Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.Hoạt động yêu nước và cách mạng của Nguyễn An Ninh ở Việt Nam từ năm 1922 đến năm 1943.MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYEN VAN GIA THUY NGUYEN AN NINH’S PATRIOTIC AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN VIETNAM FROM 1922 TO 1943 MAJOR VIETNAMESE HISTORY Code 9229013 SUMMAR.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYEN VAN GIA THUY NGUYEN AN NINH’S PATRIOTIC AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN VIETNAM FROM 1922 TO 1943 MAJOR VIETNAMESE HISTORY Code: 9229013 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION NGHE AN - 2022 The dissertation was completed at: Vinh University Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Vu Tai Dr Duong Thi Thanh Hai Examiner 1: Examiner 2: Examiner 3: The dissertation was defended before the Examination Committee at Vinh University on day month……year… The dissertation can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Vinh University ABSTRACT Reasons for choosing the topic During the revolutionary movement in Vietnam in the early 20th century, the intelligentsia, especially the new-school intellectuals, was considered the vanguard, the source of leadership for most of the patriotic and revolutionary movements and socio-cultural movements in Vietnam Therefore, the study of the roles and contributions of Vietnamese new-school intellectuals in the course of history is a central issue of history Nguyen An Ninh (1900 - 1943), a preeminent revolutionary of the first generation of “Western-educated” intellectuals in Vietnam, bravely devoted all his talents, courage, and life to the cause of national liberation from the yoke of colonialism Despite his many great contributions, so far there has not been any research work that systematically studies Nguyen An Ninh's background and revolutionary career Therefore, this research seeks to learn about this to perform accurate evaluations of his contributions to the nation's history Amidst the current trend of globalization, integration, and development, honoring the patriotic traditions and the self-reliant spirit of the younger generation for the cause of national development and defense is an important issue Therefore, research on the contributions of revolutionary figures to the nation will make a fascinating example for the young generation, especially today's young intellectuals to follow The results of the dissertation will also contribute to the source of references for Vietnamese modern history research, especially research on the contributions of Vietnamese intellectuals in the early 20th century Stemming from the above reasons, “Nguyen An Ninh’s patriotic and revolutionary activities in Vietnam from 1922 to 1943” has been chosen as the topic of this Doctoral Dissertation, majoring in Vietnamese history Object and scope of the study 2.1 Object of the study The object of this dissertation is the typical patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh from 1922 to 1943 From there, the dissertation will make comments on his contribution to the nation's history 2.2 Scope of the study - Spatial scope: The spatial scope of the research is the entire territory of Vietnam, of which, more focus is put on the space of the Six Southern provinces of Cochinchina because this place witnessed his typical patriotic and revolutionary activities - Scope of time: As the research revolves around a specific historical figure, the entire period from his birth to death will be covered The focus of the research scope is specifically determined from 1922 when Nguyen An Ninh returned to Vietnam from France for his revolutionary activities until 1943 when he died at Con Dao (Poulo Condore) prison - Scope of content: The typical patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh in the national liberation movement before the August Revolution in 1945, from 1922 to 1943: giving speeches, publishing and writing papers, forming societies, campaigning for elections, organizing the Indochinese Congress, etc From the grounding explanations, the dissertation will give an assessment commensurate with his role and contribution to the revolution and national history of Vietnam Research aims and objectives 3.1 Research aims This dissertation studies the typical patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh from 1922 to 1943, thereby clarifying his contributions and roles in the history of the struggle for national liberation 3.2 Research objectives - The dissertation clarifies the fundamental factors from the homeland, family, lineage, and times that create a Nguyen An Ninh with a noble personality, living with ideals and ambitions, and keeping up with times - Analyze and clarify Nguyen An Ninh's political attitude through his typical patriotic and revolutionary activities such as: giving speeches, publishing and writing papers, forming societies, election campaigning, parliamentary struggle, etc - Clarify the role and contributions of Nguyen An Ninh to the nation's history in the first half of the 20th century; the recognition and honor of posterity for his contributions Sources of materials, methodology, and research methods 4.1 Sources of materials - Archives: Cochinchina Governor's Palace (Vietnam National Archives II) including reports of the Department of Security of Cochinchina; Governor General of Indochina’s Palace (National Overseas Archives ANOM - France) from 1922 - 1943 is directly related to the topic - References: Domestic and international monographs on Nguyen An Ninh; research works on Vietnamese intellectuals and Cochinchina intellectuals; Southern history and research works on the patriotic movement against French colonialism; dissertations, theses, journals, conference proceedings, etc - Materials published and printed in the French period: Press sources before 1945: Journal of the Indochina, Indochina Times, Dong Phuong, Thanh Nghi, etc archived in the National Library of Vietnam or published on Baochi.nlv.gov.vn website Sources of digitized books, newspapers, and journals in the digital library Gallica of the National Library of France - Fieldwork documents: the author had face-to-face discussions and interviews with Nguyen An Ninh's 5th daughter (Ms Nguyen Thi Minh), collected many new comments and accessed a lot of French materials, articles, and research on Nguyen An Ninh over the periods The materials and pictures at Nguyen An Ninh memorial house and Nguyen An Ninh clan ancestral house are also exploited 4.2 Methodology and research methods - Methodological basis: The dissertation is built on the theoretical basis of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought, and the viewpoint of the Communist Party of Vietnam in social science research activities - Research methods: Anthropological – historical methods and logical methods are two basic methods used throughout the research on this topic In addition, several supporting methods for the research such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction, etc are also applied Contributions of the dissertation - The dissertation is the first work to recreate the panoramic view of Nguyen An Ninh’s patriotic and revolutionary activities in the turbulent historical period from 1922 to 1943 - The dissertation contributes to