Sử dụng tài nguyên đất của người tày tỉnh tuyên quang gắn với sinh kế tộc người

\/sii dung tai nguyen dat cua ngUdi Tay tinh Tuyen Quang gan v6i sinh ke toe ngifdi NGUYEN THI SONG HA* ien niii Viet Nam Id mdt vting rdng ldn vdi nMeu dde thii vl dieu kign tu nMen va kinh t l , xa hdi, dong thdi la dia bdn cG tni ciia h l u hg't cde dan toe tMeu so Moi mdt tde ngUdi, theo trinh phdt trien ciia cong dong da tao nen nhGng phong tuc, tap quan truyen thdng phong phii ve san xuit, ddi sd'ng mang dam ban sac van hda, cd sG dung vd quan ly tM nguyen tMen nhidn ndi ehung va tM nguyen dat ndi rigng Dan tgc Tay la mdt edng dong toe ngGdi tMlu sd' eb ngudn gdc ban dia tai vung nui pMa Bae Viet Nam Theo dieu tra dan so vd nhd d ndm 2009, dan tbc Tay eo 1.626.392 ngudi Id toe ngUdi cd dan sd dbng dung thG hM eong dong cac dan tgc Viet Nam Dia bdn cG tni ehii yeu eua ngUdi Tay Id vung Ddng Bae va mgt p h i n eua vung Tay Bie gdm cde tinh Lang Sdn, Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, Hd Giang, Bae Kan, Ydn BM, Thdi Nguyen, Lao CM NgUdi Tdy sinh sd'ng vung thung lung, nhuttig ngbi nha dUng bgn sudn doi, hg cd each Gng xG hM hba vdi thign nMgn, bie't ldi dung tMen nMgn, bie't khM phd, cai tao d i n g thdi bao ve nguon lgi tG nMen Hoat dgng sinh ke M eiia hg phu thude nMlu vao dieu kien dat dM vd phan ldn dua vdo nghe lua nudc Trong boat ddng san xua't ngGdi Tay thudng ed nhCmg Gng xG phu hop vdi dat dM dl dam bao sinh ke' dUde phat trien ben vilng Q u a n n i ^ m v ^ c a c l o a i d a t Trong quan mem cua ngUdi Tdy, ddt tot Id phai cd mdu den, tdi xd'p, ed mun cao va vdi loai dat cay se cho ndng suit cao k l ca kM khdng duge chdm bon nMlu Dat ed mdu vdng, ciittig, pha cdt dong bao cho la da't xau, neu cay trgn loai dat ndy se chdm phdt triln, higu qua nang sud't khdng eao.Vi the" ma xUa kia, qua trinh khM phd da't dM de eanh tac ng'u thay ehat dat khdng tdt, ngudi Tay thudng bd hoang de khM phd mdnh dit mdi cd mau md de cd Mdu qua ndng sud't cao Theo dia Mnh cu tni, p h i n ldn rudng da't eua ngudi Tay cd cac loai sau: Rugng nUdc (nd ndm): la nhGng ehan rugng d cdc thung lung bIng phlng Rudng ndy cb mau, tdi xdp va Id thGa rudng hoan toan ehii dgng vl nude tUdi vd * TS Nguyln Thi Song Hd, Hoc vign Khoa hgc Xa hbi Nguyen Thj Song Hd - SU dung tdi nguyen ddt cua ngudi Tdy vdng mgt ndm cd the cay dUdc it nhat hM vu lua Ndi v l cha't lUdng eua loai rudng ndy ngudi Tay thudng eb eau tuc ngti "A^d chdm, ndm chi, khdu ke slam pi), cd nghia Id: Rudng dugc ngam nUdc, thdc cu de luu cQU sudt ndm ehUa dung den Rudng can (rudng khd md ngudi Tdy cdn ggi Id rugng can ehd mUa - nd leng hay nd pan): loai rudng gom nhCttig ehan nidng