KHOA HOC - C N G NGHfi Nghien cuu cong nghe va luti chpn thiet bi SAN XUAT VAN DAM TL/ TRAU VA VUN CHI XO DOA LSm Tran Vii', TrSn Thanh Cao', Ph^m Nggc Nam' TOM TAT Trdu vd vun chi xa dira Id hai logi phi thdi ndng nghiip l&n nhdt a ddng bdng song Cuv Long ntrdc la Nghien su dung hieu qud hai nguon phe thdi Iren da duac nhieu ngirdi vd nha khoa hgc quan tdm nhu: ldm be long nhf, ld vdnximdng, cui trdu, chdt dot cho nhiet dien trdu song vdn chua mang Igi kit qud khd quan Tgn dung hai phS thd tren de sdn xuat vdn ddm Id mat huang mai Vi Id hai vgt liiu mai de sdn xudt vdn ddm nin cdn lien hdnh nghien c diiu tra nguon nguyen liiu xir ly nguyen Heu, chon keo, cdng nghe sdn xudt vdn, tinh kinh le vd Irang tri bi m$t vd ddm Irdu-vun chi xa dira Kel qud cho thdy: khong sdn xudl dugc vdn dgt tiiu chudn 04TCN-I999 bdng 100% trd khdng xit ly Tuy nhien, niu Irdu dugc xir ly bang NaOH thi vdn cd the dgt chudn, song lirgng keo ldn gdp ru&i so vdn ddm go gid vi vgy cSng cao han vdn dam go ding c& khodng 20.000 dong/ldm Neu phoi trgn trdu khon ly bdng NaOH vdi v^in chi xa dira theo ty le 6/4 v&i ty li keo lap mgt 15% vd lap loi la 12%; dugc ep d dp sudt 20kG/cm^: nhiit dd 150 C thai gian 17 phut (ddy 18mm) vdn dgt dugc tieu chudn dung cho mgc Thiitki, c tgo thdnh cong mdy nghien, sdy, rdi thdm dam bo sung cho ddy chuyen sdn xudt vdn ddm trdu- vun chi xa dira ca tam/ngdy Di^T VAN DE Vo trau chiim 20-26% khoi Iugng h^t thoc Rieng dong b^ng song Ciru Long, nam 2009 vai san lugng Ilia 19 tri?u tan/nam thi lugng trau la hem tri^u tan/n5m Do phan 1cm liia la hang hoa, viec xay xat tjp trung nen lugmg trau thai nhieu, l^i it duiyc diing b6n rugng, chi mgt phSn nho diing lam chat ddt dk sky lua vy he thu va nung g^ch, vi vgy trau khong c6 cho chira, bien hi?n la trau xuong kenh r^ch, lam nhiem moi trucmg, tac dgng xau doi vai h? sinh thai va diic bi?t gay nguy h^i d6i vai dcri song nguai dan Theo s6 lieu dieu tra ciia ca quan moi tiuang dugc cong bo g§n day cho thiy, chi 25-30% lugng trau dugc su dung, lai khong biet diing vao myc dich gi O Nam Eg, di>a dugc a hau het cac tinh ven bien, tap trung nWiku nhat a hai tinh B^n Tre va Tra Vinh voi di?n tich 48.000ha (B^n Tre 35.266ha, Tra Vinh I2.880ha, nien giam thSng ke 2005), nam 2005 Ben Tre hi?n c6 san lugng diia kho 240 trieu qua Khi qua dua chin, lugng vo chi6m tir 33 - 35% khoi lugng qua, chi xa dira chiem khoang 30%, g6m chi xa to dai khoang 12% va chi xa ngin nhoi n?m khoang 18%, phSn lai la mun dira va chi ngin chiem khoang 70% khoi lugng vo Hien tinh Ben Tre co hang tram ca sa chl bien chi xa dira, moi nam thai moi truang gan tram ngan tin myn vyn chi xa dira, gay nhiem khong va ' TS Vi^n Co di^n ndng nghidp v^ Cong