INTRODUCTION
Research Questions
The research is to answer two main questions:
- What is the community’s role in participating in construction of rural infrastructures in the Mekong Delta Region?
- What are the major factors that impact the mobilization of investment from local community for construction of rural technical infrastructures in theMekong Delta Region?
The objective and scope of the thesis
This paper analyzes the community's role in attracting investment, focusing on key policy factors that influence community mobilization for rural infrastructure development in the Mekong River Delta It also seeks to provide recommendations for mechanisms that enhance community participation in investment attraction for rural infrastructure projects in the region.
Literature reviews
1.4.1 Theories of investment, the role of investment and investment policy in socio-economic development
In "Macroeconomics in the Global Economy," Sachs and Larrain (1993) define investment as the cumulative production aimed at enhancing future production capacity This encompasses both domestically manufactured goods and imports, covering tangible assets like housing, capital construction, and machinery, as well as intangible assets such as patents and property transfer fees.
There are main types of investment as the following:
Investment in fixed assets, such as factories, machinery, equipment, and vehicles, is essential for enhancing production capacity The level of growth achieved by a business is significantly influenced by the extent of this type of investment.
Investment in intangible assets is reflected in current assets, which encompass raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished inventory Therefore, the investment in current assets is determined by the fluctuations in the volume of these commodities over a specific time frame.
Investment in infrastructure is a crucial form of fixed asset investment that significantly impacts the macro economy Although it requires substantial funding and offers delayed returns, such investments are vital as they stimulate growth in various other sectors of the economy.
J M Keynes (1936) has stated that the governmental intervention in the market is essential, in other words, it is needed to have the State’s intervention through primarily applying financial instruments (tax and expenditures) to increase the aggregate demands, to prevent from recession and unemployment.The State policies play a certain important role in increasing the aggregate demands and reducing the risk of unemployment Therefore, to overcome the crisis, unemployment, the state government must be regulated through its economic policies, which enable consumption demands improvement and investment insulation To achieve economic growth, the Government should
- 9 - work more in public works, and also promote or encourage investment of private sectors [Keynes 1936].
J.M Keynes brought out the multiplier model in theory, in which it is evitable to increase national income (national productivity) and investment at the same time He studied the relationship between them and introduced the concept of “investment multiplier” The investment multiplier (k) presents the relationship between investment increase and income increase Based on Keynes’s model, if an extra amount of money is added to aggregate investment, then the income will increase by an amount equal to k times investment increase.
His multiplier model is presented as: K = ∆Y / ∆ I, so: ∆ Y= k ∆ I
(in which Y is income variation; k is multiplier, I is investment variation) According to Keynes, income is divided into either consuming and saving or consuming and investing Accordingly, he believes that:
Saving (S) = Investment (I) This is also considered economic growth model of Keynes.
Increased investment leads to a greater demand for additional employers and production resources, resulting in higher income and job opportunities This rise in income serves as a key driver for further investment Consequently, the investment multiplier enhances national income through its cascading effects, demonstrating a direct relationship between increased investment and income growth.
Samuelson highlights that developing countries face significant challenges in economic growth due to a lack of capital, which restricts their ability to accumulate resources and maintain minimal living standards This situation is illustrated by the concepts of "the vicious cycle" and "external jostle," where limited human resources, characterized by low education and outdated technology, exacerbate these issues As a result, many developing nations find it increasingly difficult to break free from these detrimental cycles, underscoring the urgent need for external investment to foster sustainable development.
To stimulate economic growth and break the "vicious circles" in developing countries, it is essential to facilitate overseas investments, including the transfer of expertise, technology, and capital Samuelson's theory highlights the importance of these external resources in fostering development and improving economic conditions.
The "vicious circle model" proposed by Samuelson suggests that a country's or region's development in a developing area is constrained when it relies solely on government resources, lacking the influence of foreign investment.
Figure 2: Vicious circle model of Samuelson
Discussing about the concept of the term "Policy", the economist - Franc
Ellis 3 said that there is no a single definition of "Policy" He said: "The Policy is defined as roadmap and intervened solutions selected by the Government to achieve the target of a sector in the economy."
Japanese economist Harry T Oshima, in his 1987 book "Theory of Economic Growth in Asia," highlighted that countries reliant on water rice agriculture often face labor shortages during peak seasons To address this challenge, he proposed two key strategies aimed at enhancing farmers' living standards, promoting rural development, and fostering economic growth, while also alleviating pressure on urban areas.
- Remain the agricultural labors and also create more jobs in idle months
3 Franc Ellis (1995), Agricultural Policies in Developing Countries, Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.
(increasing crops, diversifying livestock, plants, trades to improve the income).
To achieve agricultural industrialization, it is essential to enhance infrastructure, including electricity, water supply, transportation, and communication systems Additionally, developing the processing industry and improving social infrastructure—such as education, health, and cultural facilities—are crucial for rural areas This transformation involves economic restructuring and shifting the labor structure by replacing manual labor with high-yield machinery and equipment.