nam tren cao tucmg dd'i ldn so vdi nguon nude Loai rugng ndy rat khd lam thiiy lgi ma chii yeu dUa vdo ngudn nude tG tMen nMgn Vdi loai rudng mdi nam ngudi Tdy cay mdt vu lua, ngoM dtmg d l mau, bao gdm ngd, khoM, lae, do, san Rugng Idy thut, bun sdu (nd turn hay nd pung): loai rudng dUdc phan bd' chu yg'u cac khe dgc hoae d eud'i eac eanh ddng, gan nguon nUde, vi thd' md loai rudng thUdng cd da't ehua, kem mdu md vd viec canh tde tUdng ddi khd khdn nen mdi ndm chi cay mdt vu lua edn lai bi bo hoang 63 hg cM thudng edy xdi dat khoang 15 cm, d l phdi dat khoang mdt thang sau eud'c lai bd, edy xao va thdo nude vdo rudng, ngam mudi r l i bUa u va bGa de ely Dong bdo Tay eho rang dat khd gap nGdc se tdi rat nhanh, sau dd tie'p tuc dugc cay bGa se ed tac dung han ehe' phat sinh cd dai vd mam md'ng sdu benh Ibng da't, giup cha't dd't toi xd'p vd giup cay tdng trudng nhanh khde, dem lai ndng suit cao Theo dng Hodng Vdn Tbn, xd Tan Trdo, huyen Son DUdng cho biet: Ngudi ta chi cay Idt Idp ddt Un khodng 15 cm, niu cay qud sdu se ldn cd ddt set khdng eo dp mun ldm dnh hUdng din chdt lUgng ddt rugng vd ndng sudt edy PhUcmg phdp ldm ddt chd yiu doi udi loai ddt ndy Id bUa nhieu ldn cho ddt nhuyin ud viee ldm ddt duac tiin hdnh sau Ida dugc gat xong di tgn dung chdn rg ldm mun cho ddt Xud't phat tG quan Mem cay ma eb tb't Nhu vay, cd t h i tha^y rang quan tM cay liia mdi phat triln vd cho ndng sua't mdm ciia ngUdi Tay da chii y den nhtmg cao nen rudng thGdng dugc ehgn gan nguon dde diem khae biet eua mii loai da't dl nUdc, gidu mun, cd mau tdi den, it edt, ed Mlu dae tinh vd chat lUdng ttmg loai kha nang giG nUdc td't va ehua thap nen NhGng hieu bie't dGdc dGa tren kinh ngudi Tdy thudng ehgn nhGng chdn rugng ngMem cua tde ngUdi, nd dugc lUU truyen tdt nhd't de lam ma NgoM ra, dong bao tG ddi sang ddi khdc va trd edn cdn chgn cde thGa rudng dat eao de nhOng tap quan Gng xG vdi tai ldm ma vi qua thGc t i l n cho thay gieo ma nguyen da't ciia dong bao trgn cde rudng cao tM cay se phdt tiien nhanh, manh, thdn eGng, dl n h i , it sau T^p q u a n t r o n g svl d u n g tai benh vd l i n cd tapj-Dat ldm ma thudng n g u y g n dSt dUde cay bGa nMeu lUOt cho that nhuyln Theo kinh ngMem eua dong bdo de ed de diet eo roi danh timg lud'ng de dg dUdc ddi tdi, xdp vd pM cho da't hg dieu chinh nude kM can tMg't thudng chii trgng cac khau edy M, ldm cd, bGa Cay dUdc coi Id cdng doan dau tign ky thudt ldm rugng cua ngudi Tdy, Theo kinh ngMem ciia dong bdo, thdi gian nGdc phai ludn ludn dGge ngap mat rugng bdi nd cd tae dung ldm cho 64 eac gdc mau phan buy mun, dong thdi phan bdn ctmg dGdc trM ngd'm khap rudng Xud't phat tG quan mem Tai dt Idp