ngh? sau thu hoach ' Phfin Vi^n Khoa hpc lam nghiep Nam Bp ' Tni6ng D?i hgc Ndng Lam TP H6 Chi Minh ,V nguon nuac, anh huorng den doi song cua nguW dan Tnrac day van dam thuang dugc san xuat tir go va phe li?u go, gan day dugc san xuat tir ba mi'a, rorn r^ Qua nghien ciru sa bg thdy trau va myn vun chi xa dira (MVCXD) c6 th6 phoi trgn voi lam nguyen lieu san xuat van dam Vi?c san xuit van dam tir trau va mun vun chi xa dira se g6p phan tao cong 5n vi$c lam cho nguai dan dja phuang, giam nhiem moi truang va h^n che lang phi ngu^n nguyen li$u Do can nghien ciiu thong so cong nghe san xuat vdn dam tir triu va MVCXD de tien tai hoan thien cong ngh^ san xuat II NQI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CliTU 2.1 Noi dung nghien CL'U - Thir nghiem keo UF va PF trgn dau vo hat diku (DVHD); - Chpn loai keo, ty I? keo va chit phy gia; - Ty le phoi trgn triu vai VCXD; - Chg dp ep: nhiet dg, ap suit, thcri gian - Trang tri be mSt san pham van bang dan vemner va giiy trang keo 2.2 V^t lieu va phuong phap ngiiien curu 2.2.I.'Vgt'li?u + Vo triu thu tiJ nha may xay xat t^i Long An, Ti6n Giang Triu dugc nghiln tren may nghiSn biia CO duang kinh 16 thoat cua iu6i la 6mm thu dugc dam CO kich thudc nho hon 5mm + Vun chi xa dira thu tir nha may san xuat chi xa dira a B6n Tre Vyn chi xa dira la phe thai ciia TAP CHi CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - S6' - 2011 KHOA HOC - C N G N G H £ qua trinh san xuat dit sach mun dira sau sang liy myn diia Iam dit s^ch + Keo Ure-formaldehyde (UF), va keo phenol formaldehyde (PF) Cong ty Dynea san xuit, 50% chit kho, pH + Dau vo hat dieu lay tir nha may ep vo hat dilu theo cong nghe chao 2.2.2 Phucmg phdp Chgn phuong phap quy hoach thvc nghiem (QHTN) nhim kiem tra, danh gia cac thong s6 cong nghe san xuit van dam tir trau va vyn chi xa diia Dya vao kit qua nghien ciiu, xay dung mo hinh toan hgc va ling dyng ly thuylt t6i uu de giai cac bai toan toi uu Truoc thyc hien QHTN tien hanh thuc nghidm dan yeu to xac dinh lai tam va khoang anh huang ciia cac thong s6 lam ca sa cho QHTN III KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Ket qua thu* nghiem keo UF va PF fron dau vo hat dieu Ap dyng cac thong s6 san xuit van dam go cho van dam trau nhu: ty le keo 12%, nhiet dg ep ISO^C, thai gian ep 15 phiit, thay doi ty I? pha trgn them DVHD tu -^ 15% so vai lugng keo, co d6i chirng Chi tieu theo d6i la anh huong cua ty le DVHD trpn vao keo tai irng suit u6n tTnh (USUT) va dg d2n no ngam nuac van dam (bang va 2) Bang Kit qua thit nghiem keo UF Iron ddu vo hgt dieu Ty le DVHD trpn them vao keo UF iiu (%) LSn I Lan USUT (kG/cm=) Lan Trung binh Dan na ngam nuac TB, % 114,4 126,4 122,3 121,0 7,81 118,2 109,3 