Investing in infrastructure through mechanisms that attract external resources is crucial for enhancing social development Additionally, such investments can drive economic growth, helping countries mitigate the risks of rising unemployment and potential economic crises.
1.4.2 Theories, viewpoints about investment, its policies, and capital source for rural infrastructure development in Vietnam
The 2009 research by the Agricultural Economics Department highlights the vital role of agriculture, farmers, and rural areas in the industrialization and modernization of our country To ensure stable national development, it is essential to enhance agricultural growth and improve farmers' living standards This mission requires not only increased state budget investments aligned with the Party Central Committee's resolutions but also the implementation of effective investment policies to attract domestic and foreign direct investments Focusing on industrial development, handicrafts, cottage industries, and underutilized sectors will be crucial for fostering economic growth.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The connection between community participation and investment
in building rural technical infrastructure.
An experimental study conducted by the World Bank in Vietnam in 2002 highlighted the importance of standardizing the process for community participation in project decision-making This approach aims to empower local residents by clearly outlining how they can engage in the decision-making process.
- Organize some forums wherein the locals can take part in (the local advisory meetings) so as to together determine the necessary infrastructure needed sponsoring by the Project;
Empowering local communities to make informed decisions about their development is crucial By utilizing assigned public budgets and engaging community mobilizers, residents can effectively shape the future of their areas This collaborative approach ensures that local needs and priorities are addressed, fostering sustainable growth and enhancing the overall quality of life.
- Train local cadres and people in the skills at determining necessary infrastructure as well as supervising the quality of local small-scale development project
- Decentralize administration to commune level; instruct to enable the commune staff to administer and supervisor the performance process and project finance from the beginning.
- Equality in decision-making of project performance (the project is available for the women to participate in)
[Community-based Rural Infrastructure Project (CBRIP) of World Bank has been implemented in Vietnam in 2002]
A recent study highlights that modern investment mechanisms, when compared to traditional methods involving community participation, demonstrate a strong correlation between grassroots engagement opportunities and the levels of transparency and accountability.
- Uncontrollability of investment effectiveness in local area
- Capital and plan is passive
- Lack of opportunities to promote management staff capability
- Explicitness and accountability is passive
- Fail in meeting the practical needs
- Lack of connectivity with the authority
Figure 3: Conventional investment method and consequences
Ex pl ic itn es s Ac co un ta bi lit y investment
Vo lu nt ar yc on tri bu tio n,
Initiative investment process from grassroots level
- Enhance the sovereignty rights and responsibility
Figure 4: Community-based investment method and consequences
Beneficiaries are more likely to engage in infrastructure investment projects when transparency is emphasized in the project information, allowing them to share their ideas and influence decisions Local staff must also grasp the information and address any concerns effectively Enhanced transparency and accountability can encourage community involvement in all phases of the project—designing, planning, and implementation—thereby fostering a sense of personal responsibility and commitment to the infrastructure's durability Furthermore, increased community participation, coupled with improved transparency, can reduce the financial burden on the national budget compared to traditional rural infrastructure investment methods.
Source: Authors Figure 5: The relationship between community participation and transparency, accountability
The CBRIP Project clearly shows that:
1 A clear roadmap for decentralization, management, monitoring and evaluation accompanied with sufficient financial, technical, consultancy, etc., support at the beginning and during the implementation of the project is required to ensure proper project implementation progress and to form strong basis for timely assessing impacts and results of the project as well as for preparing reports.
2 Sufficient attention should be given at the outset design of the
Management Information System (MIS) and the Monitoring and Evaluation System (M&E) These systems need to meet the demand of baseline survey, reports and impact evaluation throughout project’s life.
3 Better information and communication strategy should be formed to institutionalize learning lessons from the CBRIP for other projects and programs.
4 At the beginning of technical design preparation, discussion with
To enhance project implementation, the World Bank should streamline procedures to eliminate unnecessary complexities in funds and financial management, thereby improving conditions for CPMU, PPMU, DPMUs, and CPCCs.
5 Consensus on project management apparatus, action plan and further increase of project management responsibility should be made.
6 Norms of operational expenses are considered on the basis of reasonable spending so that the project can maintain its stable project apparatus with experienced officers, avoid repetitive training and enhance project effectiveness.
7 For successful implementation of a newly piloting approach as community participatory one, indispensable elements are: strict adherence to designed training process; strengthening of necessary capacities to cadres at various levels, especially at grassroots one.
8 Reasonable calculation of technical parameters should be made to enhance project’s life and avoid wasting society’s capital and labor.
The Provincial Governance and Public Administration
The Viet Nam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) is a collaborative policy research initiative led by the Centre for Community Support and Development Studies (CECODES), a non-governmental organization in Vietnam.