ri, tdi nhi nam, tdi saiam khun, tdi si hdt ngun ngun qud v&n, tdi hd luac ve v&n ddy mjdc, nghia la ThG n h i t kip tM, thG nM du nGdc, thU ba du phMi, thG tG lam edm eui sud't ngdy, thG ndm chgn that tdt hat gid'ng nen dl cho eay lua dUde phat triln deu vd cho ndng suat cao ngUdi Tay d Tuyen Quang thudng bo phan d l i n bUa thG hM Cac loai phan chudng, phMi xanh dGde trdn deu vdi va dem di u, sau kM duge u mdt thdng se bdn eho rudng Theo bd Ndng Thi Phdn, xa Tdn Trdo, huyen Son DUdng eho big't: Cdc logi phdn chuong, ph&n xanh sau u mpt thdng dem bon cho rudng se cho ndng sudt cay trdng cao han, niu bon thdng khdng qua u se khdng tdt vi thiiu ve sinh, tang nguy ca dich b^nh cho ngi^ ud gia sue Ngodi chdng toi cbn s^ dung bun ao di cdi tgo ud ldm gidu cho ddt De lam tan phdn, ngUdi ta rM deu phan bdn khap mat rugng vd hda ldn vdi bun da't {thU khun), dong thdi thudng edy xao tie'p them l i n nGa vd mdi lan tu 3- lugt Tuy nMen sd l i n va so lugt bGa cbn phti thugc vao dieu kien ve tho nhudng ciia ttmg thGa rudng, vi du nhG dd't pha cdt ed t h i cM bGa mdt l i n vd bGa it iGdt, dd't thit tM bGa nMeu l i n vd nMeu lugt hdn, dd'i vdi nhimg dam rudng lay thut, bun sau, da't ehua ngGdi Tay khdng sG dung cay ma eM sd dung eude lat gdc ed len, sau dd bGa 2- iGfft rdi cay Nghien cihi Dong Nam A 912014 san xuat, dieu ndy dem lai ndng suat cay trdng eao song lai ldm cho nguIn nGdc vd mdi trGdng d day bi d n M l m vd d i t dM ngdy edng bi thoM hda Y" thGc dGde dilu ndy Men ddng bao Tdy dd vd dang ket hgp hai hda giGa viec sG dung khoa hgc ky thudt vd tri thGe, tap qudn ciia tde ngUdi dl bao vg tdi nguyen dat va nang eao Mgu qua ciia eay TrUdc kia, tiiy theo chd't dat, vi tri ciia didn tieh da't rudng can md ngGdi dan cd each thGc lam dd't khac d l dat Mgu qua kinh te' cao va k h i e phue nhiJng kh6 khdn ciia viec san suit nong nghidp bang each cG hoae thdng va eG dg'n vu mdu Id ddng bdo lai bd da't eu dl chuyen sang phdt nUdng mdi vd khoang nam sau se trd lai trgt vd canh tac tren cac manh nUdng da khM pha theo tuan tu bdi theo hgc thi thdi gian ndy dat cu da lay lai dGge mdu Kinh ngMem ddn gian eua hg kM di phat nUdng Id, neu tren nGdng ed nMeu chud'i rtmg thi chi phdt phan nggn, phan cay de lai, kM nao dd't, don xong mdi nga xulng Dat nUdng thGdng gan liln vdi rimg, vay md ngGdi Tay cdn cd cae quy dinh d l bao ve nguon tai nguygn tMen nMgn rtmg d quanh vting cG tni D i n g bdo edn ed quy dinh thdi dilm dd't nuong rdy mdi khM phd phai 11 buoi cMlu, khdng dUge dd't vdo nhCmg ngdy qui n I n g ndng Ne'u M ed tinh vi pham md lam ehdy rtmg ngMem trgng tM se bi nop phat that nang d l dan ldng cung t h i n da't, t h i n rtmg vd phai