D i t N THddNG THifC Q T H l l T B! VA VAT LIEU KY THUAT M A C H O I E N SINH HOAT Hoang HuTu Than • h i e t bj va vat lieu ky thuat diing thiet tri mach dien smh hoat gdm thiet bi thao tic, b i o v§, lUdng, dieu khien v i cie vat lieu di day - lap dat di§n Mach dien sinh hoat la he ap, cac tieu chuan theo IEC-38 v i IEC-71 nhusau: iviatph a Bapha Oien ap danh dinh he thong, kV 0,230 0,400 Gia trj hien hanh dViet Nam 0,220 0,380 0,45 Dien ap cao nhat cua thiet bi, kV Bien ap chju tan so cong nghiep, kV hieu dung 2U + 1,0 Khi can tang cudng 2,5 Dien ap chiu xung, kV-dinh 4,0 DAY D A N de dan ddng dien tif nguon tdi vat diing dien Day dan diing d mach dien smh hoat cd the diing day dong hoac nhdm Bong la vat lieu dan dien tot, dien trd suat nhd, p^.^ = 0,0175 fimmVm Od ben chju keo ciia ddng tdi 400 N/mm^dekeodai vadat mdng, chiu ddoc tac dong ciia moi trudng k h i tot Nhom d i n dien kem hon dong 1,6 lan (p^i = 0,029 OmmVm), nhung khoi lUdng rieng nhe hon dong 3,2 lan, gia re hon, nen dygc suf dung kha rgng rai Do ben keo la SO N/mm^ kem hon dong khoing ba lan Day dan dung d mang dien ap gom cac loai: Hinh I - Ddy boc dan vd 361 Hinh - Ddy ddn boc det DdytrAi la loai day khong boc cich dien, chii yeu dat ngoai trdi Day tran dddc dat tren each dien la pu-lisif hay kep sif va di tren keo nha Tuyet doi khdng dygc diing day tran phdng eo ngddi d Diy tran bang dong ky hieu la M bang nhdm ky hieu la A, theo sau la so ehi tiet dien day tinh mm^ Chang han day M4 la day dong tran, tiet dien m m ^ d a y A l i d i y nhdm tran, tiet dien 16 mm^ O O Hinh - Cdp ba pha ba vd ban Idi Loi; Cach dien loi; Cach dien dem; Cach dien trong; Cach dien ldp d^m; V6 bac v§ trong; V6 bao ve ngoai Day boc la day co boc v6 each dien va doi co c5 v6 bac ve ben ngoai 6i bJc ve ldp each dien, dugc siJdung rong rai mach di#n sinh hoat de di d i y nha Phan loi dan dien la day dong hoac nhom, co the la day don (mot soi) hoac day bSn (nhieu sai) Loai day rupt ben bSng cac sgi nho (du'ang kfnh dudi 0,1 mm) co the uon, xoan dugc, ggi la Bien A Bi song\ 31 S BIEN THddNG THtfC ddy mem hay ddy jtip, diing trudng hgp day d i n cSn m I m d^o ( n h u d l treo den, de noi dien tdi cac thiet bi dien di ddng, ) Day boc cd ky t y V di sau, chang han, MV16 - d i y boc rudt ddng 16 mm', AV 25 - day boc rudt nhdm 25 mm^, Day cdp la day boc cd Idp vd each dien ben ch^c, ben ngoai ed mdt ldp v6 b i o v&, hinh Day cap ch|u dugc tac dpng CO hoc, diing dedi day trUdng hdp p h i i chiu tie dung phife tap ciia moi trUdng, n h y d i day tr^n mat dat, cong, long dat hay ngoai trdi Moi loai day c6 mdt ddng dien lam vi^c l i u d i i Idn nhSt cho phep 1^, cho so tay ky thuat Ddng cho phep phu thuoc nhiet dd mdi trudng Sau day laddli^u tham khio dong eho phep d nhiet khong khl40''C, nhiet dp dat IS'C ciia mot sd loai diy, tinh am-pe Tiet di^n mm' 0,5 0,75 I 1,5 2,5 Day dong tran 50 70 95 130 180 220 10 Day dfing boc 11 15 17 23 30 41 50 Day nhom boc 24 32 39 55 80 105 130 16 Ddng cho phep qui doi ve nhiet 40°C l i g i i tn tren nhan vdi 