^^"^ g°"^ '•^'"^ \heo cdng nghe thu hoach liia mdt giai doan chi cd thl thuc hien a vy he thu, trdi it mua vd ddng dat khd rao - To chftc thu gom la mpt ylu Id lien quyit tdi hieu qud kinh tl cua viec thu gom Cdn thilt phai CO ke hoach thu gom nham gidm thieu viec van chuyin may dia ban thu gom cung nhu anh hudng cua thai tiet, dac biet Id d vu ddng xudn mua nhilu - Trong dieu kien hien viec ftng dyng may thu gom kien trdn la thich hgp ban gid Ihanh thap, may gpn nh? phu hgp vdi ddng rudng nudc ta - Tinh hieu qua cua cac may dlu dugc thl hien rd, viec kinh doanh ram cho thuc an gia siic la cd hi?u qud Tuy nhien dl thu gom cd hieu qua khdng chi ndm vdn dl ky thudt ma cdn thudc ve van de Id chftc kinh doanh vd td chftc quan ly sdn xudt 3.2 K i T QUA NGHIEN CU'U V^ MAY CH^ BI^N RQM CHO DAI GIA SUC 3.2.1 Dac didm chmh cua tipng thilt bj * May bao kiin rant (hinh 4) Pham vi ftng dung: diing dl bao kien ram bdng dai nildng May bao kien ram Idm viec se keo ep chat cdc ddi nildng len Idp ram vd dudi khdng khdi kien ram, ddm bdo clio mdi trudng len men, bdo quan vd van chuyin ram tdi noi lieu thy Hinh May bao kipn ram Hinh IVIay bam ram kipn * May bant ram kien (hinh 5) Bang Bang dgc tinh ky thugt may bam ram kipn STT Tinh nang lam vifc chinh Nang sudt trung binh Op nho Dan vj Gia trj tan/gid 0,40 mm 70 kW 4.4 Cdng suat - Dpng ca trye bdm - Dpng ca trye quay 1,1 Pham vi ftng dung: dung de bdm ram phuc vy nhu cdu che biln va sft dung ram - cd khd chan nudi bd hien *Mdy trpn TMR (Hmh 6) Hinh (May trpn TIVIR Bang Dgc tinh ky thuat cua may trpn TMR STT Tinh nang lam vipc chinh Dan vj Gia trj me/gid' 8,3 Nang sudt trpn, 100 kg/me, Dp dong ddu % 82,3 Cdng sudt kW 4,55 Pham vi ftng dyng: may trdn thfte dn TMR chuyen dyng phye vy ehudng trai chan nudi bd nang sudt 100 kg/me 3.2.2 Ket qua thir nghiem va hieu qua mang lai Qua khdo nghiem san xuat cho thay: - Vdi cdng nghe phun men len kien vd bao kien bang cdc gidi ni ldng, ram tuai cd the bao qudn tdi 120 ngay, vdi chat lugng cao ban so vdi ram khd (protein thd dat tdi 9%) Ddy la mot hudng mdi khd hieu qud, giai quyet bftc xiic viec khan hiem thfte dn mua ddng - Cdc mdy bam kien, trdn TMR phu hgp vdi md hinh hd, lien hd vdi sd lugng ddn bd tren 20-50 Vdi cac dan bd nlid hom viec ddu lu chua cd hieu qua thdi lugng sft dyng mdy thdp I V K^T LUAN Ca gidi hda thu gom, che bien ram la mdt van de khd mdi me d nudc ta Viec thiet ke, che lao cdng eac mau may thu gom, che bien ram la tien de cho viec sft dyng lugng phe phu phdm mdt each cd hieu qua Qua viec tinli loan hieu qua kinh te cho thay viec kinh doanh ram cho thfte an gia sue la cd hieu qua Tuy nliien de ftng dung he thdng may vao thyc te san xudt thu gom cd hieu qua khdng chi nam van de ky thudt md cdn rat phu thudc van de td chftc kinh doanh vd td chftc qudn ly sdn xudt Phieang hir&ng nghien cieu thai gian t&i - Tiep tuc nghien cftu thft nghiem, hodn thien he thdng may thu gom vd che bien ram - De viec thu gom cd hieu qud can thiet phdi trien khai nghien cftu tong the ve td chftc thu gom va kinh doanh ram TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dau Thl Nhu Nghien cftu cdng nghe va thilt bj thu gom bao qudn va che bien ram r? sir dung cd hieu qua Bdo cdo tdng kit dl tai khoa hpc 2010 82 ... dung dk thu gom ram theo cdng nghe thu hoach lua mdt giai doan hay nhilu giai doan May thu gom ddng kien vudng vdi kich thudc khd ldm thyc hien thu gom ram rdi tren ddng theo cdng nghe thu hoach... Mdy thu gom ddng kien trdn ty hdnh 3.1.1 Dac diem chinh cua tung thiet bi he thong * Mdy thu gom ddng kiin vudng (hinh 1) Hinh IVIay thu gom ddng kipn vudng Bang Dac tinh ky thuat cua may thu. . .thu hoach lua mdt giai doan vd edng nghe thu hoach lua nhilu giai doan Ndm 2007-2010, Vien Co dien NN & Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach da nghien cftu thilt kl, chl tao he thdng may thu gom ram