11 PAPI 2011 full report, www.papi.vn
The Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA), in collaboration with the Front Magazine of the Vietnam Fatherland Front (VFF) and the Commission on People's Petitions (CPP) under the Standing Committee of the National Assembly since February 2012, works alongside the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Vietnam to promote scientific advancement and community engagement.
Box 2: PAPI in Vietnam for the period 2009 – 2011
In 2009, the PAPI project was piloted in three provinces, garnering significant support and constructive feedback during workshops The outcomes of this initiative received recognition from Party leadership, government officials, the Fatherland Front, various departments, and the media, highlighting its practical significance and potential for improvement.
In 2010, the project was implemented in 30 provinces/cities.
In 2011, the Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) was launched throughout all 63 provinces and cities in Vietnam, capturing the insights and experiences of 13,642 individuals This initiative represents a significant milestone in the PAPI study, demonstrating a commitment to enhancing policy-making through the use of empirical data.
PAPI evaluates governance and public administration standards based on citizens' experiences with government authorities As a performance monitoring tool, it fosters ongoing improvements in governance and public administration Unlike traditional self-assessments from government stakeholders, PAPI offers a bottom-up perspective, capturing the genuine experiences and sentiments of the people.
The Vietnamese phrase “People know, people discuss, people do and people verify” encapsulates the essence of the Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) PAPI offers objective insights into citizens' experiences with local authorities, fostering awareness and encouraging dialogue Additionally, it serves as a platform for validating findings at both central and local levels, enhancing transparency and accountability in governance.
PAPI highlights the collective actions of citizens, empowering policymakers to make decisions that align with public interests By emphasizing the principle that "people do," PAPI serves as an effective tool for evaluating community engagement and informing strategic policy development.
-24- actual administrative performance allowing “people to verify”.
As the demand for citizen engagement in governance rises, PAPI emerges as an innovative tool that integrates objective, evidence-based measures into policy-making This groundbreaking approach effectively captures citizens' experiences with local authorities, increasingly influencing mainstream processes of policy-making, implementation, and monitoring.
Figure 2: Two measuring factures in PAPI
In fact, PAPI has got Initial Reflections and Policy Usage:
Increasing evidence of provinces discussing PAPI findings and ways to improve performance
(e.g: Ha Tinh, Kon Tum, Dak Lak, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang).
Kon Tum’s action plan to improve performance
PAPI 2010 is used for analyzing social services in Human
Several PAPA 2010 indicators used in Government Inspectorate (GI) Report to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly & in M&E indicator system on Anti-Corruption under construction.
PAPI data used to identify its usefulness for monitoring the implementation of the National Strategy on Gender Equality.
PAPI is not only an output but also a means of public governance as per General Plan 2012 – 2016 between the Vietnamese Government and the UN in Vietnam.
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) is exploring the Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) as a valuable framework to enhance and support its forthcoming Public Administration Reform (PAR) index at both central and local levels.
PAPI’s framework, methodology and philosophy highlighted as a international example in several international discussions (Beijing,
Nepal, Tunisia, ASEAN + ROK, and Indonesia) and in the governance assessment portal (GAP).
PAPI evaluates provincial governance and public administration across six key dimensions, each comprising three to four sub-dimensions derived from specific indicators These dimensions include local-level participation, transparency, vertical accountability, corruption control, public administrative procedures, and the effectiveness of public service delivery.
Figure 3: PAPI index and component indices
PAPI evaluates three interconnected processes: policy making, policy implementation, and the monitoring of public service delivery, all specifically designed to fit the national and local contexts of Vietnam.
Authors Figure 4: Influences between PAPI’s assessment contents
The authors conducted an in-depth study on grassroots participation in the Mekong Delta, focusing on voluntary contributions, publication transparency, and accountability in communicating the community's role in rural infrastructure development They also examined the factors influencing public engagement in investment attraction mechanisms.
The authors propose a model for studying the investment mechanism involving community participation in the construction of technical infrastructure in the MDR, emphasizing the importance of voluntary contributions, transparency, and accountability as highlighted by the PAPI-2011 indices.
Improvement infrastructure of PCI index development
(trading, knowledge, economy, culture, etc.)
Figure 5: Analysis frame for attraction mechanism of investment in building infrastructure with participation of the community
RESEARCH METHOD
Methods of analysis
This paper examines the natural features, rural infrastructure, and investment policies of the Mekong Delta, integrating project results with theoretical frameworks and actual data to highlight the community's role in rural infrastructure investment By analyzing factors related to the PAPI Index's three components—voluntary contribution, transparency, and accountability—the study explores the interconnections that influence infrastructure investment in the region Utilizing the SWOT model, the authors identify the Mekong Delta's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges, ultimately providing recommendations to enhance investment attraction mechanisms for rural infrastructure development.
CURRENT STATEAND POLICIES ON
Current social-economic and rural infrastructure situation of the
The Mekong Delta Region plays a crucial role in Vietnam's economy, contributing approximately 27% to the national GDP, over 50% of the country's total food production, and more than 90% of its rice exports Additionally, it generates over two billion USD annually in foreign currency earnings.