clarifying Nguyen An Ninh’s active, continuous, and diverse activities from 1922 to 1943, thereby making comments and assessments of his contributions to the nation’s history - The dissertation systematizes the sources of materials and further contributes to the research, compilation, and teaching of Southern history in particular and modern Vietnamese history in general Dissertation structure In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references, and appendices, the main content of the dissertation is organized into chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation related to the dissertation topic Chapter 2: Factors influencing the patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh Chapter 3: Some typical patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh from 1922 to 1943 Chapter 4: Comments on the patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION TOPIC 1.1 Reasearch situation 1.1.1 Some domestic research works on Nguyen An Ninh From 1943 to 1975, research on Nguyen An Ninh mainly consisted of sporadic articles published in the newspapers “Thần Chung”(The Morning Bell, “Tiếng Dội Miền Nam” (Echoes of the South), and “Dân Quyền” (Civil Rights) to express the love and admiration of the Southern people for his contributions There are two monographs, namely “Hội kín Nguyễn An Ninh” (Nguyen An Ninh Secret Society) by Le Van Thu (1961); “Nhà cách mạng Nguyễn An Ninh - Thân nghiệp” (Revolutionary Nguyen An Ninh - Background and career) by Phuong Lan (1970) Since the country was liberated (1975) until now, with an innovative approach, thinking, and access to many archival sources, there have been many publications about Nguyen An Ninh In terms of monographs, there are “Nguyễn An Ninh” (Various authors, 1988) “Sự tiến hóa liên tục Nguyễn An Ninh, lãnh tụ cách mạng hùng biện” (The continuous evolution of Nguyen An Ninh, an eloquent revolutionary leader) (Ha Huy Giap, 1989); “Nguyễn An Ninh nhà tư tưởng tiêu biểu đầu kỷ XX Nam Bộ” (Nguyen An Ninh, a typical thinker of the early 20th century in the South) (Pham Dao Thinh, 2018), etc The theses include “Tư tưởng Nguyễn An Ninh Nho giáo tôn giáo” (Nguyen An Ninh Thought on Confucianism and religion) (Pham Thi Doat, 1999), etc Memoirs: “Thương Nguyễn An Ninh” (Remembering Nguyen An Ninh) by Huynh Van Mot; “Ngồi tù Khám Lớn” (In the Maison Centrale) by Phan Van Hum The research works are published in the form of articles in historical, religious, philosophical, etc journals with a variety of topics, such as “Nguyễn An Ninh luật sư, nhà báo yêu nước” (Nguyen An Ninh, a patriotic lawyer and journalist) by Nguyen Quoc Hong, Vietnam Law Newspaper issue No 33, 1990; “Nguyễn An Ninh vấn đề văn hố ngơn ngữ, giáo dục” (Nguyen An Ninh and cultural, language and educational issues) by Bui Khanh in the Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities No 24, 2003; “Nguyễn An Ninh với văn hóa dân tộc” (Nguyen An Ninh and national culture) by Tran Viet Nghia in the Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 2013, etc Monographs on Vietnamese intellectuals mentioning the role of Nguyen An Ninh include “Góp phần tìm hiểu số nhân vật lịch sử Việt Nam” (Contributing to understanding some historical figures in Vietnam) by Chuong Thau, 2003); “Trí thức Việt Nam tiến trình lịch sử dân tộc” (Vietnamese intellectuals in the course of national history) by author Nguyen Van Khanh, 2016, etc In addition, there were seminars on Nguyen An Ninh held for the 1st time in 1987, the 2nd in 1990, the 3rd in 2003, and the 4th in 2015 For posterity to have the most accurate view of Nguyen An Ninh, his family actively collected and recorded memories, including the memoir “Cùng anh suốt đời” (Walk with you for a lifetime) by Truong Thi Sau (Nguyen An Ninh's wife, 2004); “Nguyễn An Ninh - Tơi làm gió thổi” (I’m just the blowing wind) by Nguyen Thi Minh (Nguyen An Ninh’s daughter, 2005); especially the two books “Nguyễn An Ninh qua hồi ức người thân” (Nguyen An Ninh through the memories of his close ones) and “Nguyễn An Ninh - Tác phẩm” (Nguyen An Ninh - Works) (2009) published by Nguyen An Ninh's family in cooperation with Quoc hoc Research Center Though not research documents but collections of works, articles, and speeches by Nguyen An Ninh published in the newspapers such as LCF, L'Annam, La lutte, Trung Lap, etc., in French and translated into Vietnamese, such materials are of great value to the author during the dissertation process 1.1.2 Some foreign research works on Nguyen An Ninh Vietnamese Anticolonialism 1885 - 1925 (University of California, 1971) and Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920 - 1945 (University of California, 1984) by David G Marr; Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution by Professor Ho Tai Hue Tam (University of Harvard, 1992); Du patriolisme au marxisme: L'immigration Vietnamienne en France de 1926 1930 (From patriotism to Marxism) by the scholar of Vietnamese study Daniel (Hémery Éditions Ouvrières, 1973); Vietnam du Confucianisme au Communisme (Vietnam from Confucianism to Communism) by Trinh Van Thao (L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007), etc From many different perspectives, works compiled by domestic and foreign authors have focused on some specific aspects, either studying an aspect of activity or studying the political and cultural thought of Nguyen An Ninh Inheriting and absorbing the manner of posing questions and research methods, especially the rich and reliable document volume, will help the author effectively answer the questions raised in the dissertation 1.2 Comments on the research situation - Many domestic and international publications have studied Nguyen An Ninh from different perspectives These works refer to his many different activities but mainly focus on two areas of political and cultural thoughts - With reliable documents and convincing arguments, many works have listed Nguyen An Ninh's origins, political attitudes, and outstanding contributions from 1922 to 1943 Prominent forms of struggle such as giving speeches, writing articles and books, forming societies, parliamentary struggle, etc in the southern part of the country are focused on the most Inheriting previous valuable research results on multi-dimensional approaches, historical thinking research methods, exploitation, and use of data sources, the author will continue to analyze and explain in depth the patriotism and revolutionariness in each specific struggle to solve the problems posed in the dissertation - Nguyen An Ninh's patriotic and revolutionary activities from 1922 to 1943 were generally mentioned in several research works However, the systematic study of his patriotic and revolutionary activities has so far remained a gap in historical research This is not a shortcoming or limitation in the previously published works, but rather that the authors of those works did not consider these issues as the object and objectives of their research Based on inheriting previous research results and adding archival materials, this dissertation hopes to partially fill the “historical gap” from its research results 1.3 Issues to be studied in the dissertation - Clarify the influential factors from the historical context, the background of the homeland, family, lineage, and times that create