116,6 114,7 7,61 114 121,2 108,3 114,5 7,94 109,7 111,2 115,9 112,2 7,80 12 112,3 109,8 98,3 106,8 7,24 15 105,3 100,8 97,7 101,2 6,97 12 122,3 119,8 108,3 116,8 6,37 15 115,3 110,8 117,7 114,6 5,92 Bang Kit qud thir nghiem Iceo PF trpn ddu vd hgt diiu Ty 1? DVHD trpn them vao keo PF iiu (%) Lan Lan USUT(kQ/cm») Lan Trung binh Dan no ngam nirac TB, % 124,4 128,4 127,3 126,7 7,22 Nhan xet: Vdi ca hai lo^i keo UF va PF, tang ty le pha trgn DVHD vao keo thi USUT va dg dan na ngam nuoc van dam diu giam, chiing to DVHD pha trpn vcri keo dang h6n hgp khong nhung khong co tac dyng tang dp b§m dinh ciia keo, m^ co tac dyng ngugc lai Nhu vgy c6 the tac dyng ciia DVHD d6i voi keo lam van d5m triu Patent ciia An BQ CO le la duoi dang hgp chat niu keo (phan iing trimg hgp) 3.2 Ket qua xac dinh ty le keo va chat dong rdn cho linp mat va lonp loi Dam trau sau xii ly kich thuoc bSng nghien sang phan logi dugc dem phoi trpn vai vyn chi xa dira 128,2 119,3 126,6 124,7 6,81 124 129,2 118,8 124,0 6,61 119,7 121,2 125,2 122,03 6,45 theo ty I? 1.1 Ty le kit cau van la 1:4:1; Keo sii dyng la Urea-formaldehyde (UF) Nhi?t dp ep 180V; Thai gian ep 15 phut; Ap suit ep 18 kG/cm^; Khoi lugng the tich 750kg/m'', van day 18mm Trong do, dam trau da dugc xii Iy kich thuac bang nghien va phan lo^i, cac 16 thi nghiem deu dugc lap lai lan vai cac yeu to dau vao la ty le keo ldp mat X], ty le keo lop loi X2 va ty Ie NH4CI X3 Cac ylu to dau la dan na ngam nuac Vdn, ung suat uon tTnh Y„, Ket qua thi nghiem thu dugc va sau loai bo cac h? so h6i quy khong dam bao dg tin cay khoi mo hinh, phuang trinh hfii quy co dang nhu sau: Ydn = 8,99 - 0,083XI + 0,093X2 - 0,405X3 + 0,155X2X3 + 0,391X,2 +0,189X22 + 0,139X32 (I) Yu, = 121,577 + I0,959X, + 5,167X2 + 3,65X3 - 2,998X,X3 + 3,688X3X3 -5,692X|2 - 3,104X22 - 3,435X32 (2) TAP CHi CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2011 13 KHOA HOC - C O N G N G H $ Bang Kit qud tinh todn tdi iru hdm mpt muc tieu cua vdn ddm trdu - vun chl xa dira Chi so toi mj TT X, 0,106 0,703 Min(Yj,) = 8,52 lV(ax(Y.,)= 130,92 K„ (%) 14,2 15,06 Cac thong so toi iru X2 K,(%) Xj -0,937 10,12 1,68 1,419 14,84 0,897 Kd,(%) 0,568 0,489 ;„ : Ty 1^ keo lop mat; Ki: Ty 1§ keo Idp loi; Kj,: Ty Ie chat dong i ^ NH4CI Ket qua tinh toan toi uu ham da myc tieu da xac djnh dugc gia tri t6i uu a miic 36 a = 0,6 U'ng v6i a = 0,6 cac chi tieu toi uu va thong so t6i uu d^t dugc la: X| = 0,52 Ty le keo lop mat K^ = 15,04 % X2 = 0,05 Ty le keo lap loi K, = 12,1% X3 = 0,05 Ty le chit dong rin Kj, = 0,405% Dp dan na ciia van nghien ciiu Ydn = 7,6% USUT cua van nghien ciiu Y^ = 142,5kG/cm^ J Ket qua xac dinh ty le phoi tron nguyen Ii|u Khi nghien ciru, co dinh cac thong so: Keo UF vai