(Source: http://www.mekongdelta.com.vn
Figure 6: Administrative map of the MDR
As of July 2011, the Mekong Delta's rural land spans approximately 3.51 million hectares, representing 87% of the total area, while the population stands at around 11.54 million, making up 66.64% of the region's inhabitants This indicates that urbanization in the Mekong Delta is limited, with only 33.36% of the population living in urban areas The region comprises thirteen provinces and cities, including Long An and Dong.
12 Data collected from the Submittal to the Government on Program of Implementing Decree 26/NQ-TW of the Steering Committee of the Southwestern region
13 Urban Development Agency (2012), Annual Report on Urban Development of Vietnam, Ministry of
The Mekong Delta region of Vietnam comprises several provinces, including An Giang, Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Ben Tre, Kien Giang, Can Tho City, Hau Giang, Tra Vinh, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, and Ca Mau This region is home to a total of 1,303 communes, with Long An having the highest number at 166 communes, while Can Tho City has the fewest, totaling 36 communes.
Between 2000 and 2010, significant investment was directed towards infrastructure development, particularly in rural areas This focus on constructing and upgrading rural infrastructure has enhanced production capabilities, spurred innovation, and improved the overall living standards of the local population.
The Mekong Delta's rural traffic network encompasses a total of 40,192 kilometers, comprising 8,700 kilometers of district roads and 31,492 kilometers of commune roads.
Between 2000 and 2008, significant investments in rural grid power and electrification in the Mekong Delta led to impressive outcomes, with the national grid now serving all communes and effectively meeting the energy needs for both production and daily life By 2008, the average electricity consumption per capita reached 481.3 kWh per year, with Can Tho City achieving the highest consumption at 899.8 kWh per capita annually, followed closely by Long An at 867.9 kWh per capita per year.
Due to the challenging terrain, rural telecommunications were developed using a combination of methods, including the installation of home phones, cable laying, and subscriber line connections in densely populated areas, alongside the use of radio and satellite communications for remote locations By July 2011, telephone access reached 100% of communes, enabling 89% of rural households to utilize this communication system Additionally, residents in the Mekong Delta Region commonly rely on rainwater for their water supply.
14 General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2012), Results of Rural, Agricultural and Fishery Census
2011.Statistics Publishing House. for drinking and cooking whereas canal water is used for living and domestic activities In some places, water is mainly supplied from water wells In late
As of July 2011, approximately 81.1% of communes had access to concentrated water supply systems for living activities, a significant increase from 2008 when over 65% of the rural population had access to qualified water.
Irrigation in the Mekong Delta has supplied domestic water to approximately 10 million people, representing 66% of the region's total population This system enables around 50% of the rural population to access clean water Furthermore, irrigation infrastructure significantly boosts economic output in agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture, while also contributing to environmental improvements.
-In July 2011, the share waste water drainage system had been completely built in 31.8% of total communes and 51.9% of total communes has organized the movement of waste collection.
Recent investments in the infrastructure of the Mekong Delta have aimed to enhance living standards and drive socioeconomic development in the region.
Table 1: Summary of some infrastructure criteria of Mekong Delta in 2011
Province/ une Committee of drainage
% Com Com une une mune mune mune mune
Province/ une Committee of drainage
% Com Com une une mune mune mune mune
(Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam- 2012)
Rural infrastructure development policy in Vietnam and the
Since the onset of Doi Moi, the Communist Party of Vietnam has prioritized infrastructure development to address its previously weak state This commitment is reflected in key Party documents, including the 7th Party Congress in 1991, which emphasized the modernization of transportation networks, including roads, railways, and waterways The socio-economic strategy for 2001-2010, established during the 9th Party Congress, outlined goals for infrastructure that support socio-economic growth, national defense, and social security, highlighting the expansion and enhancement of rural transportation systems Additionally, it aimed to ensure widespread access to power, telecommunications, and clean water, with a target of serving over 90% of the rural population.
15 The Communist Party of Vietnam(1991), Documents of Party's 7st Meeting, Truth Publisher, Hanoi, p 65.
16 The Communist Party of Vietnam(1991), Documents of Party's 7st Meeting, Truth Publisher, Hanoi, p.
In 2006, Congress emphasized the importance of encouraging foreign direct investment in developing the infrastructure system, stating that national budget investments should primarily focus on socioeconomic infrastructure development The policy prioritizes state credit for infrastructure projects capable of generating capital returns and highlights the strategic attraction of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for constructing infrastructure in economic centers and areas facing socioeconomic challenges.