the character of Nguyen An Ninh - a bright personality with great ideals and ambitions and catching up with the trend of his time - Recreate the patriotic and revolutionary activities of Nguyen An Ninh from 1922 - 1943 through typical activities such as: giving speeches, writing books and newspaper articles, forming societies, election campaigning, parliamentary struggle, etc., and clarify the revolutionariness in each specific activity - Clarify the contributions of Nguyen An Ninh as a typical revolutionary intellectual in Cochinchina in the national liberation movement from 1922 to 1943 CHAPTER FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PATRIOTIC AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES OF NGUYEN AN NINH 2.1 Historical context 2.1.1 Global context In the early 20th century, under the influence of the great Bourgeois Revolution in France (1789), the wave of Tan Thu (New Books) and Tan Van (New Literature) brought about a drastic change in national liberation movements in Asian countries The trend of going abroad to seek ways for national salvation was strongly responded to by many new Confucian intellectuals and new-school intellectuals in Vietnam The victory of the Russian October Revolution (1917), the active activities of the Communist International (1919), the birth of the French Communist Party (1920), and the Chinese Communist Party (1921) strongly encouraged anticolonial movements in Asian colonies France has become a destination to study and seek ways for the national salvation of many colonial patriots, including Vietnam 2.1.2 Domestic context After basically completing the pacification of Vietnam, the French carried out economic exploitation on a large scale The two great colonial exploitation (1897 - 1914 and 1919 - 1929) drastically changed the socioeconomic structure of Vietnam Along with the influence of the new education, a profound change took place in the awareness of the progressive Confucian and new-school intellectuals The emergence of large cities, the birth of political parties, the explosion of newspapers and print materials, etc stirred up a vibrant democratic struggle movement throughout the country The national and democratic spirit was thriving The culture, national language, and patriotism quickly followed suit Through the activities of intellectuals who returned after their time living, studying, and doing patriotic activities in France, Marxism-Leninism was widely spread to Vietnam The efforts of Nguyen Ai Quoc and his students were rewarded with the birth of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1930 Attracting the attention of a wide range of social strata, the Communist Party established a series of satellite organizations, opening up a period of revolutionary struggle following a new trend, the proletarian revolutionary trend 2.2 The patriotic and revolutionary tradition of the people of Saigon Gia Dinh The people of Saigon - Gia Dinh have long had a patriotic and revolutionary tradition since the time of land reclamation Their generosity, sociability, and chivalry in the establishment of villages and hamlets and their resilience and indomitability to all invaders have become the characteristic qualities of the people here 2.3 Family and clan traditions The tradition of patriotism, revolution, and fondness for academics has become the legacy of the Nguyen clan The generations of the Nguyen descendants, wherever they are, under any regime, in any circumstance, always remember their roots, maintain the family tradition, and are willing to sacrifice themselves for great causes The Nguyen clan’s tradition has created remarkable figures for the nation whose merit was recognized in history books and respected by the people, and Nguyen An Ninh was one of them 2.4 Influence of bourgeois thought on Nguyen An Ninh's patriotic and revolutionary activities before 1922 At the turn of the 20th century, in a new historical context, movements following Western civilization and bourgeois-democratic thought took place vibrantly throughout the country Having long responded to the Duy Tan, Dong Du, Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc, and Minh Tan movements, Nguyen An and the "Communist Manifesto" of Marx - Engels, but also changed the thoughts and actions of a whole generation of young revolutionaries With his sharp arguments, the aggressive and exploitative nature of the French colonialists was exposed on every page The patriotism, national liberation, and human liberation movements among the people were also widely publicized Not only that, but the LCF also provided a guide on the method of conducting a revolution, which is organized revolutionary violence Commenting on the LCF Peycam said it was “the most intense political opposition ever published at that time”, which contributed to starting the trend of public press struggle against the colonial government Many papers such as Le Jeune Annam, Le Nha Que, etc., following the spirit of the LCF, also published articles denouncing the draconian rule of the colonial government, opposing the “Collaboration franco-annamite” rhetoric, and calling on the compatriots to follow the example of neighboring countries to fight The colonial government had to admit that it was always in a passive position in dealing with the LCF Nguyen An Ninh's struggle in the front of the public press not only positively contributed to the modernization of political culture in Vietnam, developed national art and language, and awakened the spirit of patriotism, but also promoted the rise of the democracy movement The national spirit, sense of self-reliance, and aspiration for peace were passionately encouraged 3.1.3 Publishing La France en Indochine (LFEI - France in Indochina) Continuing to attack the colonial government on a large scale, Nguyen An Ninh published LFEI to denounce the crimes of the aggressors The book was published in France because it was not licensed to print in the country Giving people an accurate view of colonial Indochina, Nguyen An Ninh gives examples of contradictions between the policies and lives of the people in France and those of the people in Indochina The purpose was to make the French in the mother country understand the greedy and brutal nature of the colonialists who came to Indochina to bring the civilization of law and justice to replace and build a Vietnam under the rule of France However, Nguyen An Ninh only accepted French-Vietnamese cooperation based on equality, denied compromise under the guise of cooperation, and declared to use violence when necessary LFEI was a judgment that strongly condemns the “civilization mission” of the French colonial government in Indochina, awakening the people's fighting spirit against aggressors, especially the indigenous intellectuals It was also Nguyen Anh Ninh’s political platform at the beginning of the revolution 3.1.4 Establishing Thanh nien Cao vong (High-Expectation Youth Society) Having long recognized the role of the common people in the revolutionary movement and the need for an organization to educate the political consciousness of the masses, from late 1924 to early 1925, Nguyen An Ninh shifted his activities to the countryside He initially started the society in Cu Chi, Ba Diem (Hoc Mon), Duc Hoa, Duc Hue (Long An), etc., then expanded