ddi dg'n kM khu rtmg bi chay cay cdi mge lai va cd t h i khM thde duge gd Nhtmg nam g i n day, cimg vdi qud trinh tM mdi cho phdp phdt nUdng mdi Tuy dUa khoa hgc ky thuat vdo san xuit ndng nhign, cdc quy dinh ndy dUdc thd'ng nha't ngMep, ngUdi Tdy d Tuydn Quang cung da eae eugc hgp va dUde cdc chu hd gia dung phan hda hgc va thude trG sau vao Nguyen Thi Song Hd - Su: dung tdi nguyin ddt cua ngudi Tdy dinh linh hgi dUdi sU giam sdt eua cac gid ldng, trudng ban, trUdng hg md it dUOe gM chep vdn ban d l luu giG TG Idu, ngGdi Tay d tinh Tuyen Quang khd kha thdnh thao viec iGa chgn loai d i t thich hgp vdi ttmg loai nGdng ray, phu hdp vdi gid'ng cay trong, dam bao eanh tae dugc nMeu ndm, c h i n g ban nhG ndi d i t bM hodc d i t dang long chao, kM gieo trdng It bi bae mau, eanh tdc dGdc nMeu vu -Loai dat thudng dung d l t r i n g liia, dd't ed dd'c thoM thoai, d chdn hay sudn ddi nui - ndi it bi xdi mdn d l lam ray Loai nGong ndy thudng khM pha tU rtmg tre ldn vdi rtmg gd nen kha td't ngn cd nMeu Id edy ehe phu, cay khdng qua to NgUdi Tdy se khdng chgn nhung manh da't d nhimg khu rtmg gia vi cd nMeu edy to bdi se td'n nhilu cdng khM phd nGdng vd d dd edn ed cdc edy gd quy e i n dGdc bao ve de ddn ban dimg ldm nha 65 Quang edn danh mdt dien tich rugng dang ke lua nep de phue vu cho cdc nghi le gia dinh, tin sinh boat eiia edng ddng Nhimg gid'ng lua ng'p dugc p h i bien hon ca la khdu luang, khdu moong, khdu heo, khdu ldng, khdu min, khdu ldo, lua me, ldo kim, pi pit Day p h i n ldn la cac gid'ng lua cua dia phUdng hodc cua mdt sd tinh nhu Thai Nguyen, Ha Giang, Cao Bing dugc ngudi Tay iGa ehgn phu hdp vdi dieu kien kM hau va dd't dM d Tuyen Quang, hdn nGa cha't lUdng eimg dam bao kha td't Trong thdi ky hgp tdc hda ndng ngMep, eac gid'ng lua cu dan dan dUdc thay the' bdi nhtmg gid'ng liia mdi cd thdi gian sinh tnldng ngan hdn nhGng cho ndng suit cao hdn nhG ndng nghiep 8, CR 203, bao thM, mde tuyln, trdn ehdu lim vdi didn tieh lua ng'p giam di rd rdt ehung ken dat, e i n nMeu phdn bbn nhung nang suat lai tha'p hon so vdi liia te (La Cdng Y, 2010, 40) Tuy nMgn Men nay, duge su hudng ddn eua Sd Ndng nghigp va Phdt trien Ndng thdn, ddng thdi dUdng xd thudn ldi, ed sU giao lUU vdn hda giGa cac tdc ngGdi nen hau hg't ede ddn tgc tren dia bdn tinh Tuyen Quang, dd ed ngGdi Tay thUdng sG dung mgt so gid'ng lua nhG: Nhi Uu 838, Nhi UU 63, Thuc HUng sd' 6, TH 3- 3, Nghi Huang 305, Hucmg Chi&m, HTl, Khang Ddn 18, Nep 87, DS I ThGc t l cdc gid'ng lua ndy ed ban kha phu hgp vdi dieu kien tho nhildng, kM hdu va phan ndo ddp Gng dGge cudc sdng cua ddng bdo Tdy tinh Tuygn Quang Can eG vdo tho nhudng eiia da't, tnldc day ngudi Tay chu yeu