FINAL RESEARCH REPORT SUBJECT APPLIED ECONOMETRICS TOPIC: Factors influencing undergraduates’sleep in Ho Chi Minh City

UEH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS, LAW AND GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS FINAL RESEARCH REPORT SUBJECT: APPLIED ECONOMETRICS TOPIC: Factors influencing undergraduates’sleep in Ho Chi Minh City Instructor: Nguyễn Quang Term Code: 22C1ECO50106704 Group: – Classes: IVC03+VAC01 TP Hồ Chí Minh, 11/11/2022 MEMBERS GROUP NUMBER FULL NAME STUDENT ID Nguyễn Huy Hoàng Nguyễn Bảo Nhã Phương 31211021593 31211024620 PERCENT OF COMPLETION 100% 100% Nguyễn Thị Thảo Nguyễn Lê Thi Thi Nguyễn Hoàng Phúc Thiện 31211022646 31211025378 31211025008 100% 100% 100% Trần Thanh Trúc Trịnh Bích Tuyền Nguyễn Trần Hồng Yến 31211026391 31211025881 31211026115 100% 100% 100% ABSTRACT: This study estimates and examines the factors affecting the sleep of students in Ho Chi Minh City, expressed in the number of hours of bedtime per night of students, can draw conclusions and reinforce the reader's understanding of the importance of sleep The results showed that those who had a lot of study time had fewer hours of bedtime The time of commuting to work in a student's day or leisure time such as surfing the web, watching movies also negatively affects the number of hours of bedtime From the results, students can arrange their study, part-time and leisure time accordingly to be able to both complete work and ensure health Keywords: sleep, students, health, study, entertainment TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCE Significance of the Study: Purpose of research: Subjects, scope, survey units .5 CHAPTER II: THEORY OVERVIEW Related Concepts: Body functions and activities during sleep: Factors affecting sleep: CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS 1.Sampling method: .6 2.Research process: 3.Survey questions: 4.Analysis results: 5.Quantitative and qualitative research results: 6.Research scale: Suggested model: .9 7.1 Model and variables in the model: .9 7.2 Comments on the variables in the model: 12 CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS 17 Variable descriptive statistics: 17 Regression results: 19 Multicollinearity test 23 Heteroscedasticity test by the Breusch-Pagan test: .23 Testing for autocorrelation by Breusch-Godfrey test: 24 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 24 Conclusion: .24 Limitations of the study: 25 Some recommendations for future research: 25 REFERENCES 26 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCE Significance of the Study: Staying up late has almost become a difficult habit for the majority of young people today in general and students in particular The question is, what students "stay up late" for? And how often? But for whatever reason, staying up is still an unhealthy habit and causes a lot of damage to our physical and mental health According to statistics, each of us needs to spend up to 36% of our lives sleeping This means that if you live to be 70 years old, the sleep time will be more than 25 years This intangible generally says that sleep is an important norm in our lives But now many websites propagate false ideas about sleep, they attribute sleep as a manifestation of laziness, wasting time, the less sleep will be more successful, The truth is, if you understand your body's sleep and sleep correctly and get enough sleep will enhance long-term memory as well as better academic productivity In 1942, less than 8% of the nightly population slept only hours or less In 2017, this number accounted for half According to the statistics of scientists around the world, insomnia costs the UK economy more than £30 billion in profits each year, or 2% of GDP If you drive after sleeping less than hours, you are 4.3 times more likely to have an accident If you drive after sleeping for hours, you are 11.5 times more likely to have an accident These horrific numbers show us the consequences of people depriving themselves of sleep, especially in adolescence Ho Chi Minh City has more and more 24-hour cafes such as Three O'clock, Thuc coffee, OFA coffee, At 11 pm, just go to these cafes, most of the customers are full, most of the customers are from 17-30 years old Each individual here has their own job such as going with friends, surfing the web, watching movies, playing games, the remaining few study, read books , but it can be seen that staying up late is becoming more and more common among many people, especially young people and especially students Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the sleep quality of young people Youth have a huge advantage in health wear, but if not maintained and preserved, very quickly negative effects will appear But if we are aware of and appreciate sleep early, we can study and work more efficiently, with a clearer, sharper mind Stemming from the above reasons, our group chose the topic "The situation of students staying up late in Ho Chi Minh City and affecting health" to study Purpose of research: - Learn about the current state of students staying up late in HCMC - The extent, nature, scale of staying up late - Recognize the