In revolving with the investment mechanism and Regional development, Vietnamese Government has issued some documents as the legal based for
The Mekong Delta is experiencing significant socio-economic development, guided by comprehensive strategies that establish key legal frameworks for investment and development distribution These frameworks emphasize the importance of rural construction planning and prioritize specific project parameters, particularly in the development of technical infrastructure To mobilize resources effectively, a continued focus on socialization policies tailored to the unique socioeconomic conditions of each area is essential The state budget will primarily fund infrastructure construction, supported by a robust funding assistance mechanism.
“absolutely using reciprocal capital for ODA projects managed by each locality” applicable to qualified projects approved by the Government.
The government has released several documents aimed at attracting enterprises to invest in rural agriculture, focusing specifically on the development and investment in rural infrastructure.
17 The Communist Party of Vietnam(2006), Documents of Party's 10th Meeting, National Politics Publisher , Hanoi, p 239-240.
Despite the benefits provided by socioeconomic development mechanisms in the Mekong Delta, several disadvantages hinder policy implementation and community growth in rural areas.
The mechanisms outlined in the documents are broad and pertain to various investment items, yet they lack clarity in defining the sources of investment capital Additionally, there is a lack of specific investment indices for infrastructure development, such as the annual contracted road length in kilometers, the number of culverts consolidated each year, and the percentage of the rural population with access to clean water Consequently, the documents have not yet identified priority projects for infrastructure development aimed at enhancing the growth of the Mekong Delta.
Despite significant state attention towards the socio-economic development of the Mekong Delta, the impact of various policies and mechanisms remains limited due to a lack of synchronization and insufficient financial and human resources during implementation These shortcomings are the primary reasons for the ineffective outcomes of these initiatives.
- With respect of resource allocation: State investment is not so large and the investment allocation is not really efficient.
The segmentation of the economic field by borders has hindered overall regional development, resulting in similar development models across provinces This lack of collaboration and mutual support among provinces leads to inefficient competition and even fosters improper competition within the area.
The potential of community participation in rural construction and investment mobilization remains largely untapped, despite the rural population constituting over 66% of the total in the area There is a lack of effective strategies integrating capital and resource mechanisms for infrastructure development that actively involve the community Therefore, fostering community investment is crucial for alleviating the financial burden on the Central Budget and enhancing local development.
In 2006, our country invested 9-10% of its GDP in infrastructure development, significantly surpassing other nations like Laos (7.4%), Cambodia (2.3%), and China (7.3%) This substantial investment highlights our commitment to prioritizing infrastructure growth, while our diverse investment policies have successfully attracted a wide range of economic investors.
ODA accounts for 37% of total capital investment in infrastructure, along with the budget (about 11%) which is mainly used as a counterpart fund for
ODA, has accounted for nearly half that total capital (see picture on top) This shows that ODA is the most important source of capital for infrastructure development Meanwhile, preferential
Official Development Assistance (ODA), which includes nonrefundable grants and low-interest loans, is primarily designated for poor countries Once a nation surpasses the poverty threshold of approximately $1,000 GDP per capita and transitions into the lower middle-income category, ODA will be reduced, phased out, and replaced with commercial loans.
(% investment capital in general) Funding mechanisms
Source: World bank in Vietnam (2006)
In recent years, while our country has increasingly repaid ODA loans and begun contributing to ODA funds for poorer nations, it is essential to proactively mobilize external financing sources beyond ODA and budget allocations This includes attracting investments through BOT, BOD, BT frameworks, and bonds to ensure we do not become passive in our funding approach.
Table 2: Infrastructure Investment Funding Mechanism (%GDP)
Capital Source Traffic Power Telecommunic
Source: World bank in Vietnam (2006)
From 2006 to 2010, a total of 331,334 billion VND was invested in agriculture and rural development, representing 49.1% of the country's overall development investment from the state budget and government bonds This included 237,805 billion VND from the state budget, accounting for 46.3% of total investment, and 93,529 billion VND from government bonds, which comprised 58.3% of the national government bond capital Notably, 215,502 billion VND, or 65% of the total agricultural investment, was directed towards socio-economic infrastructure development, hunger alleviation, and poverty reduction in rural areas, with government bond funding contributing 57,981 billion VND, equating to 26.9% of the total investment.
In addition to budget and government bond as mentioned above, the State also has an annual reserve funds for central state budget of from 7000 to
The Vietnamese government allocates approximately 8 trillion VND annually to assist provinces and cities in addressing the impacts of natural disasters, floods, and diseases Additionally, over 2 trillion VND is dedicated each year from the state budget to support farmers through agricultural tax exemptions Furthermore, around 8 trillion VND from the annual construction lottery fund is directed towards enhancing socio-economic infrastructure to promote rural development.
Investing in rural infrastructure is essential for areas with low profitability and capital recovery, often requiring ongoing maintenance despite low local incomes Consequently, recent infrastructure development has primarily relied on the State Budget, including centralized state funds, ODA, government bonds, and preferential credits Community contributions are directed towards building essential rural infrastructure such as roads, canals, and small bridges, while investor capital focuses on larger projects like irrigation, hydropower facilities, and infrastructure for industrial parks and export processing zones.