trdng cde gid'ng lua te cua dia phGdng nhG khdu re, ldi chang, ldi Id, ri, mg , day Id gid'ng lua thuan ehung, cd kha nang tMch ngM eao vdi dieu kign kM hau thay doi that thGdng eiia dia phGdng, ddng thdi cd kha ndng ehdng chiu dGge vdi sau benh Theo ngGdi Tdy, khdu re la gid'ng lua quy, hat nhd, ccmi deo, thdm vd ngon song IM cd nhGdc dilm Id ken da't va nang sua't tUdng dd'i thd'p so vdi ede loai gidng lua khac Cdn mgt sd gidng liia nhU ri md ed kha ndng chiu han td't vd cho ndng sua't cao hdn nhuhg c h i t iGdng lai kem hdn, ccmi bi khd, cGng, an khdng Khdng cM ddn thuan cay lua, nhd ngon, vi the loai gid'ng ngudi ta cM bidt nhtmg UU the' ve dia hinh, da't dM va trdng d l phuc vu cho boat ddng chdn nudi cha't da't, ngGdi Tdy d tinh Tuygn Quang Cting vdi lua te, ngUdi Tdy d Tuygn cdn thGe Men viec gieo t r i n g luan eanh, 66 xen canh Cd t h i khang dinh, vide luMi eanh, xen canh khdng cM cd d ngudi Tay ma edn ed d hau he't cae tdc ngutJi thilu sd' khdc, song vdi ngGdi Tdy hg biet tinh todn cho viec sG dung dat cd Meu qua nhat ddi vdi ttmg loai eay Chang ban nhG, mdt manh rudng, manh nGdng mdi khM phd hg thGdng gieo Ilia nep, sau vu canh tac dd cd the lua ng'p nhUng thudng lua te hode ngd hay ken dat Ttiy vdo lao nUong, ede vu eanh tac tiep theo cM trdng ngd hoac san roi bd hoang Theo quan mem cua ngUdi Tay, ddy la ldi eanh tac luan canh cay trdng n h l m tan dung dd mdu eiia dat nUdng ehd tMch hgp vdi ttmg loai gidng vd ttmg loai cay trdng, dam bao cb thu nhap so vdi loi eanh tae dde canh mdt gid'ng cay nMeu ndm tren mdt dam nuong Thbng thudng ngUdi Tdy thudng nGdng lua xen vimg, lac, cdc loai dGa, khoM sg, dau, bi, mGdp ; nGdng ngd thGdng xen dau, mudp, dd tGdng, rau lang Cb the ndi vide luan eanh, xen canh ede loai edy da eung cap nguon iGOng thGc quanh nam da dang, phong, dam bao dM sdng eua dong bdo, ddng thdi phuc vu cho nhu eiu sinh boat vd ehan nudi Nghiin cthi Ddng Nam A 912014 mUdng dd thich hdp hay chUa ngUM Tdy ngudi ta thudng sG dung mUOng tUdi md it sG dung mUdng tieu bdi dia Mnh dd'c thoM thoM vd cdnh ddng duge trM theo kilu van vd d6 vdi nhCmg thGa rudng bgc thang tha'p d i n ndn ngUdi ta cM can khdi mGdng cho nUdc tu chay dg'n nhtmg ehan rudng eao tren cdnh dong Nhiing ranh nUdc cung mdt luc thUe Men hM chGc ndng khde la tUdi nudc eho chdn rugng thd'p vd ddng thdi tidu nUde eho nhCtng ehan rudng d vi tri eao hdn, dong thdi lam nMem vu dilu hda mUc nude cho thGa rudng D l han ehe' tinh trang xbi mdn, rGa trdi dat mdu, ngGdi ta tranh xe ranh tGdi va ranh tieu tren eung m6t dudng thang md d l ehung so le vdi Rieng vdi nhung chMi rudng nam d vi tri qud eao, khdng the tGdi bIng nGdc nguIn tM hg dao