to Trang Bang, Tan An, Cho Lon, Chau Doc, Bac Lieu, Tay Ninh, etc with the name “High-Expectation Youth” This was a patriotic mass society assembled in local clusters with no leader The members of this mass force still lived in their respective homes and would participate in activities once mobilized by Nguyen An Ninh The clusters would be led by revolutionary patriotic intellectuals as the core to guide the people to struggle During propaganda trips for the society, Nguyen An Ninh brought many progressive materials and documents of French progressive thinkers, documents on communism, etc to disseminate to the masses This led the colonial government to consider Nguyen An Ninh's society a communist Party The High-Expectation Youth Society carried out two major activities, which were organizing the funeral of Phan Chau Trinh (1926) and organizing annual worship for him (1927) Realizing that the activities of Nguyen An Ninh and the High- Expectation Youth Society were a threat to colonial security, the French colonial government arrested Nguyen An Ninh (1927) and many key comrades of the society Nguyen An Ninh was convicted and locked up in Kham Lon Sai Gon (Maison Centrale de Saigon or Saigon Central Prison) In the prison, he met Pham Van Dong and learned that Nguyen Ai Quoc had founded the Communist Party abroad He indirectly introduced key members of the HighExpectation Youth Society to be recruited and admitted to the Party Actively expanding the scope of activities to the rural areas, Nguyen An Ninh collaborated with several patriots to establish an anti-French political organization for the common people Joining the Communist Party, the members of the High-Expectation Youth Society not only contributed to the formation and increase of the Party’s strength but also created a favorable environment for the Party to quickly take root among the masses 3.2 Nguyen An Ninh’s activities from 1930 to 1943 3.2.1 Election campaigning and parliamentary struggle Taking advantage of the new political environment and some “democratic” regulations extended by the French in the Cochinchina colony when promoting the guise of “Collaboration franco-annamite”, Nguyen An Ninh collaborated with several communists to mobilize the support of the people in the campaign for the Saigon City Council (in 1933 and 1935) and the Conseil Colonial de la Cochinchine (Colonial Council of Cochinchina) in 1939 To propagate the election and enlist the support of the people, Nguyen An Ninh and Nguyen Van Tao launched the newspaper “La lutte” (Struggle) on April 24, 1933, as an official organ With the prestige and influence of a patriotic Western-educated intellectual with nationalist tendencies who was deeply influenced by Marxism-Leninism, and at the same time, as a “friend” and “senior” of many Vietnamese Trotskyists and Stalinists, Nguyen An Ninh successfully connected the left-wing nationalists, Stalinist communists, and Trotskyists The harmonious collaboration of the Ninh - Tao - Thau trio, a united and collaborative alliance, worked effectively in campaigning activities During the election campaign for the Saigon City Council in 1933, Nguyen Van Tao and Tran Van Thach of the “liste ouvrière” (Workers’ List) were elected as Members of the Saigon City Council In 1935, Tran Van Thach, Nguyen Van Tao, Ta Thu Thau, and Duong Bach Mai were also elected with a high number of votes and were named to the Saigon City Council Although a final victory was not achieved due to the treachery of the colonial government, effective propaganda campaigns supplemented and transformed the comparative advantages between the three patriotic forces Most clearly, the communist soldiers had gained their first experiences of open parliamentary struggle Commenting on Nguyen An Ninh's contribution to the election campaign results for the Saigon City Council in the 1930s, researcher Phuong Lan wrote: “Truthfully speaking, for the first time the Vietnamese history, the Workers’ List was elected, defeating the Constitutional Party supported by the colonists, not because voters tended to support labor, but because of the name Nguyen An Ninh, the long-standing affection toward Ninh, Ninh's introduction, promotion, and assurance for the group of newcomers from abroad, whose names and achievements were unknown to many.” 3.2.2 Writing “Tôn giáo” (Religions) and “Phê bình Phật giáo” (Criticism of Buddhism) In the 1920s, Vietnamese society was in a constant state of instability from the exploits and policies of the French colonialists Faced with extreme suffering caused by social life, people turned to Buddhism as a means of releasing pain and nurturing hope Certain successes of the Buddhist revival movement in some Asian countries positively influenced Vietnam In the press and literary circles, many aspects of Buddhism were discussed and evaluated by Confucian and Western intellectuals from different angles At first, the ruling government expressed concern and used many tough measures to control and limit this phenomenon but then manipulated and took advantage of religion to draw the people out of political movements To participate in the discussion of religion, Nguyen An Ninh shared on the ideological forum two works: “Tôn giáo” (Religion) and “Phê bình Phật giáo” (Criticism of Buddhism) Using a materialistic perspective and scientific dialectical methodology, Nguyen An Ninh discussed both the basic matters of religion and Buddhism and presented his perception and viewpoints on people He criticized real society for giving rise to religion and its negative effects on people's happiness For people to no longer need the illusory compensation of religion but to find true happiness in the present life, it is necessary to wash away the superstitious and pessimistic minds of many, awakening them to boldly enter the struggle against colonial invaders and feudal henchmen According to him, when the masses properly understood the nature of religion and became fully aware of their interests in the democratic social system, their determination in the national liberation revolution would be a powerful force that brings the revolution to victory During the decline of the revolution, Nguyen An Ninh wrote books on religions to fight against the French government's scheme to take advantage of religion, using superstition to cover up the people’s struggle and contributing to fostering political ideology for revolutionaries on their journey This implicitly confirmed that he was fighting the same battle with communist soldiers on the ideological and cultural front, starting from the religious domain 3.2.3 Organizing the Indochinese Congress in 1936 Taking advantage of the expanded democratic environment in Indochina when the ruling radical government in France jointly advocated the establishment Anti-imperialism People’s Front of the Indochinese Communist Party, in 1936, Nguyen An Ninh proposed the idea of organizing the Indochinese Congress and publicizing it in the name of La lutte Immediately, this idea was approved and supported by the Indochinese Communist Party and a large number of people across the country To start the campaign, Nguyen An Ninh wrote an article in La lutte, suggesting “Tiến tới Đại hội Đông Dương” (Towards an Indochina Congress) (Issue No 92, July 29, 1936) The following articles