ty I? keo mat, keo loi va chat dong ran NH4CI theo ket qua nghien cuu xac dinh ty I? keo va chit dong ran; Khoi lugng the tich vdn (KLTT) 800kg/m^; Ket cau van lap ty le mat loi 1:4:1; Kich thuac danh nghia ciia van mau thi nghiem la 250 X 300 X 18mm Cac thong s6 diu vao la thai gian ep Xi, nhi?t dp ep X2, ty 1? dam VCXD X3 Cac ylu td diu la dp dan ncf ngam nuac Yjn, img suat uon tTnh Yui Ket qua thi nghi?m thu dugc va sau logi bo cac he so hoi quy khong dam bao dp tin cay khoi mo hinh, phuang trinh hoi quy co dang nhu sau: Ydn = 8,336-0,767Xi -0,792X2 + 0,315X3-0,384XiX3 + 0,584Xi^ + 0,356X3^ + 0,814X3^ (3) Y„,= 141,222+I2,712X,+5,413X2 + 8,383X3-5,488X|X2-5,388X,X3-8,480Xi^- 4,414X2^-3,813X3^ (4) Bdng Kit qud tinh todn tdi iru cua hdm mpt muc lieu Chis TT X, 0,64 0,35 Min(Y dn) = 7,64 Max(Y.,)= 148,9 T 13,29 12,70 Cac thon g so toi uu N X2 1,11 202 187 0,39 X, -0,04 0,85 K 34,37 47,76 Bdng Ket qud tinh todn t 0/ int hdm da mttc tieu che dq 'p vdn lap phoi tr^ n 14 CO (%) Ydn Y., 187,89 47,76 8,62 148,09 0,48 13,01 188,38 42,27 8,08 147,66 0,32 13,11 190,11 39,74 7,89 147,06 0,60 0,21 13,15 191,99 38,20 7,80 146,45 0,59 0,69 0,14 13,17 193,79 37,13 7,74 145,84 0,5 0,59 0,77 0,09 13,19 195,47 36,34 7,70 145,24 0,6 0,60 0,85 0,05 13,20 197,02 35,74 7,68 144,64 0,7 0,61 0,92 0,02 13,22 198,46 35,27 7,66 144,06 0,8 0,62 0,99 -0,01 13,24 199,80 34,90 7,65 143,47 0,9 0,63 1,05 -0,03 13,26 201,06 34,60 7,64 142,90 1,0 0,64 1,11 -0,04 13,29 202,24 34,37 7,64 142,32 X, X2 XJ 0,0 0,35 0,39 0,85 0,1 0,51 0,42 0,2 0,55 0,51 0,3 0,57 0,4 N k T (phut) 12,70 Trpng so ^ TAP CHi CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2011 KHOA HOC - C O N G NGHE Qua bang 5, ta chpn dugc gia tri toi uu cho Keo UF vai ty I9 keo mat, keo loi va chat dong ran nghien ciru cong ngh^ san xuat van dam tap phoi NH4CI theo ket qua nghien curu xac djnh ty le keo va trpn theo cac ty I? khac tir dam trau va dam vun chat dong rin; Khoi lugng thi tich van (KLTT) chi xa dira vai miic trpng s6 a = 0,2 800kg/m'; Kit ciu van lap ty le mat loi 1:4:1; Ty Ung vai a = 0,2 cac chi tieu toi uu va thong so le phoi trgn triuA'CXD = 60/40 ( tire 60% triu) cho tdi uu d^t dugc la: ca lap mat va lap loi; Kich thuoc danh nghTa ctia X] = 0,55 hay thai gian ep la 13,11 phut van mau thi nghiem la 250 x 300 x 18mm X2 = 0,5I haynhi?tdpepla I90X Cac thong so dau vao la thai gian ep Xi, ap suat X3 = 0,32 hay ti I? dam VCXD la 39,74% ep X2 va nhiet dp ep X3 Cac ylu t6 diu la dp dan Dp dan no cua van nghien ciiu Ydn = 7,89% na ngam nuac Ydn, ung suat u6n tTnh Y^ USUT cua van nghien ciru Yu,= 147,06 kG/cm^ Ket qua thi nghiem sau xu li so li^u, loai bo 3.4 Ket qua xac djah che dp ep cac he so hoi quy khong dam