mdt doan mGdng ngan d pMa trgn n i m v l t ngang sGdn doi d l kM trdi mUa gom dUde nhieu nUde hdn (La Cong '^, 2010, 44) Dd'i vdi dat vGdn tM eung gid'i^ nhU eac dan tde khdc d i t vUdn nha eiia ngGdi Tdy chu ye'u t r i n g cac loai edy dn qua nhU mit, chud'i, bGdi, ngoai nMeu gia dinh cdn t r i n g them cdc loai rau thcmi nhG gieng, gtmg, nghe, mui tdu, la lo't, xa dt ThUc te ede san p h i m trdng tG da't vUdn da dGa lai nguon thu nha't dinh dd'i vdi nMeu gia dinh cua ngGdi Tdy d tinh Tuyen Quang Cd the ndi, ngudi Tdy ed nen ndng nghiep khae phat triln bdi hg da big't cdeh lam thuy lgi d l phuc vu eho edng tde tUdi tieu TG ra't Idu, ngudi Tay da bie't sG dung nMeu phuong phap de "din thuy nhap Da't vGdn rtmg ciia ngGdi Tdy cd tG lau dien", phUdng phdp p h i bie'n nha't ddi, nd nam ngoM pham vi d i t tho eG, dien la ddd dap mUdng de dUa nude tG nguon tich cd t h i vM sdo hay hdng mlu D l cd ehay ve canh ddng Theo kinh ngMem eua dvtgc khu vGdn rimg nay, ngGdi Tay phM ngudi dan, viec khdi mGdng b i t diu tG m i t khoang - nam de khM pha Tnldc nguon nUdc, dao de'n dau cho nude chay kM khM phd hg phM vao rimg chgn da't, dd theo tdi dd de thG xem sdu eua long Id nhimg khu vGc ddt tdt, ed dde thap, cd Nguyen Thj Song Hd - Svt dung tdi nguyen ddt ciia ngudi Tdy khoang cdch gan nhd d l tien eham sdc, quan ly vd khM thac Tuy nMen luat tue ciia minh, ngUdi Tay cam khong eho phdp ngudi dan vdo khM pha tM cdc khu rtmg dau ngudn, rtmg tMeng bdi theo quan Mem eua hg d nhuttig khu rtmg ndy deu cd vi t h i n Unh thidng cM quan, khM thde dat ritog d day se lam e h l h ddng de'n chon d cua t h i n linh va se lam ngdi n i i gidn va nhu vdy se lam anh hGdng de'n cudc sd'ng hg khdng duge ygn In, bi nhQng tM hga b i t ngd gidng xud'ng VGdn rtmg dUgc ede hd gia ^ n h todn quyen khM thac, sG dung, quan ly vd k l thGa Vudn rtmg eua ngGdi Tdy dGge nMeu loai edy khae mang dae tnmg eiia rtmg nMeu hdn Id vUdn O khu dat ndy phu hdp vdi ede loai cay chu yg'u nhu ludng, giang, vlu, nGa Cde loai cay ndy dugc dong bao lUa chgn dting lam nhd, chuong trai hay l i y mdng eui phuc vu eho sinh boat gia dinh Khoang 10 nam trd lai ddy nMlu hd gia dinh ngUdi Tdy cbn thdm ede loai cay gd ed gid tri kinh te cao nhU ludng, keo, bach dan Cung vdi dd, cde loai edy an qua nhU budi, nhan, xoai, vM hong eung dUgc ddng bdo dGa vdo trdng de ttmg bUdc ndng cao mGc sdng cua hg gia dinh 67 quyen quan ly eiia hdp tdc xa, vi the' cdc gia dmh khdng dGdc phep khM thde trgn dat rUng cua minh nGa Tuy nMen sau mdt thdi gian ddi sG dung va quan ly dat dM theo Mnh thUc tap the da eho thay Meu qua kinh te khdng cao, nguon tdi nguyen dd't bi suy giam manh ve chd't Vi vay, Nha nude