Analysis of PAPI index to identify the factors that impact on
This article examines three key aspects: grassroots participation through voluntary contributions, the importance of transparency, and accountability to the community It highlights how local community involvement significantly influences decisions regarding investments in technical infrastructure, emphasizing the necessity for transparency and accountability to foster trust and attract further engagement.
-39- the participation of the local community in the construction of the mentioned works.
Figure 8: The chart on contribution mobilization from the community - PAPI 2011
Vinh Long to the people
Figure 9: The index of openness, transparency and accountability
Community involvement in contributing cash, labor, or materials for public works is prevalent, yet it risks becoming an informal "tax" imposed by local authorities, burdening especially the poor Dong Thap province leads in contributions, followed by Long An and Can Tho.
The authors highlight a correlation between transparency and accountability in government, noting that provinces with high openness regarding state budget expenditures and land price frameworks also exhibit greater accountability to their citizens Conversely, the Mekong Delta provinces demonstrate lower levels of transparency, leading to only average accountability from local governments Notably, Long An province stands out as having the highest scores in both transparency and accountability, which will be further analyzed in the next section of the thesis.
The level of voluntary contributions in a province or city is closely linked to its openness, transparency, and accountability to the public For instance, Tra Vinh province, which has a low transparency index, experiences lower voluntary contributions, whereas Long An Province, with high levels of openness and accountability, sees the second-highest contribution levels Additionally, factors such as per capita income and human resources influence people's decisions to contribute This helps explain why communities in the Mekong Delta Region (MDR) have not actively engaged in rural infrastructure development, despite a shared understanding of its significance.
Summarized analysis on existing data SWOT:
Governance and Public Competitiveness Index (PCI)
- Government policies and policies are not yet specific
- Investment incentive - The risk of saltwater intrusion and sea
- Steering Committee for South level rise due to climate change
West Region - Capital for technical infrastructure
- Creating job opportunities for investments is high the people in rural areas - The qualifications of management staffs
The region boasts several natural features that enhance its appeal for economic development Its strategic location facilitates trade among provinces and cities, although it poses challenges for fostering competitive marine economies The annual flood season contributes significant sediment, benefiting agricultural development, while also impacting construction projects and technical infrastructure Additionally, the extensive network of rivers and canals supports efficient waterway transportation and provides a fresh water supply The strong currents of the Mekong River and tidal influences shape the inland terrain, which is characterized by small segmentations that attract investment, particularly in the South East Region, known for its high demand for raw materials.
The processing industry significantly impacts the output of agricultural products and seafood, particularly in coastal and border areas with a temperate climate However, challenges such as soil salinization and acidification hinder agricultural and aquaculture production, while mining activities further complicate the availability of fresh water.
The internal community exhibits homogeneity in living practices and has a low educational level, resulting in a mere 26% rate of productivity in 2008 due to similarly trained labor There is a notable lack of both intensive and extensive agricultural practices, alongside insufficient creativity and knowledge regarding the application of scientific advancements Additionally, there is a prevailing mindset of "living with floods," coupled with a psychological barrier of fear and resignation towards change.
The labor market is rich, abundant The labor market with high quality
The article highlights that while the PCI is notably high, ranking 2nd out of 13 and placing in the top 5, the PAPI score is relatively low at 3rd out of 13, despite other metrics being good or higher This disparity suggests that, despite high scores in certain areas, there is a significant opportunity to enhance investor confidence and community engagement, ultimately leading to improved regional performance and the ability to leverage scale advantages.
Small-scale agricultural and seafood infrastructure projects face challenges due to insufficient connections with the processing industry and nitrogen gas power Additionally, rural technical infrastructure, including building materials, is underdeveloped Despite these issues, there are significant opportunities for growth in services and tourism, particularly in regions characterized by rivers and water features.
Government has issued a series of policies, Existing mechanisms and policies are not
Factors influencing investment attraction and rural development include the establishment of clear mechanisms and priorities that engage local communities and technical experts in infrastructure projects A strong legal framework for investment in essential infrastructure, such as water supply and drainage systems, is crucial for regional development.
Receiving preferences to build the The risk of saltwater intrusion and sea
EX TE RN AL headwork’s, which requires large level rise due to climate change (water, capital sewer, sanitation ), pollution of water
Having Regional Steering Committee - resulted from industrial development. Steering Committee for South West Region Capital for technical infrastructure
The access to advanced technology and investments is high opportunities for the people in rural areas
CASE STUDIES: CAN THO CITY AND LONG AN PROVINCE
Can Tho City
Can Tho City is recognized as a Central urban area of category I, serving as the economic, social, and cultural hub of the Mekong Delta Region (MDR) It plays a vital role in both domestic and international transportation, holding a strategic position for national security within the region and the country As a key pillar in advancing the development of the MDR, Can Tho is committed to achieving its goal of becoming an industrial city by 2020.