factors that influence students' staying up late - Effects of staying up late on human health and giving advice (positive and negative influences) - Propose remedies, give the right advice against the effects of staying up late on students today - Subjects, scope, survey units Target audience: All students in HO CHI MINH CITY Scope: Ho Chi Minh City Survey unit: Group of students of Applied Econometric class CHAPTER II: THEORY OVERVIEW Related Concepts: - Student concept: Students are those between the ages of 18-25, have graduated from high school and are enrolled in a program at one (or more) University or College - The concept of staying up late: According to recommendations from the National Organization for Sleep Support and Self-Assessment, people aged 18-25 (students) require 7-9 hours of sleep per day Clinically, 23 hours is the time when the body begins to enter the detoxification and recovery phase Therefore, from a biological point of view, if you stay up past 22:30, you will be considered as staying up late Under normal circumstances, 22:30 pm to 6:30 am is the best time to sleep, by sleeping at the right time, you can ensure that the organs are working at their most stable state, then the body is in a healthy biological clock Body functions and activities during sleep: "Sleep must serve a very important function, which has led to its persistence throughout evolution," said Dr David Raizen, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Pennsylvania in the US "Sleep time is when the brain and body work a lot, bringing good effects to health The body works during sleep through two stages: + NREM - non-rapid eye movement stage (accounting for 75-80% of sleep): the stage when the brain is less responsive to external stimuli At this stage, the body enters the process of deep sleep, thinking and functions inside the body show signs of slowing down, so the process of regeneration and repair of cells inside the body is carried out at this stage this + REM - Rapid eye movement (accounting for 20-25% of our sleep) at this stage, your eyes will move back and forth at the back of the eyelids The body will fall into a state of stillness, but your pulse system, internal body temperature, breathing rate and blood pressure will rise above daytime levels At this stage, dreams are somewhat more vivid and more emotional Brain Activity: As we fall asleep, our brains experience a pattern of brain waves known as "spinal rotation," which, according to the Sleep Foundation, we don't fully understand yet, but are thought to be “plays a role in learning and integrating new memories.” The axes of the spine may also play a role in ensuring we stay asleep even when our brains are exposed to external stimuli According to a 2019 study in the journal Science, when we sleep, our brains even wash themselves in a mixture of cerebrospinal fluid and blood As the body enters the NREM phase, brain cells also begin to enter a phase of more regular and rhythmic activity However, when you begin to enter REM dreams, brain activity will return to normal, roughly the same as when the body is in the waking state The process of metabolism and detoxification of the body: + From 21 to 23h: Is the time when the immune system (lymphocytes) detoxifies (eliminates toxins), this time is quiet or listening to relaxing music + From 23h to 3h: This is the time when Gallbladder and Liver detox and dispose of waste, which should be carried out while asleep; During this time, you should sleep well to avoid kidney diseases In addition, this is also the time to help smooth skin + From am to pm: It is the time to detoxify the lungs It is also the reason why people who are suffering from Lung disease are often coughing violently at this time, because the antidote has run to the Lungs + From 5am to 7am: It is the time when the large intestine detoxifies - Heart Rate: During the NREM stage, your heart rate and blood pressure will drop, which in turn gives your heart and blood vessels a period of light work, suitable for rest and recovery Until the body enters the REM phase, the ratio of heart rate to blood pressure will increase again Factors affecting sleep: The act of staying up late is constantly impacted by two factors: objective conditions and subjective conditions, claims Dr Tran Thi Kim Xuyen's social theory of lifestyle The amount of homework children have is one of the crucial elements in objective circumstances Students must put in three hours of study time outside of class for every hour they spend in class Because there are so many tasks, students must stay up later to complete them Additionally, there is a big impact of financial issues on students staying up late The majority of students work part-time to supplement their family's income, which is typical among students The impact of the environment around you is another factor A subjective component can also have an impact This includes pre-existing habits, learning in a dynamic atmosphere, the urge to complete tasks, and external pressure to find time The amount of time spent relaxing after a long day of work and study (surfing the internet, watching movies, listening to