0,8 Ddng cho phep ciia day dan phii Idn hon 1,2-1,25 l i n ddng di^n dinh mdc cua CB hay day chay lap ciing mach, Xem mucCBvacauchidudt day xa nha, keo nha hay mieng g6 eh^n tydng, ggi la t3e ke), hinh H)nh - Pu-li sCr Doi vdi day boc, cd the di day hd, bit tren each dien, hole bo tri kin, tifc di day ong 6ng cd the dat noi, tu'c ben ngoai mat dd (tudng, san, ,.), hoac dat ngam ben mat dd, goi la di am tudng, K ^ day diing de co dmh cifng hoac mem tren tUdng vach hoac xa nha, tran nha Kep l i m bang sd hoac go, nhya tong hop gom hai phan (hinh 5) nap va than.Than ed ranh dat day (ed loai hai ranh, cd loai ba ranh) Kep day cd 16 de b i t vft vao vach go, xa go hay tac ke, d&m go Hinh 5-Kep ddy CACH BIEN diing de each ly giifa day dan vdi cac bg phan khong cd dien khac Cach dien ngoai trdi doi hoi ed ben dien va cd Idn de ehm duge t i c dong ciia mda nang va gid bao len day dan va len each dien mach dien sinh hoat, each dien ngoai trdi thydng l i sif the hoJic pu-li sif Cach dien nha chju tac ddng ciia thdi tiet khdng dang ke, nen mdc each dien va ben cd hoc yeu cau thap hon, ed the diing pu-li sif, kep go va kep sif Pu-li sif de dd day tren tydng, tren tran nha hoac keo nha Day dan dygc bat chat vao puli bang day dong, day thep ma kem nhd hoac day gai d giifa pu-li co 16 de bat vi't CO djnh pu-li vao g6 (go n g mem de di day am tudng, CO qui each dac tinh tUong tU nhU ong cufng, dugc che tao vdi chieu dai SOm/cudn, dd, khong can khdp noi Viec noi day thUc hien d cac hop noi day Hinh - Noi ddy nhi^u l5 Ong ndi; e l m ; Phleh can- B B S Hinh 7-Ovdphfch lay dl&n 32 Dien Jk Do^i song 6ngiu6nd&ycK\z\hm hai loaili loai cifng v i loai mem Ong luon day cdng de di day noi, tifc bo tri di day ben ngoii mat dd (tUdng, sin ), che tao bing nhUa eii'ng, cd hai tiet dien la trdn va det (chif nhat) 6ng tiet dien trdn cd dudng kinh 16; 20; 25; 32 mm 6ng det tiet dien chd nhat dygc che tao hai phan la than va nap Day dygc dat than, sau dd day nap va eo djnh bang cac kep d d ep chat vao tudng 6ng cifng dygc CO djnh tren mat dd bang cac kep dd Cac ong dddc ndi vcfi nhau, uon cong, re nhanh bang cac khdp noi Viec uon cong thyc hien bang cac khdp noi ehCf L, cdn ggi la ca Viec re nhanh thyc hien bang cac khdp noi re nhanh NOI DAY diing de thUc hien moi noi mach dien giifa hai day dan tif nguon tdi thiet bj diing dien Ndi day thydng l i m bang sd hoac nhua Ndi day eo loai hai 16 loai nhieu 16 (hinh 6) VA PHiCH LAY DIEN la thiet bj dau noi lay dien ddn gian va rat bien mach dien sinh boat Ova phich d mang mot pha co the la loai hai chau hay loai ba chau (mdt chau D I | : N THl/dNG TH0C Q de noi dat), hinh Nguyen tac an toan dien yeu cau diing bao ve ngan mach (qui ddng) bang rd-le dien tif hay dien ba chau eho cac thiet bj diing dien cd bg phan kim loai td Trong mdt so trudng hgp, dao eat t y dong khdng cd ro khong mang dien de ndi dat an t o i n Day la van de thdi le nhiet Khi do, nd ehi cdtacdung bio ve qua ddng Hinh quen Do khong quen ap dung noi dat, ngUdi lap dat va la mdt sd CB thudng gap