bao tin cay khoi Khi nghien ciiu che dp ep co djnh cac thong so: mo hinh, phuang trinh hoi quy co dang nhu sau: Ydn = 8,336 - 0,767X, - 0,792X2 + 0,315X3 - 0,384X,X; 0,584X|-H-0,356X2^+ 0,814X3^ (5) r,, = 139,707 + 9,299X, + 3,255X2 + 3,951X3 - 3,638X|X2 -3,813X|X3 - 6,588Xr- 2,893X2^ -2,434X3' (6) Bdng Kit qud tinh todn tdi uu cua hdm mpt muc tieu che ep TT Chi so toi uu Min(Yd„) = 7,64 Max(Y„)= 145,2 X, 0,64 1,66 T 17,28 19,32 Cac thon % so toi uu X, p XJ 22,2 -0,04 1,11 0,56 17,78 -1,68 N 149 133,2 Bang Kit qud tinh todn tdi uu hdm da muc tiiu chi dp ep vdn a 150°C Trpng so or 0,4 0,5 0,6 Xi X2 XJ T(ph) P (Kg/cm=) NCC) Ydn Ya, 0.626 0.610 0.582 0.736 0.737 0.828 0.165 0.164 -0.047 17,25 17,22 17,16 21.47 21.4 19,9 151,65 151,22 149,53 7,73 7,73 7,67 143,5 143,5 143,6 X3 = -0,047 hay nhiet dp ep la 150^ Qua bang 7, ta chgn dugc gia tri toi uu cho Do dan no ciia van nghien ciru la Ydn = 7,67 % nghien ciru cong ngh? san xuat van dam trau + USUT ciia van nghien ciiu la Y^ VCXD voi miic trgng so a =0,6 143,6kG/cm^ T^i cac chi tieu va thong so toi uu la: 3.5 Ket qua nghien ciru trang tri be mat san Xl = 0,582 hay thai gian ep la 17,16 phiit pham van bang dan vernner X2 = 0,828 hay ap suit ep la 19,9kG/cm^ M6 hinh nghien ciiu cong ngh? dan phii mat van dam bang van lang go tu nhien dugc xay dung nhu sau: Xi:Nhi?tdgep ( X ) X2: Apsuatep(P) X3: Dp nhat keo (n) Yi: Do ben uon tTnh (5ut) Qua trinh dan phii mat van dam bang van lang go tu nhien Y2: Dp ben keo vuong goc (Stvg) Y3: Ty le tham keo (Y,hO Ket qua ciia ham phuang trinh tuang quan cua dp ben uon tTnh dugc kiem nghiem va danh gia qua bang phan ti'ch phucmg sai ANOVA Y| = 174,297+ 15,9921X| + 17,1047X2 + 19,1053X3-7,09X2X3- 13,0844X1^-^ 11,1463X3^ - H? so tuong quan d^t dugc: R = 0,822 - Kiem tra d^ tin cliy ciia cac h? so hdi quy theo tieu chuan Student, dam bao tin cay TAP CHi C N G NGHIEP NdNG THON - SO - 2011 (?) 15 KHOA HOC - C O N G N G H £ - Kilm tra su phii hgp ciia mo hinh theo tieu chuin Fisher: Bai toan dp ben u6n tTnh co gia tri Fhnh = 5,27 va gia trj bang cua tieu chuan Fisher, Fbang = Fo.os,8.5) = 6,63 V?y F,i„h < Fbang ,do phuang trinh hdi quy (7) phu hgp vcri thuc nghiem Kit qua ciia ham phuang trinh tuang quan ciia ben keo vuong goc dugc kiem nghiem va danh gia qua bang phan tich phucmg sai ANOVA YI = 3, 687 + 0,3678X, + CieiX, + 0,4739X3 -0,2575X1X3- 0,1444X,^ - 0,3286X2^-0,208X3(8) - H? s6 tuang quan dat dugc: R = 0,9448 - Kilm tra dg tin cay cua cac he so hoi quy theo tieu chuan Student dam bao dp tin cay - Kiem tra sy phii hgp cua mo hinh theo tieu chuan Fisher: Bai toan dp ben keo vuong goc c6 gia tn F„nh= 6,19 va gia tri bang cua tieu chuin Fisher, Fbang = Fo.o5(7.s) = 7,46 Vay F„nh