Can Tho, covering an area of approximately 1,409 km² and comprising 9 administrative units, had a population of nearly 1.2 million in 2009, with 65.83% residing in urban areas and 34.71% in rural regions The city is crucial to the Government's development strategy, aiming to position Can Tho as a driving force for the Mekong Delta Region (MDR) As a cultural, political, social, and commercial hub, Can Tho boasts a robust network of universities, hospitals, and sports centers, making it a key training center for human resources in the region Its extensive system of rivers and canals, along with well-developed technical infrastructure, facilitates connectivity with domestic and international areas via road, waterway, and airway, enhancing its appeal as a tourist destination.
18 Can Tho city: 5 urban districts of Ninh Kieu, Cai Rang, Binh Thuy, O Mon and Thot Not and 4 suburban districts of Phong Dien, Co Do, Vinh Thanh, Thoi Lai
Additionally, it is also the largest agricultural production area with the advantages of a regional research center on agricultural production.
Source: www.cantho.gov.vn
Figure 10: Administration map of Can Tho City
The economic growth in 2009 reached 15.03% Per capita income in
2009 was USD1,749 (The highest rate in the MDR).
Can Tho City, with 36 rural communes, has the fewest rural communes in the Mekong Delta Region, reflecting its high urbanization rate, where 66.03% of the population resides in urban areas.
19 Department of Urban Development (2012), Annual Report on Urban Development of Vietnam, Ministry of
Table 3: Total investment capital for rural development in Can Tho from
(Unit: billion Vietnam Dongs - VND)
In 2012, the total investment for essential infrastructure construction reached VND 157,525 billion, representing 73.57% of the overall rural development funding This included VND 129.02 billion from the State Budget, VND 3,145 billion from enterprises, and VND 25.361 billion contributed by local communities While the majority of funding (81.90%) still came from the state budget, there was a notable increase in contributions from the public (16.10%) and local enterprises (2%) towards rural development.
The rapid urbanization in Can Tho presents development opportunities for rural communes, driven by the surrounding urban infrastructure However, census data from 2011 indicates that the agricultural and fisheries sectors in these rural areas still fall short of meeting the infrastructure criteria necessary for the overall development of Can Tho city.
Accordingly, PAPI 2011 value of Can Tho city only reached the average
The Central Steering Committee for the National Target Program for New Rural Area Construction, established in 2012, has released a preliminary report assessing the first two years of the program's implementation in Can Tho City This report evaluates the progress and impact of initiatives aimed at rural development and infrastructure improvement, highlighting the achievements and challenges faced during this period.
The transparency and accountability indexes of the government in Can Tho city are relatively low, at 5.49 and 5.55 Improving these indexes could enhance public engagement in rural infrastructure development Specifically, local governments should focus on increasing transparency regarding compensation for land acquisition and the management of local budget revenues and expenditures, thereby fostering greater accountability to the community.
Long An Province
Long An province, situated in Vietnam's Southern key economic zone and the Mekong Delta region, boasts a strategic location at the gateway to Ho Chi Minh City, the country's largest economic hub With its proximity to the Soai Rap estuary and just 15 km from the East Sea, along with its eastern border with Cambodia, Long An offers unique advantages that highlight the importance of location in economic development.
Source: www.longan.gov.vn Figure 11: Administrative map of Long An Province
Located right in the North of the Mekong River - well known in South Vietnam, Long An has a tropical climate with daily temperatures of above
30 o C/86 o F all year During the rainy season (May to November), there are a lot of very heavy rain It only takes 60 minutes driving from Long An to Ho Chi Minh City.
Long An has area of 4,491km 2 , including 15 district-level administrative units 21 The growth rate in 2009 was 13.07% Per capita income in 2009 was
Long An Province, with an urbanization rate of only 17.8% as of 2012, contrasts sharply with the highly urbanized Can Tho It boasts the highest number of rural communes in the Mekong Delta Region, totaling 166 While the province's vast natural area and predominantly rural population present significant opportunities for enhancing rural infrastructure, they also pose considerable challenges for local authorities in engaging community participation.
Table 3: Total investment capital for rural development in Long An from 2011-2012 23
(Unit: billion Vietnam Dongs - VND)
21 Long An province: Tan An City, KienTuong, Ben Luc, Can Duoc, Can Giuoc, ChauThanh, Duc Hue, MocHoa, Tan Hung, Tan Thanh, Tan Tru, ThachHoa, Thu ThuaVinh Hung, DucHoa Districts
22 Department of Urban Development (2012), Annually Report on Urban Development of Vietnam, Ministry of Construction
In 2012, the Central Steering Committee for the National Target Program initiated efforts to develop new rural areas in Vietnam A preliminary report highlights the progress made over two years in Long An Province, detailing the implementation of this national program The findings reflect significant advancements in rural development, emphasizing the importance of continued support and resources for sustainable growth in these communities.