music, etc.) and the regular use of stimulants like tea and coffee in the evenings impair sleep CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS - Sampling method: Number of samples: 183 Sample list: + Spatial scope: all students at universities in Ho Chi Minh City are between the ages of 18-28 + Time range: from October 15, 2022 to October 23, 2022 + Scope of content: factors affecting the number of bedtimes of students in HCMC area + Random sampling method: this is considered the best method for us to choose a sample that is likely to represent the population because the error due to sampling can be calculated Therefore, it is possible to apply statistical estimation and hypothesis testing methods in data processing to generalize the results on the sample to the general population - Data processing: After the survey is completed, the data will be put into Excel for checking and screening Next comes data entry, encryption and data cleaning Finally, regression analysis was performed using R software Research process: The research process includes: Step 1: Identify research topic Step 2: Objectives of the research topic Step 3: Theoretical basis: Based on sleep, health and cognitive behavioral studies Step 4: Determine the research model and the scales - Qualitative research: + Survey + Discussion + Model and scale calibration - Quantitative research: + Design the questionnaire + Collect data Step 5: Data processing - Reliability analysis - Factor analysis - Regression analysis - Model setting Step 6: Research results Step 7: Conclusion and comments Survey questions: In order to serve the purpose of surveying factors affecting BMI and information on students' sleep hours, the group has developed a questionnaire including: Full name?, Gender?, Age?, You currently Are you a student?, What year are you currently a student? Weight, height? At what time you start going to bed?, how many hours you sleep each night? Next is a set of questions to collect independent variables that affect the number of students' bedtime : Analysis results: For descriptive statistics and regression analysis, use R and Excel Quantitative and qualitative research results: Based on previous studies and majority consensus, 122 factors influence the number of hours students sleep per night Dependent variable: Number of hours students sleep in each night Independent variables (quantitative): Body mass index, age of students, number of hours students study in a day, hours of entertainment students in a day Independent boundary (qualitative): gender, sleep start time , health-related problems, environment changes, late sleeping habits, social relationships, part-time work Research scale: The scale in this study was developed based on the theory and proposed model of factors affecting the number of hours of sleep per night of students, there are 11 groups of factors studied as the group of factors affecting the number of sleep hours per night the student's sleep hours per night is (BMI) body mass index, (AGE) age of the student, (STUDY) number of hours of study in a day, (ENTERTAINMENT) number of entertainment hours of student in a day, (GENDER) gender, (START) sleep start time, (HEALTH) health-related problems, (EVR_CHANGES) environmental changes, (HABIT) late sleeping habits, (RELATIONSHIP) social relationships, (PATI) part-time work Building a scale: - Use a binary scale =1 if female, =0 male for variable GENDER =1 if from 22-2h, =0 if from 20-22h for variable START =1 if “YES”, =0 if “NO” for variables HEALTH, EVR_CHANGES, HABIT, RELATIONSHIP, PATI -Use the interval scale 17 < AGE < 24 for variable AGE < STUDY < 24 for variable STUDY < ENTERTAINMENT < 24 for variable ENTERTAINMENT -Use formula =WEIGHT/(HEIGHT/100)^2 for variable BMI Suggested model: 7.1 Model and variables in the model: HOURS = 𝜷1 + 𝜷2BMI + 𝜷3AGE + 𝜷4GENDER + 𝜷5START +𝜷6STUDY + 𝜷7ENTERTAINMENT + 𝜷8HEALTH + 𝜷9EVR_CHANGES + 𝜷10HABIT + 𝜷11RELATIONSHIP + 𝜷12PATI + 𝜷13STIMULANT + u Include: STT VARIABLE NAME DEFINITION OF VARIABLE MEASURE EXPECTATIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE HOURS Number of hours students sleep per night (hours) - - INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (QUANTITATIVE) BMI Body mass index =WEIGHT/ ((HEIGHT/ 100)^2) The higher the BMI, the less hours of sleep Based on the above results, we can see that, from generation Z to Y, the average number of hours of sleep per night tends to decrease from (7h26' to 7h1') and the response rate "Rarely/Never ever." a good night's sleep during the week” tends to increase (from 46% to 51%) Many other studies also show that, for adolescents, at different ages, there are huge differences in sleep habits and sleep disorders Compared with older adolescents, young adults go to bed later and sleep less Sleep disruption, daytime sleepiness, and sleep dissatisfaction are more common in young adults than adolescents Thus, it can be assumed that, in adolescence, those with older age have poor sleep quality as well as fewer hours of sleep Therefore, this study expected that the older the students, the less hours of sleep Number of hours students study in a day (STUDY) Since the