called for public support for the preparation of the Indochinese Congress: “Bắt tay chuẩn bị Đại hội Đông Dương” (Preparing for the Indochinese Congress), “Hội nghị sơ chuẩn bị cho Đại hội Đông Dương” (Preliminary conference to prepare for the Indochinese Congress), etc The movement first broke out in Cochinchina with a meeting on August 13, 1936, including representatives of all groups and political parties for the establishment of an Interim Committee of 19 representatives Nguyen An Ninh joined the Committee as one of the representatives of the journalists To participate in the parliamentary field in preparation for the Indochinese Congress, Nguyen An Ninh made efforts with the communists to build an alliance with the constitutional bourgeoisie; establish "Action Committees" to collect the people's petitions As a result, more than 600 Action Committees were established throughout Cochinchina The movement not only grew in Cochinchina, but two branches in Trung Ky and Tonkin also operated very effectively The strong movement of the Action Committees created a wave of workers' strikes in Cochinchina and paralyzed industrial and handicraft factories, rice mills, etc., causing concern to the colonial government To quell the movement, in September 1936, the French, on one hand, declared that the Investigative Committee would not go to Indochina, and on the other, banned the Action Committees from operating The headquarters in many localities were searched; leaflets, posters, and banners were confiscated and removed; workers participating in the Action Committees were fired In a more ruthless move, the French arrested three key members of La lutte, Nguyen An Ninh, Nguyen Van Tao, Ta Thu Thau, and many key members of the Action Committees The 10-day hunger strike of the three revolutionaries against the groundless detention caused a stir in domestic and foreign public opinion In the prison, the prisoners went on a mass hunger strike, and outside, political strikes broke out, causing the colonial government to release the trio After a short time, the movement subsided and ended For the first time, the Indochinese Congress movement brought a large number of people to participate firsthand in the political, economic, and cultural life of the country Political consciousness in many new strata of society was awakened The leadership of the Indochinese Communist Party was the decisive factor in creating the strong development of the Indochinese Congress movement, but Nguyen An Ninh’s prestige, influence, and vibrant activities were factors that helped the movement obtain positive and largescale reception from all classes of society Sub-conclusion of Chapter Unlike the manner of strict, polished, and exemplary Confucianists, or Western-educated intellectuals expressing their thoughts in a scholarly fashion, Nguyen An Ninh presented his patriotic and revolutionary actions in a unique style He used speeches, journalism, election campaigning, and parliamentary struggle to foster a close bond with the people Guiding and engaging them in revolutionary struggles, Nguyen An Ninh quickly became the idol and the spiritual leader of the Southern masses in the 1920s and 1930s It can be said that Nguyen An Ninh’s patriotic and revolutionary activities showed a resilient and continuous fighting spirit If before 1930, he leaned towards a peaceful but daring form of struggle, resolutely taking advantage of the loopholes of colonial law to demand people’s livelihood and democracy and awakening the people under the colonial policy, after 1930, Nguyen An Ninh demonstrated his position on the same front lines with communist soldiers and the working masses for national independence In the early stages, due to the limitations of organizational competency, the directions and methods of struggle that were not well researched and prepared, along with the fierce repression by the colonial government, revolutionary movements in the direction of bourgeois democracy only stopped at demanding freedom and democracy, denouncing the brutal rule of the colonial government, and evoking patriotism, rather than responding to the requirements of the nation's history to completely liberate the people from colonial and feudal oppression However, those limitations were quickly overcome by Nguyen An Ninh after 1930 His accompanying communists in public struggle movements and unceasing support for the policy of the Indochinese Communist Party shows that he had brought national independence to the fore The relocation of revolutionary activities from urban to rural areas and his commitment to reality in the work of “massification” showed that Nguyen An Ninh had a long-term strategic vision for the Vietnamese revolution CHAPTER COMMENTS ON THE PATRIOTIC AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES OF NGUYEN AN NINH 4.1 Nguyen An Ninh's patriotic and revolutionary activities are a continuous process, combining bourgeois-democratic thought with proletarian thought to achieve the ultimate goal of national independence Embarking on the revolutionary road for national liberation from the age of 22, Nguyen An Ninh devoted more than half of his life to the cause of national liberation During more than 20 years of patriotic and revolutionary activities, he suffered times in prison (a total of more than years) and more than 10 times in court (first instance, appellate, misdemeanor, felony) and succumbed to death in the hell of Con Dao (Poulo Condore) As an outstanding Western-educated intellectual, Nguyen An Ninh soon matured in terms of political thought to become a true revolutionary Within such a short period, he did revolutionary activities at home and abroad, worked as a journalist in France and Vietnam, wrote books, participated in parliamentary struggles, built patriotic movements, and was a companion of leaders and organizations of the Communist Party Applying various forms of struggle, Nguyen An Ninh's continuous struggle process is a creative combination between bourgeois-democratic thought and proletarian thought into the reality of the Vietnamese revolution to achieve the ultimate goal of national independence Like his seniors Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chau Trinh, Nguyen An Ninh came to the bourgeois-democratic thought and applied it to the revolution in Vietnam for the purposes and interests of the entire nation, not for the purposes and interests of the bourgeoisie Therefore, his revolutionary views are the integration between the values of Western bourgeois democracy and the traditional features of Eastern humanitarianism to achieve the goal of liberating the Vietnamese people However, the essential difference between Nguyen An Ninh and the progressive Confucianists is that though following national revolutionary tendencies, he demonstrated a very harmonious combination between the national revolution and the proletarian revolution He soon realized that the role of social reform in Marxism- Leninism was in line with the nation's reality and received it from the perspective of a nationalist Although there exist certain limitations in the process of revolutionary practice, all of his activities stem from a patriotic spirit and a flesh-and-blood bond with the country's destiny to realize the ultimate goal of independence for the