ta da dua mgt so chinh sach mdi dd'i vdi kimh te' ndng ngMep n h l m thay dd'i tinh ehat quan Iy va sG dung da't dM Cde cM thi 100 (1981) va khoan 10 (1988) dd eho phep eac hd gia dinh nhan khoan rudng tG hop tde xa Luat Da't dM ddi (1993) vd sau dUde bo sung, sGa doi nam 2001, 2003 da thUe sG dem IM quyln lgi Idn lao eho ngUdi dan ndi ehung va ngUdi Tdy ndi ridng, dd la eac hg gia dinh duge giao dat sG dung lau dM, dGge cap Giay ehGng nhdn quyen sG dung dat lam cd scf phap ly thGc Men eae quyen da dUdc quy dinh Luat Dieu dugc ngUdi dan ling hd bdi hgc cb quyen tG khM thdc dien tich dat vGdn rung vao muc dieh phdt triln kinh tg' hd gia dinh eung nhu tdng trdch nMem viec bao ve, quan ly vd giG gin nguon tdi nguyen ndy Hidn nay, dl phat trien kinh te, nMeu hd gia dinh ngUdi Tdy dd big't tan dung nguon da't dl Dd'i vdi dd't vUdn rimg, theo tap quan t r i n g ede loai cay lay gd nhU eay keo, edy cua tdc ngudi viec quan ly chu ye'u thude v l baeh ddn, edy nGa, giang va cac loai cay an edng d i n g thdn ban, cdc hg gia dinh qua nhu vai, nhan, dGa vGa phuc vu cho thdn dugc tG khM phd nhGng p h i n da't sinh hoat gia dinh, vGa ban de phat trien rimg vd da't doi xung quanh nhd de lam kinh te gia dinh theo mb hinh mdi nham vGdn rung VGdn rimg dGdc ngGdi San Diu dam bao sinh ke' ciia tde ngUdi Tay ndi day NhG vay, moi ddn toe deu tich luy cho khM thde tG Idu ddi va ed didn tich sG dung khd ldn D l cd mdt khu vGdn rtmg nhG vay minh nhieu kie'n thGe, kinh nghiem phai ma't ba de'n bd'n ndm de khM phd vd quMi ly, sG dung vdo bao vd ngudn tai cM tao Ndm 1960 Nhd nGdc sac Ignh nguygn, dd cd tdi nguyen da't Vdi qud'c hiiu hda da't rGng nen d i t rtmg thugc ngGdi Tdy, kinh ngMdm sG dung tdi 68 nguygn dat de phat trien kinh te san xuat on dinh ddi sdng sinh boat, chdn nudi dd ehinh la nhOftig kinh nghiem edy trgn dd't dd'c vdi cde hd canh tae tMch hgp vGa mang lai phi cho dat vGa k h i c phuc nhimg dieu kidn khd khdn eua mdi tnldng mien nui Trong dieu kien Men nay, nhtmg phong tue, tap qudn truyen thdng eung nhu nhtmg kinh ngMdm ban dia v l mdi trUdng, khM thde vd quan ly nguon tM nguyen da't eua ngGdi Tdy van giGa dGdc nhimg gid tri n h i t dinh viec dGa nhtmg giM phdp nham bao ve vd phdt t r i l n ben vilng ve tdi nguygn d vting dong bao dan tdc tMeu sb', vung i m i n nM nUde ta Ke't l u ^ n Cd the ndi rang, edng ddng eae dan tdc Vigt Nam dd cd ngGdi Tdy d Tuygn Quang ed nMeu tap qudn truyin thd'ng phong phu san xuit, sinh boat van hda tinh t h i n mang ddm yg'u to ban sac vdn hba tbc ngudi, dieu dd dugc the hien ro qua tap qudn sG dung vd quan ly tdi nguyen da't NhiJng tri thGc dan gian ndy dUde Mnh tU Idu ddi, truyen tG the hg ndy