majority of pupils are recent graduates, they will spend their time studying Dr Robert from the University of Florida believes that students should spend at least 4-5 hours a day studying Less sleep will be required because students will be scheduling their study time around their coursework, independent study at the library, study sessions with classmates, and final project work since studying took up the most of the time As a result, this study predicts that as study time increases, sleep time decreases Number of hours of leisure students in a day (ENTERTAINMENT) The entertainment options available to young people today are far more varied than reading books or playing sports games because they use so many electronic gadgets We also have many entertainment options that are directly tied to sports using electronic gadgets to watch movies, play games, listen to music, and browse social networks (facebook, tiktok, instagram, ) The outcomes are excellent when only a small amount of time is dedicated to amusement However, a recent study found that Vietnamese teenagers spend an average of hours per day on social media, which is quite long when compared to the rest of the world and the area.Following are some explanations for the phenomenon of excessive recreational usage reducing the amount of sleep at night and resulting in daytime sleepiness in adolescents: - Excessive use of electronics will take the place of sleep Teenagers stay up late because their smartphone is showing them something interesting - By inhibiting the hormone melatonin, which makes people sleepy, light from electronic devices can change the circadian rhythm of the body and make it difficult to fall asleep - Electronic devices cause sleep disruption since they psychologically, emotionally, and biologically awaken The American Sleep Foundation provides three additional ways in which technology may disrupt sleep: - One is melatonin suppression Melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles and the human circadian clock, is inhibited by the blue light emitted by the 13 displays of cell phones, computers, tablets, and TVs Melatonin deficiency makes it harder to fall asleep and disturbs sleep - Second, maintain mental alertness While it may seem harmless to check a few emails before going to sleep or unwind with a favorite movie, technological devices can fool the brain into thinking it needs to stay awake by keeping it busy A person may find it challenging to unwind and go off to sleep if they browse the web, see something intriguing on Facebook, or read a depressing email - Third, get up Even if you don't use any technology before bed, it might still have an impact on your sleep: Having a device around keeps you awake since it can remind you to check your messages, emails, phone, or schedule As a result, it is reasonable to predict that entertainment in general or entertainment involving electronic gadgets in particular will essentially result in less sleep This study therefore anticipates the number of entertainment hours Less sleep is necessary for people who are intelligent Student's Gender (GENDER) Women often sleep 30 minutes longer each night than men, according to Professor Daniel Forger's research Worldwide statistics also support this This study therefore anticipates that female students will sleep more than male students Sleep Start Time (START) The quality of your sleep is mostly dependent on when you start going to bed The amount of sleep you get if you stay up late and wake up early is the same as for early risers, but the quality of your sleep will suffer You'll feel exhausted, achy all over, sluggish, lethargic, and stressed when you first wake up The body's organs begin to slow down their work and need rest after 22 hours, according to the British Sleep Council Accordingly, this study anticipates that students who begin sleeping between 10 p.m and p.m will get fewer hours of sleep per night Health-related problems (HEALTH) The risk of sleeplessness is approximately twice as high for people who eat sporadically or skip one of their three daily meals An unbalanced dinner increased the risk of sleeplessness by 1.4 times compared to a balanced meal Dr Deirdre Barrett's research demonstrates that foods and spices must be consumed with vitamins that regulate sleep Foods that restrict the digestive system, such as fried, fried, greasy, or spicy foods, will often have an impact on sleep Anything that can upset your stomach, such as cheese, spicy food, or a heavy meal, makes you agitated and makes it more likely that you won't sleep well or experience more nightmares Never-active individuals had a 1.3-fold higher risk of sleeplessness than often active individuals People who exercise sleep better, according to the 2013 US Sleep Poll's "Exercise and Sleep" theme by NSF: - Exercisers have improved sleep quality The likelihood of saying "I had a nice night's sleep" every night or almost every night is higher among people who 14 exercise frequently and less frequently (67%-56% vs 39%) Additionally, compared to more than half of those who did not exercise (56%), more than three-quarters of those who exercised (76%–83%) indicated their sleep quality was very good or pretty good in the previous two weeks - Those who exercise frequently claim to have the best sleep Nearly twice as many persons who exercise frequently report having a good night's sleep every night or almost every night as those who not Additionally, they were less likely to mention sleep issues More than two-thirds of persons who regularly exercised claimed that they rarely or never experienced symptoms of insomnia in the previous two weeks, such as waking up too early and being unable to go back to sleep (72%), and having trouble falling asleep (69%) In comparison, almost a quarter (24%) of those who don't exercise report having problems falling asleep every night or almost every night, and half (50%) say they wake up during the night Numerous studies have demonstrated that stress significantly affects the quality of sleep 5.25 times more frequently than the average group of students, the group of students with high levels of stress experienced poor sleep quality The students claimed that academic pressure and psychological pressure both had a very negative impact on sleep Stress and pressure were regarded as the most significant factors at the college age, having the greatest impact on sleep quality and accounting for 24% of the variation in PSQI scores.In this demographic, stress is thought to be the primary initiator, contributor, and long-term cause of sleep issues First, there are several difficulties associated with college life (such as unpredictable schedules and times of intense stress, like final examinations), which might cause stress Second, students still experience some physiological changes as they become older Third, college students could lack the appropriate coping mechanisms, which causes them to think back, consider, and worry The health variable is comprised of the studies and polls mentioned above Through this study, it is anticipated that students with health issues may sleep less hours Changing the living environment (EVE_CHANGES) To study and work, the majority of students today must live away from home Therefore, leaving your home to live in an unfamiliar environment is mostly to blame for the phenomena of poor sleep quality Students might relocate from the North to the South or vice versa, live in a dorm, or move from one place to another, in addition to the environment in which they reside altering The amount of sleep you receive is influenced by a variety of circumstances, including light, temperature, and noise Harvard Medical School researchers have found that factors like temperature, light, and noise in the bedroom can have a big impact on how well a person sleeps.The "lightsensitive" cells in the retina of the eye have an impact on the circadian rhythm of people These cells inform the body whether it is day or night, which causes the circadian clock to be adjusted appropriately Too much light at night might mess with your circadian 15 rhythm and make it hard to get to sleep Although background music can be soothing, there shouldn't be too much of it On the other hand, frequent awakenings can keep people from falling asleep deeply.There is no one perfect room temperature that works for everyone, according to research; instead, people should sleep at the temperature that makes them feel most comfortable Extreme weather, however—whether it's too hot or too cold—usually disturbs sleep The bed's surface (blankets, sheets, pillows, mattresses) is also an influence in how well one sleeps According to the American Bedroom Poll, 85% of Americans believe that comfortable sheets and a comfortable bed are essential for a good night's sleep, while 90% of Americans believe that a comfortable mattress or pillows are necessary According to a survey of Americans, 73% said they sleep better if their bedding have a pleasant aroma Smell is also regarded to have an impact on sleep Therefore, it is reasonable to predict that the living environment, which includes elements like light, noise, temperature, and sleeping quality, will have an impact on how well pupils sleep Therefore, it is anticipated that this study will alter living conditions to lower the amount of sleep required Habit of Sleeping Late (HABIT) We unintentionally develop the habit of staying up late since students today frequently have to work late and stay up late to accomplish their assignments Once they are finished, you will need to "compensate" for the long day of work with amusement Or perhaps people tend to stay up later at night more frequently because they enjoy the silence at night As a result, this study anticipates that a habit of staying up late will result in less hours of sleep Relationships in society (RELATIONSHIP) Spending time on social ties around work and education also takes up some time that impacts the number of hours of sleep For instance, after a long day of studying and working, students will confide in their parents, friends, and family, as well as spend time with them and show them affection After a period of taxing study and work, you will frequently prefer to confide and chat more to relieve yourself when spending time with