Một số kết quả bước đầu trong công tác nghiên cứu cơ giới hoá sản xuất mạ thảm và máy cấy

MOT SO K^T QUA BUQC D A U TRONG CONG TAG NGHiEN CU'U c a Giai HOA SAN XUAT MA THAM VA MAY CAY TS Le Sy Hung, TS.Nguyin Qudc Vipt, KS Ngd Ngpe Anh, Ths Ld Quydt Tidn Wpn Co di^n Ndng nghifp va Cdng ngh$ Sau thu ho^ch I OAT VAN oe Nudc ta cd nen sdn xudt ndng nghiep vdi cdy lua nudc la cay luomg thuc chu yeu Dien tich gieo cdy hdng ndm khoang 7,5 trieu ha, ldng sdn lugng thdc dat khoang 39 trieu tan/ndm khdng nhiimg ddp ftng du nhu cdu cung cdp luomg thyc cho ca nudc ma cdn xudt khau tren trieu tan gao/ndm vd Id nudc dftng thft hai tren thl gidi vl xudt khau gao Do dieu kien ty nhien, hdu cung nhu lap qudn canh lac khdc nhau, cho nen d nudc ta van tdn tai ddng thdi hai phuang thfte sdn xuat lua nudc la gieo thdng vd cdy Gieo thdng la phuomg thfte trdng Ifta dom gian, de co gidi boa, vi vdy nhftng noi nao cd dieu kien ty nhien thuan lgi thi tien hdnh gieo thdng md khdng cdy Khdc vdi gieo thdng, cdy la phuang thfte trdng lua phftc tap ban Sdn xudt ma vd cay Iiia Id cdng doan het sftc vdl va, ndng nhpc, nd chiem khoang 30% tdng cdng lao ddng viec canh lac lua Ngodi viec lam ma va cay lua mang tinh chat thdi vy cao nen ngudi ndng ddn phdi lap trung lao ddng de ddm bdo kjp thdi vy cd thdi tiet khdc nghiei Ddc biet giai doan hien cung nhu sau ndy, viec chuyen djch lao ddng ndng nghiep sang cdc nganh nghe khdc ngdy cdng tdng, lao ddng ndng nghiep thdi vy la van de bftc xuc cua sdn xudt Vi vdy ddi hdi cdp thiet cua sdn xudt ndng nghiep Id phdi lien hdnh ca gidi hda khdu lam ma va cay liia Gidi quyet dugc khdu co gidi hda san xuat ma vd cdy lua se gdp phdn giai quyet dugc nhieu van de nhu: Tang nang suat lao ddng, gidm bdt sy cdng thdng ve thieu nhdn cdng thdi vy, giai phdng sftc lao ddng ndng nhpc, vdl vd cua ngudi ndng dan, nhat Id phy nu Ddng thdi Iiia dugc cay bang may se lao dieu kien thudn lgi cho cdc khau ca gidi hda tiep theo nhu cham sde va thu hoach C) cdc nudc lua nudc cd nen ndng nghiep phdt trien nhu Nhdt Ban, Han Qudc, Ddi Loan vd gdn day Id Trung Qudc cdc khdu canh tac liia da dugc ca gidi hda d mftc dp cao Sau Nhdt Bdn phdt trien san xudt ma theo phuang phdp ma thdm gieo tren khay phye vy may cdy thi mdy cdy phdt triln rdt nhanh Chi thdi gian ndm (tft 1972 - 1977) Nhdt Ban dd thyc hien CO gidi hda cay liia tren todn bd dien tich trdng Iiia cua hp (2,5 trieu ha) Tuy nhien may cdy cua Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qudc, Trung Qudc cd mat dp cay thua (hdng each hang 300 mm) khdng phu hop vdi yeu cdu ndng hpc khdu cay liia d nudc ta Hpc tap cdng ngh? may cdy ma thdm cua Nhdt Ban vd Trung Qudc, Vien Co dien Ndng nphiep vd Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach tft nhieu nam da di vdo nghien cftu thiet ke, che tao may cdy vd chuyen giao cdng nghe sdn xudt ma thdm tren khay lai mdt sd dja phuang nhu: Bdc Ninh, TTianh Hod, Nghe An, An Giang, Can Tho budc ddu de phuc vy ndng dan cdy tay, thi dilm cdy may vd chudn bj ca sd cho viec dp dyng mdy cay ma tham Iren dien rdng II C N G NGHE VA THI^T Bj S A N X U A T MA THAM D I mdy cdy ldm viec tot thi khdu quan trpng ddu lien Id viec ldm ma Cdng nghe va he thong thilt bj sdn xudt ma thdm dd dugc nghien cftu vd dp dyng d nhimg co sd sdn sudt ma thdm d cdc tinh phia Bdc (Bdc Ninh, Thanh Hod, Nghe An) gdm cdc cdng doan sau: 83 DAT (pH=4,5-5,5) NGHIEN, SANGOAT (Kichthu'CTC hat 1-5 mm) LAM SACH, KHU'TRUNG PHAN LOAI VA XU' LY HAT / T R O N BAT VO'I PHAN KHOAN THUC HAT N A Y M A M / R A I DAT VAO KHAY NHU'A (Lop dat d i y : , - l 7cm GiEO MONG VAO KHAY TU'OI NUO'C LAN (180-200g mong/khay) T U d i NUOC LAN CHU THIGH: Nguyen lieu ""^PHLl OAT BQT LEN MDNG (khong tron phan) May/thiet bi Thu cong ' XEP CAC KHAY CHONG LEN NHAU TRONG U N