nation and freedom and democracy for the people 4.2 Nguyen An Ninh's patriotic and revolutionary activities with many new and modern forms of struggle have fulfilled the missions and requirements set for the nation and the times Ever since the French opened fire to invade Vietnam, the patriotic movements of the people against the French colonialists took place continuously and vibrantly Aware of the missions of the nation and the times, Nguyen An Ninh criticized the outdated and old-fashioned monarchy thought and brought forward the bourgeois-democratic and proletarian thoughts to awaken the people in the colonial context In the face of mass uprisings drowned in blood by the ruling government, being a jurist, Nguyen An Ninh took advantage of the open political environment in Cochinchina and the legal loopholes of the ruling government to use open and legal forms of struggle when the nation was not prepared enough for revolutionary violence Though carrying a peaceful tone in the revolutionary struggle movement, he profoundly showed a difference from the democracy movement in the early 20 th century, which was peaceful yet drastic and radical Depending on the situational reality, he applied relevant forms of struggle to achieve high efficiency If in the first stage he approached the people with speeches to arouse patriotism, change the mindset of the younger generation, and foster national ambitions; wrote and published papers to denounce the colonial regime and colonial government and spread progressive revolutionary ideas, in the later stage, he formed a society, established a united people's front to awaken them, unite and guide them to fight for freedom, livelihood, democracy, and the nation Thus he created not only a favorable environment for the reception and movement to establish the Communist Party but also abundant political resources sufficient to fulfill the requirements and tasks set for the national revolution at each stage Taking advantage of the open political environment, in 1936, Nguyen An Ninh proposed the initiative to organize the Indochinese Congress to gather the masses into a larger people's front This shows Nguyen An Ninh’s view of unity between nation and class This is a clear improvement compared to the common perception of the time, rather than getting wrapped up in extreme class views like many communists In the context of domestic struggle movements being brutally suppressed by the colonial government and forced to withdraw into secret operations, Nguyen An Ninh openly introduced new and modern forms of struggle into the political life in Cochinchina The powerful rise of patriotism when the masses received progressive ideas created a revolutionary core that knew how to fully exploit the strength of the people as well as the home front, meeting the requirements of the leadership for the national liberation revolution 4.3 Nguyen An Ninh's patriotic and revolutionary activities have contributed to encouraging young Vietnamese intellectuals to identify their ideals and responsibilities in the face of the nation's history Invading and colonizing Vietnam, on the one hand, the French colonialists blocked all sources of the light of human civilization from reaching the Vietnamese, limiting the vision of the revolutionary intelligentsia, causing them to fumble for a way to save the country in backwardness, while on the other, created favorable conditions for a small number of Vietnamese people to study French culture and ideology, giving them a certain social status For that reason, it was not easy to make the youth, especially the intellectuals among them, give up their mediocre material desires and aim for noble ideals and aspirations for the nation As a Western-educated intellectual coming from a large French university lecture hall, Nguyen An Ninh not only earned the admiration of the Vietnamese but also the respect of the French for his erudition as well as his noble qualities as a person After receiving a bachelor's degree in law, he did not join the colonial apparatus but showed a non-cooperative attitude, waiving all personal interests to join the nation's revolutionary patriotic struggle movement This has left a profound mark on the awareness of the majority of young people, especially young Vietnamese intellectuals Spreading the progressive civilization of the West, bourgeois- democratic thought, and Marxist thought, Nguyen An Ninh not only furthered the cause of “expanding people's knowledge, revitalizing people’s will” of progressive Confucianists in the early 20th century but also transcended the concept of “reform and innovation”, encouraging young people to renew their ideals, replacing mediocre material desires - something no one ever had thought of or done before Because of that, narrow-minded thoughts of “good- for-nothings” or “becoming mandarins” just to “seek personal gain and family honor” began to give way to great ideals for the people's livelihood, democracy, and the nation The youth began to pay attention to the nation’s fate and enemies and clearly showed their support for the revolutionaries, even participating in societies and parties, openly opposing the ruling government The heated protests demanding the release of Phan Boi Chau, the mourning of Phan Chau Trinh, participation in the Indochinese Congress, etc of the masses in the pursuit of the nation were the result of Nguyen An Ninh’s determination to renew the ideals of the people The author got access to two letters, currently stored at the National Archives II, which were sent home by Vietnamese intellectuals living and studying in France They expressed concern about the fate of the country, explained the reason for going to France with an attitude of indignation at the invaders, and put strong faith in the revolutionaries, with many mentions of Nguyen An Ninh: “…why did we go to France? To show our resentment and learn the proper way to carry out a revolution” The French government also had to admit: “Almost all letters from France show this kind of attitude, no matter where these young Annamites live” As practice shows, by identifying his ideal, Tran Van Giau devoted himself to the Vietnamese revolution in the true sense of utmost loyalty and filial piety; intellectual Phan Van Chuong shifted his stance and sided with the people; intellectual Mai Van Ngoc volunteered to accompany Nguyen An Ninh in his activities; two Western-educated intellectuals, Huynh Dinh Dien and Nguyen Huynh Dieu contributed their efforts and wealth and even shouldered the responsibility and struggled alongside Nguyen An Ninh; Council Member Vo Cong Ton willingly accepted exile in Con Dao and passed away there; Village Head Nhuong, Village Deputy Head Sen, Village Head Lung or Commune Chief Huynh Van Do dared to give up material desires to join revolutionary activities with Nguyen An Ninh, etc Clearly, the diversity of classes and strata whose national spirit was awakened to stand up for the revolution to save the country created important changes in the national democratic movement in Vietnam By determining the right ideals, young people could avoid fumbling and stumbling and persist in the revolutionary road they chose As a result, a favorable political environment was created so that Nguyen Ai Quoc's new tendency of national liberation: the proletarian revolutionary tendency was quickly and easily received in Cochinchina 4.4 Nguyen An Ninh's activities contributed to the formation of a generation of communists and communist organizations in Cochinchina Nguyen An Ninh had long believed in communism and that the communists had the capacity and strength to win the struggle for national liberation Since the early years of returning home, Nguyen An Ninh not only spread proletarian thought through articles in LCF and L'Annam papers but also supported the policy and activities of the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Vietnam Recognizing the role of the common people as a revolutionary force in the national liberation, Nguyen An Ninh shifted his area of activities from urban to rural areas After propagating to raise the masses’ awareness, Nguyen An Ninh organized them to enlighten and guide them in their activities From the end of 1924 to the beginning of 1925, he began to develop the bases to prepare for the establishment of an organization of the common people called “High-Expectation Youth Society” Although this is a purely patriotic society, it exerted many positive influences on the patriotic movements in Cochinchina According to Nguyen An Ninh, the birth of the “High-Expectation Youth Society” was to gather forces for the Communist Party Therefore, in his speeches as well as propaganda trips for the organization, Nguyen An Ninh would bring along progressive materials, many of which were about communism, etc to disseminate to the masses As soon as he learned that Nguyen Ai Quoc had founded the Communist Party and was returning home to recruit members, Nguyen An Ninh introduced the key members of the High-Expectation Youth Society Joining the Communist Party, they were brave people who overcame many challenges to become outstanding communist soldiers, holding important positions in the organization such as Vo Thanh Mong, Ho Van Long, Vo Van Tan, Vo Van Ngan, Truong Van Bang, To Ki, etc in which there were also loyal and courageous female communist soldiers, such as Nguyen Thi Thien and Nguyen Thi Da Assessing Nguyen An Ninh's role in the birth of the Communist Party of Vietnam, historian M.F Peycam believes that Nguyen An Ninh played a role in creating political resources to pave the way for Ho Chi Minh to leverage to make history; Daniel Hesmeery remarks that Nguyen An Ninh contributed to “preparing the revolutionary forces for a more drastic confrontation with the colonial regime” Attracting a large number of people to participate in national democratic movements with many new forms of struggle, Nguyen An Ninh became a banner uniting Southern youths to fight against the French colonialists in the 1920s The dynamic and outstanding core team who joined the Communist Party or patriotic organizations devoted all their heart and soul, ready to sacrifice for communist ideals and national independence 4.5 Nguyen An Ninh's activities have inherited and promoted national cultural values and spread progressive ideas of the times Invading and ruling Vietnam, the economy, culture, education, law, and language of the Vietnamese were all subject to the assimilation scheme of the French At that time, not only national issues were urgent, but cultural issues were also at risk Recognizing that “culture is the soul of the nation”, Nguyen An Ninh put the role of culture on a par with national matters Viewing culture as the resistance, fighting strength, the torch “lighting the people’s way”, creating “endogenous strength”, he advocated against cultural assimilation Resolutely opposed to the French government and the French colonialist's attempt at cultural assimilation but not against the French civilization, Nguyen An Ninh, on the contrary, wished to build a national culture combining tradition with Western modernity as the basis for the liberalization process In the face of an aggressor with strong economic and military strength, through his speeches and articles, Nguyen An Ninh inherited and strongly promoted the traditional qualities of indomitability, resilience, flexibility, and creativity in fighting against colonial aggression among the people The patriotism and good traditions of Vietnamese people continued to be fostered, helping the people to stand firm in the harsh life journey This was the foundation to build a core revolutionary force for the country, arousing in the people the ideal of life and the desire for independence and dedication Along the road of revolution, Nguyen An Ninh always put people at the center of development Therefore, he was constantly nurturing the beautiful traditional cultural values of the nation with humanism, viewing them as the source and purpose of the revolutionary cause By clearly understanding the value of the nation's traditional culture and the advancements of Western civilization, right after returning home, Nguyen An Ninh enthusiastically campaigned for East-West acculturation He advocated acquiring the progressive values of Western civilization according to the reality of Vietnam The script of the national language must be repaired and renewed to resolve cultural conflicts and create harmony between the French and Vietnamese civilizations through contact with thought and science From there, the national liberation struggles no longer carried feudal ideology but stood on a national stance to fight against foreign invaders Based on the combination of progressive elements of Western culture with good values of traditional Asian culture, Nguyen An Ninh not only strongly aroused the spirit and sense of national independence but also created the basis for social reform relevant to the times Reality has proven that the way to Western civilization has helped the Vietnamese people escape the French plot of cultural assimilation, and above all, helped the Vietnamese defeat the French These views remain perfectly valid and relevant to the current times 4.6 Nguyen An Ninh - a shining example of patriotism and responsibility before the people Traditional Vietnamese patriotism is inherently a product of the noble spirit of the nation and the highest Vietnamese moral standards Patriotic, resilient, indomitable against foreign invaders, and never giving in to slavery are perceptions deeply rooted in the subconscious of every Vietnamese people for generations However, turning patriotism into concrete actions is not something everyone can Amidst the anguish of losing homes and country, with practical thoughts and actions, Nguyen An Ninh brought the concept of patriotism to a new height For him, patriotism is daring to confront challenges to contribute to the noble cause of the nation, transcending the concept of patriotism by reform, learning from the novelties of Confucians in the early 20th century, and challenging the concept of “loyalty to the king means patriotism” in the feudal period Because of that, he was the idol of many young people at that time As an intellectual, Nguyen An Ninh fulfilled his mission of guiding the nation's tough fight against the invading enemy when the nation had yet to have a Party He also completed the “handover of the mission of national salvation” when the Communist Party of Vietnam was born and led the revolution under the banner of Marxism-Leninism The cultural revolution was