parents, friends, or relatives; therefore, a long confiding will cause each individual to remain up later and get less sleep As a result, this study anticipates that having relationships (such as love, job, or others) will result in less hours of sleep Part-time work (PATI) Working the night shift is another potential external influence that may affect sleep, according to researchers from the Institute of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School Thus, it is not unusual for students to work part-time jobs in their spare time to supplement their income, particularly late at night Working a part-time job requires a specific amount of time and does so frequently, which will cut into how much sleep you get As a result, this study anticipates that working part-time will result in less hours of sleep Stimulants (STIMULANT) 16 Our team aims to draw attention to the stimulant in this case, which is caffeine use Caffeine helps to activate the brain and central nervous system, keeps individuals awake, and avoids depression Late-day caffeine use might make it difficult to fall asleep If coffee isn't consumed at least six hours before bed, most people won't have any trouble sleeping Depending on your metabolism and how much caffeine you typically consume, everyone's sensitivity will differ Caffeine's negative side effects, which include stress and digestive disturbance, may cause sleeplessness in people who are more susceptible to it Thus, based on the evidence provided above, we anticipate that those who use stimulants in general and caffeine in particular may experience shorter sleep duration CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS Variable descriptive statistics: The descriptive statistics of the variables are as follows: Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics Table of Model Variable The Number averag of e observat value( ions (n) mean) The Stand Mini great ard est mum Devia value value( tion (min) max) (sd) Range Standard error (se) GENDER 183 0.6 0.49 1 0.04 AGE 183 19.54 0.97 18 22 0.07 START 183 0.41 0.49 1 0.04 HOURS 183 6.08 1.26 12 10 0.09 STUDY 183 4.21 1.35 0.1 17 ENTERTAIN MENT 183 5.15 1.32 0.1 PATI 183 0.44 0.5 1 0.04 HEALTH 183 0.19 0.39 1 0.03 EVR_CHANG ES 183 0.31 0.46 1 0.03 HABIT 183 0.8 0.4 1 0.03 RELATIONSH IP 183 0.29 0.45 1 0.03 BMI 183 22.94 33.7 14.69 475 460.31 2.49 STIMULANT 183 0.28 0.45 1 0.03 Descriptive statistics were compiled on 183 observations and showed that the majority of students taking this survey were between the ages of 19 and 20, that is, in their 2nd and 3rd years of university The average sleep hours of these students fell to about 6.08 hours per night, less than the standard sleeping hours of the average person of 7-9 hours Thus, the number of sleep hours of students is too small and unsatisfactory and shows that the number of sleep hours of students in this age group is affected by more factors than the average person About 41% of the total number of students participating in the survey started going to bed between 10pm and 2pm This is defined as a later bedtime than usual The average time spent studying is 4.21 besides the average time spent on leisure activities is 5.15 hours These two variables account for a large total time of the day (9.36 hours) which are predicted to be the two big causes has 18 a direct effect on the number of hours of sleep and the quality of sleep Finally, the quantitative variables affect with relatively low loss Regression results: From the above research model, we obtain the following table of regression results: Table 4.2 Table of regression results Variable OLS model Regression coefficient Standard error (𝜷) Pr (>|t|) 10.365 (0.05 Thus, it can be understood that while we expect that for every unit increase in BMI, the number of sleep hours of students will decrease, but in reality, there are many factors that cause BMI to increase and sleep is poor one of all The variable age of students (AGE) has a negative coefficient like the expectation that we have set, but it is not statistically significant (0.985 > 0.05) This means that, one would expect that, in adolescence, people with older age will also decrease the quality of sleep and the number of hours of sleep, but the reality is complicated The variable number of hours students study in a day (STUDY) has negative coefficients as expected and has high statistical significance (1%) This means that the more hours students study a day, the fewer hours they sleep And the fact has also proved that, because they are students, most of them often spend their time studying Their lives revolve around fixed daily schedules and assignment deadlines So most of 20 the time spent studying and going to bed does not differ much between days So when they spend more time studying, they sleep less and vice versa The variable of leisure hours of students in a day (ENTERTAINMENT) has a negative coefficient as we expected and has a high level of statistical significance (1%) This means that if students spend more time on leisure, their sleep hours will decrease In fact, recent surveys also show that the time spent using social networks (Facebook, Tiktok, Instagram, Twitter, etc.) in