G AM Ban thu cong RAI KHAY MA RA RUONG NUOI MA: San pham CHAWI SOC MA Q ^ A T H A M NON 06 CAY TAY/MAY ^ y Hinh So dd quy trinh san xudt ma tham a) Chudn bj ddt: Chpn dat thit nhe hoae dat ddi thich hgp, dp pH tdt nhat 4,5-5,5, phai khd va lam nhd (kich thudc hat < 5mm) va dugc Iron vdi mun (trau thdc, mun cua ), phan N-P-K vdi ly le nhu sau: 1/3-1/4 thl tich mun; 1-H2g ure; 4^5g kali cho khay ddt (kich thudc Idng khay: (dai x rdng x sau = 58 x 23 x cm) thudc vao loai dat va thai vu b) Ngdm u thdc gidng: Chpn loai gidng lot va xft Iy bang nudc mudi vdi ty I? 1,13 (2 kg mudi cho 10 lit nudc), vdt bet hat ndi va rfta sach thdc gidng Ngdm hat giong bl tir 30 -^ 42 gid tiiy thudc vao thdi lilt, thay nudc hang ngdy, nhiet dp thich hgp tft 25 -^ 32°C Sau dd vdl hat cho vao bao lai va xip ddng dl u Nhiet dp u tri tft 30 -^ 32°C cho tdi hat niit nanh (mdu nhu dai 0,5 mm) 84 c) Rdi ddt, gieo mdng vd phu ddt: Hon hgp ddi dugc rai dlu vdo khay vdi dp ddy 2cm, sau dd tudi udrt deu vd gieo mdng vdi mat dp 110-140 g/khay luy thudc vao vy gieo (vu miia gieo thua hom) Gieo xong phu mdt ldp ddt (khdng trdn phan) day tft 3-4 mm vd khdng phun nudc dk trdnh vdng cftng ldp ddt mat d) Thuc hgt ndy mdm: Day la giai doan quan trpng dl hat ndy mdm dlu va khoe, nhiet dp thich hgp 28 - 32 "C Cdc khay ma sau gieo xong dugc xip trdng len mdt budng ii, thdi gian u tir 48 - 60 gid luy thudc vao nhiet dp u Khi ma mui chdng (len khdi mat ddt Ift Kl,5 cm) Id cd the dua rudng e) Chdm soc ngodi rupng: day la giai doan Iam xanh hda cdy ma sau u nen cdn dnh sang nh? vd nhiet dp thich hgp dl cdy ma phdt triln dlu vd khoe Nlu nhiet dp dudi I2°C thi cdy ma phdt trien cham, de sinh ndm benh, vi thl vy ddng xuan ma cdn dugc che phu bdng nildng Rudng nudi ma dugc Idm phdng dlu va chu ddng tudi lieu; bl rdng ludng ma tft 1,5 - 1,8m Khay ma dugc xip thdnh tiimg luong tren rudng, tudi ddm nudc vd phu kin nildng tft - ngdy (nlu trdi ret) Sau bd nildng cdn ludi hang (phu nildng nlu trdi ret) Trong thdi gian cd the bd sung NPK; phun thudc Iru' sau, benh ndm va benh heo la Khi ma duge 2,5 - 3,5 Id (khoang 12-15 vu miia va - 2 vy ddng xuan) la cd the cay dugc Moi bac bd (360 m'^) cay may cdn 15 - 17 khay ma phu Ihudc mat dp gieo Hinh Ma tham Tren ca sd cdng nghe va he thdng thiet bj san xuat ma tham nhu da gidi thieu, Vien Co dien Ndng nghiep va Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach da chuyen giao lai mdt sd ca sd san xudt ma theo kha nang dau tu cua dja phuang vdi mftc dp ca gidi hda khdc Vi dy, tai ca sd san xudt ma thdm d Trieu San, Thanh Hda cac khau san xuat deu Iam bang thu cdng Tai ca sd san xudt ma thdm d Tft Son, Bdc Ninh quy trinh san xuat dugc thyc hien vdi mftc dp ban thu cdng (khdu nghien, trdn, rai ddt, gieo mdng bang mdy, cdn cdc khau khdc la thu cdng) Ddi vdi ca sd sdn xudt Yen Thanh, Nghe An mftc dp co gidi hda cao hom, cdc khdu tft nghien Iron, rdi ddt, gieo mdng, tudi nudc deu duac ca gidi hda tren mdt day chuyen sdn xudt Rieng ddi vdi cdc tinh d ddng bdng sdng Cim Long, cdng nghe sdn xudt ma tham dom gidn ban, chi cdn Iron mun xa dfta vdi bim vdi ty 1? thich hgp (de cdy mdy Iron bim xa dfta theo ty le 1:3) rdi rdi deu len sdn, thdc gidng dugc xft Iy vd ngan u nftt nanh sau dd gieo deu len ludng vdi mat dp 0.8-l.Okg/m^, ma dugc tudi vd cham sde tft 12-15 la cd the cdy III M A Y C A Y LUA MA T H A M Tren ca sd nguyen ly lam vide cua cdc loai may cay lua cua Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qude, Trung Qudc, Vien Ca dien Ndng nghiep vd Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach da nghien cftu thilt kl, cdi tiln miu mdy cdy lua ma thdm MC 6-250 phii hgp vdi dieu kien canh tde vd khd ndng chl tao cua Viet Nam (hinh 3) 85 H«p leCe^: 2.H«pitf; DinA^gmt; BKahxoek&d^; O^akxe^; 9.TAn