implemented starting from the realm of thought where Nguyen An Ninh maximized the capacity of the nation's intellectuals in carrying out the mission of promoting social progress He was not only an outstanding revolutionary who devoted his life to the cause of national liberation but also an erudite intellectual, a great thinker, an eminent culturalist, and a courageous international journalist Sub-conclusion of Chapter In the context where the nation was facing great turbulence, the patriotic movement was in crisis and its direction was at an impasse, Nguyen An Ninh timely absorbed progressive revolutionary ideas (bourgeois and proletarian) to apply to the reality of the Vietnamese revolution, aiming at the ultimate goal of national liberation During more than 20 years of relentless participation in the revolution, new and diverse forms of struggle such as speeches, writing papers, election campaigning, parliamentary struggle, etc., were well coordinated by Nguyen An Ninh, bringing certain results and fulfilling the tasks set for the nation at that time While domestic struggle movements were brutally suppressed and persecuted by the colonial government, being forced to withdraw into secrecy, Nguyen An Ninh's legal public activities brought the masses to directly participate in the political, economic, and cultural life of the country The powerful rise of patriotism upon receiving progressive ideas not only encouraged young people to define their ideals and responsibility before the country but also created a revolutionary core that knew how to fully exploit the power of the people as well as the home front This helped meet the requirements in terms of the political environment and the leading force for the national salvation campaign led by the Communist Party of Vietnam later on The lessons on renewing awareness and ideas about the times, and on campaigning for the development of national culture in the face of the cultural assimilation attempt of the French colonialists show a great vision of a brilliant revolutionary fulfilling the mission of a “man of letters” before the people and nation CONCLUSION Nguyen An Ninh is a typical patriotic intellectual of Cochinchina with common characteristics of Vietnamese intellectuals: studious, full of national spirit, devoting all talents and wisdom to serve the country and people, contributing to building and fostering Vietnamese patriotism in the early 20th century During the process of participating in the patriotic and revolutionary movement against the French colonialists from 1922 to 1943, Nguyen An Ninh always affirmed his flexibility, creativity, position, and pioneering role in his campaign for national liberation Bringing all his energy and wisdom to serve the country, Nguyen An Ninh and generations of Vietnamese intellectuals have contributed to building and fostering patriotic traditions the valuable asset and pride of the nation In the face of historical turbulence, with wisdom, patriotism, and political acumen when confronting the French colonial invasion, Nguyen An Ninh timely and actively absorbed progressive revolutionary ideas (bourgeois and proletarian) to achieve the ultimate goal of national independence Following the patriotic tradition of his family, homeland, and nation, Nguyen An Ninh actively applied new revolutionary ideas to the national l iberation movement This was a bold entry that was well ahead of his t ime to achieve the ultimate goal of national independence It not only contributed to creating experiences for the younger generation on the new bou rgeois- democratic revolutionary road but also shaped the right path for a generation of youth From the early 1920s to the 1930s, Nguyen An Ninh was always at the vanguard, initiating, organizing, and leading new forms of struggle such as giving speeches, publishing papers, writing books, parliamentary struggle, etc., creating a multi-colored form in the patriotic and revolutionary movement of the nation With patriotic motives, Nguyen An Ninh was one of the few intellectuals in Cochinchina who, after studying and working abroad, chose to return home for national liberation activities New nuances in patriotic and revolutionary development in Vietnam were supplemented by Nguyen An Ninh in many new forms such as speeches, paper publishing, book writing, election campaigning, parliamentary struggles, etc., encouraging the whole nation to stand up to fight for freedom, livelihood, democracy, and social progress History has shown that whether in the field of national liberation struggle or culture-ideology, secretly or openly, Nguyen An Ninh fulfilled the leading role, following the exact spirit and responsibility of a true patriotic Vietnamese intellectual From the 1930s to the early 1940s, Nguyen An Ninh actively carried out activities in the direction of the Communist Party, contributing to propagating the Party's policy, training communists to participate in the national liberation movement on the very land of Cochinchina with many distinct characteristics and nuances After preparing human resources for the national liberation struggle in Vietnam in the late 1920s, Nguyen An Ninh actively worked with communist soldiers to enlighten the masses to shift from true patriotism to socialism The communist soldiers whom he forged through actual struggle realities became the core and reserve forces for the Communist Party's professional activities in Cochinchina and across the country Carrying within himself the open-mindedness of Southern culture, Nguyen An Ninh is the embodiment of traditions, the continuation of traditional cultural identity, and modern integration Living and creating on the most arduous and fiercest fronts, Nguyen An Ninh is considered one of the most daring warriors in the East-West cultural intersection The trend of “cultural symbiosis” and the harmonious combination of traditional culture and practical knowledge of the times have contributed to enriching the endogenous strength and prosperity of Vietnamese culture PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS Nguyen An Ninh’s role towards High-Expectation Youth Society from 1925 to 1935, Vinh University Journal of Science, Vol 50 - Issue No 4B/2021, pp 59-66 Nguyen An Ninh’s contributions to the patriotic and revolutionary movement in Cochinchina in 1922-1930, Journal of Vietnam Communist Party's History, May 2021, pp 69-74 Nguyen An Ninh - Cochinchina new-school intellectual and the integration of national culture and education with the world, International Conference on French -Vietnamese Education at the end of the 19 th century to the middle of the 20th century - Hue University, NC/63-2021, pp 627637 ... (Nguyen An Ninh and cultural, language and educational issues) by Bui Khanh in the Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities No 24, 2003; ? ?Nguyễn An Ninh với văn hóa dân tộc” (Nguyen An Ninh and national... hóa liên tục Nguyễn An Ninh, lãnh tụ cách mạng hùng biện” (The continuous evolution of Nguyen An Ninh, an eloquent revolutionary leader) (Ha Huy Giap, 1989); ? ?Nguyễn An Ninh nhà tư tưởng tiêu biểu... topics, such as ? ?Nguyễn An Ninh luật sư, nhà báo yêu nước? ?? (Nguyen An Ninh, a patriotic lawyer and journalist) by Nguyen Quoc Hong, Vietnam Law Newspaper issue No 33, 1990; ? ?Nguyễn An Ninh vấn đề