a day of Vietnamese youth is on average hours per day, a rather high number This number is even higher than the average student sleep time of about 60 minutes The phenomenon of unscientific use of social networks and excessive abuse has reduced students' sleep hours and caused a lack of alertness and distraction during the day The gender dummy variable of students (GENDER) has a negative sign contrary to expectations and is not statistically significant This is not true with previous studies and reality Because according to research by Professor Daniel Forger, male students often sleep less than female students And in fact, women tend to be more concerned about their health and beauty than men, and as a result, women tend to live longer than men according to annual demographic statistics Student's bedtime variable (START) has negative coefficient as expected but not statistically significant This means that when students go to bed between 10pm and 2pm, there will be a decrease in the number of hours of sleep But in fact, there are many students who go to bed late, but their daily sleep hours are still guaranteed 7-8 hours a day, still not reduced even though after waking up they feel tired, mentally exhausted not alert and easily distracted The health problems dummy variable (HEALTH) has a negative sign as expected but is not statistically significant This means that, when students have health problems, the number of sleep hours will be reduced Our expectation is that a healthy body, without psychological pressure, will operate in accordance with the biological cycle, sleep on time, wake up on time, increase the number of hours of sleep each night A person who cares about his health cannot ignore the importance of getting enough sleep This sounds reasonable, but in reality, psychological pressure is not a fixed state, it always fluctuates a lot when students are about to have tests, exams, internships, but not at other times Human mood is an unpredictable, always abnormal, so there are many influencing factors that make the problem complicated, it is difficult to assess the impact of healthrelated problems such as stress , psychological pressure, on the number of hours of sleep per night of students Habitat dummy variable (EVR_CHANGES) has negative coefficient as expected but not statistically significant This means, we expect that living away from home, moving into dormitories, motel rooms, etc will make it difficult for students to sleep, thereby reducing the number of hours of sleep, but the reality is very complicated Living away 21 from home, hours, comfortable life, having many new friends also makes the spirit much better Thereby making sleep deeper, alertness and concentration are also higher Dummy variable sleep habits late (HABIT) has a positive coefficient contrary to expectations but not statistically significant This is not true to reality Because today, due to the pressure of study and work, students often have to stay up all night to complete assignments and work on time During that process, most students feel stressed, so they tend to want to relieve themselves after completing assignments by surfing the web, Tiktok, watching movies, and day by day, that inadvertently forms a habit of staying up late for students The surrounding relationships dummy variable (RELATIONSHIP) has negative coefficients as expected but is not significant statistics This means that we would expect that spending time on social networks would reduce the number of hours a student slept each day, but the reality is sometimes different This means that, for students living away from home, it is a pleasure to spend time with family Being relieved of nostalgia and life pressure, their spirits will become much better after each conversation And for students, friends are also a place to vent, comfort and share with each other, help each other overcome psychological barriers, thanks to those conversations, life pressure is also reduced so many We think that spending time on social relationships will reduce the number of hours of sleep, but in fact sometimes thanks to those conversations, it is easier and deeper to fall asleep, mentally excited much more shocking If students are under academic pressure, need a place to talk but don't spend time for social relationships, just keep quiet despite the growing pressure, it will create stress, for harder sleep, fewer hours of sleep, and less deep sleep The part-time dummy variable (PATI) has a negative coefficient as expected and has high statistical significance (5%) This means that, when students work part-time, their sleep hours will also decrease Part-time jobs now seem to be quite familiar to students, earning extra income for themselves Most students choose to work the evening shift and the morning is for studying Thus, exactly as the view of scientists at the Institute of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School have shown The stimulant dummy variable (STIMULANT) has a positive coefficient that is not as expected and is also not statistically significant (0.152>0.05) Thus, although there is no statistical significance, the