diing dien thudng bd qua chau noi dat (eat bd hay ed mot I I 1+1, I trung gian ddi ba chau hai chKu), vi pham qui tac an toan Khi cd cie thiet bi diing dien l i m viec vdi eic dien ap khac nhau, neu chi diing mdt loai va phich de gay elm nham dien, rat nguy hiem, O^' trinh nham lan dang ti^c, can SLfdung eic loai cd qui each khie (6 cam chau trdn, chau det, oedvau ham, lech tam, ), moi loai cho mot dien i p , ch^ng han loai chau det cho dien ap 110 V cdn 220 V diing chau trdn DUNG CIJ THAO TAG (DONG C A T ) de ddng c i t mach dien Hinh - Cdng tdc hgp bd Cong tac la thiet bi ddng elt bang tay ddn gian, ddng dien lam viec nho, thUdng khong qua 10-15 A, diing de ddng e l t cie vat diing dien cdng sua't be, nhu bdng den, quat, may thu thanh, Cdng tac ve nguyen tac gom cd mot he dau tiep xuc tTnh cd 6c de bat vdi day ndi mach dien, va mot dau tiep xuc dong lien ket cd vdi numtat md vj tri ddng eua num, dau tiep xuc dong noi lien dau tiep xiic tTnh v\ tri elt, dau tiep xiic dong tach khdi dau tinh, mach dien dUdc cat Hien tai, mach dien gia dinh diing bien loai cdng tac hgp bo lap chung vdi lay dien, dung cu dieu chinh tren mot b i n g dien chung, hinh WW H)nh 10 - NguySn /y bdo ve ddng da Khi each dien pha bj xau hoac bj dinh thiing, se xuat hien rd dien v6 hoac Idi kim loai, tiem an nguy cO dien giat De tranh sU c6 CB bo tri them bio ve chong dong dy (AFCi) Bao ve gom mdt bien dong dien cd mach til 6m lay hai day (mach mot pha) hay bdn day (mach ba bon day), tren mach t i / quan cuon thd cap cd dau rO-le qua ddng Day quan sd cap la hai / bon day ciia mach dien can b i o ve X^t mach dien hai d i y (rtiot pha), binh thudng (hinh 10a), ddng dien vao va cung la I, tif trUdng tnet tieu nhau, tif thong mach t d bang khdng, ddng eugn thd bang khong Khi cd cham dat, hinh 10b, ddng vao la I -I-1, ddng la I, td thong mach tCr khac khdng, lam xuat hien ddng cuon thif, ro-le tac ddng di eatCB Cac thong so eo ban ciia dao elt t y ddng : Dien dp idm viec djnh mdc U^ vdi mach diin ddn dung, CB mdt pha - 220 V, bd pha - 380 V Ddng diin dmh mac i^ Id ddng dlin Idm viic Idu ddi Idn nhat qua CB khdng Idm cho bg phan bao ve t i e dong, Lfng vdi mot gidi han nhiet dp moi trUdng da dUdc chi dinh Ddng dien tdc ddng qud tai i^ Id gid tri nho nhat qua CB Idm rale bao v$ qud tdi t i c ddng I, c6 the chinh dmh (chgn va dat) dirge, vdi cac gidi han nhU sau: Loai rtfle Nhiet Dien tCr ',mJ'" 0,7 I,„J1" 0,4 1,0 1,0 DOng tdc ddng qud ddng i^ Id gid trj nhd nhat qud CB Idm.rale bdo vf qud ddng tdc ddng, bi4'u thi qua ddng dinh mere i^ = iji^ Doi vdi CB dan dung, c6 ba loai sau: L09I CB Ngydng thap-B HinhS-mtsoCB Dao cit t u dong ap CB la dung cu ddng eat cd them chile nang b i o ve, rat tien dung mang dien sinh hoat Ve cau tao, dao eat t u ddng gdm bo phan ddng cat ed chifc nang va cau tao tUong t y nhu mot elu dao the va bo phan b i o ve qua t i i (rd-le nhiet hay dien tif) va \^ 3,0 - 5,0 Ngddng chuan-C 5,0-10,0 Ngudng cao - D 10,0-20,0 Ddng cdt cUc han 1^ Id gid tn ddng Idn nhdtCB cd the cdt duac Dd cQng la l