sang thg' he khac, nd dGge Mnh thdnh, phat trien vd g i n Uln vdi dieu kign tu nMgn, mdi tnldng sdng cua cdng ddng tbe ngGdi va eae tri thGc dd nham hGdng tdi hoat dgng sinh ke' eiia ngudi dan, dde biet la hUdng tdi hoat ddng sinh ke' b i n vtmg Vdi ngudi Tdy d tinh Thdi Nguyen, hg y thUc dugc rdng, tM nguyen tMen nMen, dd cb nguon tM nguygn da't la mdt nhimg tM san quy gid cua tdc ngGdi, bdi vdy md hg ludn "nhan thGe", "ting xG" vd giao due the he ehdu phai Nghien cidi Dong Nam A 912014 big't hM hba vdi mdi trGdng vd tM nguygn tMen nMen ndi hg sinh sd'ng./ TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Bao tdng Vdn hda cdc dan tgc Vi^t Nam (2006), Di san vdn hoa ngUdi vd Moi tri^mg sinh thdi nhan van vung ldng hS thuy dien Tuy&n Quang, Nxb Vdn hba Thong tin Ha N§i Ma Ngoc Dung (2004), Nhd sdn truyin thdng cua ngUdi Tdy d Ddng Bdc Vi§t Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xd hbi, Hd N^i Ninh Van Dp (2003), V&n hoa truyin thong cdc ddn tgc Tdy, Dao, Sdn Diu TuySn Quang, Nxb Van hoa dan tgc, Ha Npi Trin Vdn Ha (1999), Cd£ dan tpc Tdy, Nung vdi tiin bp ky thuat ndng nghiSp, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hpi, Hd N§i Hoang Nggc La, Hoang Hoa Todn, Vti Anh TuSh (2002), Vdn hoa ddn gian Tdy, S6 Van hba Thong tin Thdi Nguyen La Vdn L6, DMig NgMgm Van, (1968), Sa lugc gidi thieu cdc nhom ddn tdc Tdy, Nung, Thdi d Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi, Ha Ngi Hoang Quylt, Ma Khdnh Bang, Hodng Huy Phdeh, Cung Vdn Luge, VUdng Todn (1993), Van hoa Tdy, Nung, Nxb Vdn h6a ddn tgc, Hd Ndi Hoang Quyet, Tuan Dung (1995), Phong tuc tap qudn ddn tpc Tdy d Viet Bdc, Nxb Vdn hoa dan tdc, Hd N5i Hodng Hoa Toan (1998), Cdc ddn tpc thiiu so d miin nui phia Bdc vdi mdi trudng sinh thdi, Dai hgc Su pham Vigt Bdc, ThM Nguyln 10 La Cong Y (2010), Ngdi nhd cda ngiM Tdy khu triing bdy ngodi trdi cda Bdo tdng Ddn tgc hgc ViH Nam, Bdo tdng Dan tdc hoc 11 La Cong Y (2010), Din udi ngUdi Tdy vd vdn hda Tdy, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hd Npi  ... tMen nMen ndi hg sinh sd''ng./ TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Bao tdng Vdn hda cdc dan tgc Vi^t Nam (2006), Di san vdn hoa ngUdi vd Moi tri^mg sinh thdi nhan van vung ldng hS thuy dien Tuy&n Quang, Nxb Vdn... dd''t dM d Tuyen Quang, hdn nGa cha''t lUdng eimg dam bao kha td''t Trong thdi ky hgp tdc hda ndng ngMep, eac gid''ng lua cu dan dan dUdc thay the'' bdi nhtmg gid''ng liia mdi cd thdi gian sinh tnldng... p h i n da''t sinh hoat gia dinh, vGa ban de phat trien rimg vd da''t doi xung quanh nhd de lam kinh te gia dinh theo mb hinh mdi nham vGdn rung VGdn rimg dGdc ngGdi San Diu dam bao sinh ke'' ciia