positive number in the regression coefficient tells us to pay attention to some studies in the world when the results say that: " Despite the wellknown acute effects of caffeine on sleep, habitual use of up to cups of coffee (or 600 mg of caffeine equivalent) per day was not associated with decreased duration of sleep.” The fit of the model is 83.9% (based on Adjusted R2), i.e 83.9% of the variation of HOURS can be explained by the above 11 independent variables, and 16.1% of the variation of HOURS can be explained is thanks to other variables that the study has not mentioned such as sleeping position, living with parents, etc Thus, there are a number 22 of other factors affecting the number of hours of sleep per night of students that the model model This is not mentioned Multicollinearity test The coefficient of variance (Variance Inflation Factors) has the function of measuring the correlation and the strength of the correlation between the predictor variables in the regression model Therefore, to test the phenomenon of multicollinearity, we will rely on the variance exaggeration factor VIF About the financial industry; personnel; economy; science; social… : then the VIF coefficient will be compared with Specifically: If VIF < 2, there is no multicollinearity, and if VIF > 2, multicollinearity occurs From the above regression results, we see that the VIF of all variables is less than Thus, the above regression model has absolutely no multicollinearity phenomenon Heteroscedasticity test by the Breusch-Pagan test: The success of the Goldfeld-Quandt test depends not only on the value of c (the number of observations in the middle that are discarded) but also on the correct identification of the variable X with which to order the observations This limitation of the test can be overcome if we consider the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey (BPG) test With the above test, if p-value >5%, the hypothesis Ho is accepted: The model has uniform variance or constant variance; if p-value 0.05 From there, we accept the hypothesis Ho, uniform variance or in other words, the model has constant variance Testing for autocorrelation by Breusch-Godfrey test: The autocorrelation of higher orders and applicable whether the regressors include the lag of the dependent variable or not is called the Breusch-Godfrey test With the above test, if p-value >5%, the hypothesis Ho is accepted: The model has no autocorrelation phenomenon; if p-value 0.05 From there, we accept the hypothesis Ho, that is, the above model does not have autocorrelation CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION Conclusion: After performing the regression and the model's tests, we can conclude that the factors of learning, entertainment, and part-time work are the main factors that directly affect the model, which is consistent with the current situation Currently, when factors such as schoolwork, the direct influence of the light of the phone or TV screen or the attractiveness of entertainment programs on social networks, the time spent at work is directly affecting on sleep and sleep time of the sample of 183 students participating in the survey, this influence on sleep quality is one of the major causes affecting the results of operational productivity and the productivity of the economy Recognizing the harmful effects of the above situation on sleep quality in general and health in particular, our team would like to propose some measures to improve the sleep quality of students as follows: - Arrange a reasonable study schedule according to each individual's schedule - Do not use TVs, phones, devices that emit blue light before sleeping at least 30 minutes to avoid your brain perceiving that light source as sunlight, tricking it to delay sleep - Turn your bedroom into a dark, quiet and cool oasis Set your thermostat somewhere between low to medium and use blackout curtains or a white noise machine to further relax your senses - Go to bed and wake up at the same times every day Following a consistent sleep schedule helps your brain know when to sleep and when to wake up Adults usually sleep from 7-9 hours every night Make a habit of relaxing before going to bed Choose activities that help you relax and calm down, like taking a warm bath, listening to an audiobook, or journaling Doing these activities in the same order each night creates a pattern for your brain to recognize them as a prelude to sleep - Limit caffeine and alcohol intake Both of these substances can stay in your system for a while and disrupt the quality of your sleep Avoid alcohol within three hours of bedtime and caffeine within five hours 24 Limitations of the study: The first limitation of the study is that sampling is related to HCM Cityity area and the large number of survey participants are 2nd and 3rd year students and the survey sample is not really large generalization is not high The second limitation is related to the reliability of the data, this survey data cannot avoid errors in the process of answering questions, in some cases, incorrect information may be declared The truth 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