Capital contributed by people in Long An in 2012 increased 2.3 times compared with 2011, while capital from the central did not increase significantly.
In 2 years (2011-2012), total realized capital for building essential infrastructure in rural are of Long An is 4578.5 billion VND, in which: the capital from central budget accounting for 6.78%, from provincial budget accounting for 11.81%, from district budget accounting for 67.39%, from commune budgets accounting for 0.01%, from business organizations accounting for 2.01%, from contribution by people accounting for 11.68% and from other sources accounting for 0.32%.
Long An Province achieved the highest results among 13 provinces in the Mekong Delta Region.
In 2011, Long An province distinguished itself as the only province in Vietnam to achieve the highest scores across all six criteria of the Provincial Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) Notably, it received a voluntary contributions score of 1.07, ranking second in the region, while its openness and transparency rating was 6.15 Additionally, Long An excelled in accountability to the people with a score of 6.26, the highest in the region and among the leading provinces in the country.
Improvements in transparency and accountability within the government at all levels in Long An have been a significant focus This commitment is reflected in the high levels of voluntary contributions and active participation from the community at the grassroots level.
Citizen contributions significantly impact rural technical infrastructure funding, accounting for 16.10% of the 157.525 billion VND in Can Tho and 11.68% of the 4,578.5 billion VND in Long An This mobilization of resources is crucial in decreasing reliance on the state budget for capital.
24 Comparing PAPI of some provinces/cities - Appendix
-49- urbanization rate in the Mekong Delta, more participation of citizens is, less budget for infrastructure construction investment is.
Can Tho and Long An exhibit distinct urbanization levels, agricultural population percentages, and administrative management indicators The study reveals a significant relationship between the development of rural technical infrastructure in the Mekong Delta and the active participation of the local population, along with the transparency and accountability of provincial authorities Localities that effectively provide land information and budget usage details can mobilize substantial community contributions in finance, land, and labor Interestingly, factors such as income per capita and understanding have minimal impact on this participation Furthermore, rural residents with limited opportunities can still make significant contributions if local authorities maintain transparency and are responsive to their inquiries during project implementation.
POLICY RECOMMEDATIONS
Classifying community to make investment attracting mechanism
This research proposes to classify community into three main groups in community investment with activities in the following priority:
In the Mekong Delta, the local population relies heavily on agriculture, resulting in unstable incomes that fluctuate with harvests and weather conditions During leisure periods post-harvest, this community can become a significant labor force, yet their unpredictable earnings make cash contributions challenging Many individuals often seek employment in urban areas during these times To address this, it is advisable to engage them in public construction projects, such as building roads and dredging channels, and to compensate them separately from the public funding they are required to contribute.
- Group 2-Community of businesses, households specialized in
Producing and conducting business in agricultural products and handicrafts in rural areas benefits both local entrepreneurs and the community This group, referred to as rural businessmen, gains from the development of technical infrastructure, which enhances their operations By mobilizing material contributions from these stakeholders, authorities can reduce investment costs in infrastructure, reallocating funds to essential public services like schools, medical centers, and cultural facilities In turn, local businesses enjoy improved infrastructure, leading to better transportation and more convenient business opportunities.
Group 3 focuses on infrastructure construction investment units, where land exchanges for infrastructure development can be implemented It is crucial to prioritize transparency and public awareness in land management and usage Additionally, measures must be taken to prevent overexploitation, as this could significantly impact agricultural soil areas.
Whichever object group is mobilized, transparency - publicity and accountability should be paid adequate attention and deal should be avoided.
Implementation of typical basic investment management for rural
Effective management of basic construction investments is crucial for enhancing investment efficiency Key proposals for completing important sections include ensuring that the general plan aligns with the approved rural construction planning by competent authorities The plan should also demonstrate technical feasibility and the ability to mobilize investment sources Essential components of the plan include a list of constructions that require rebuilding, repair, or upgrading, details about the construction venue, technical standards for each project, sources of investment capital, mechanisms and policies for mobilizing investment resources, and methods for organizing project implementation and selecting contractors for each construction project.
- General plan preparation for infrastructure investment requires contribution of commune community, discussion and agreement under local authority’s instruction.
Following the acceptance and modification of the general investment plan, the Commune People’s Committee will approve the General Plan for Infrastructure Investment and make it publicly available For any construction projects not approved in the investment plan, the Commune People’s Committee will provide clear reasons to the community Additionally, the next step involves the selection of a construction contractor.
Recommend construction execution in one of three following ways: (i)
The initiative focuses on empowering local communities in hamlets and villages to take an active role in construction projects, ensuring that they directly benefit from the outcomes This involves selecting capable workers from the commune and choosing contractors through a competitive bidding process in line with current regulations Such measures aim to enhance community responsibility and minimize construction costs, exemplified by the successful road construction model in Tuyen Quang, which optimizes labor resources and leads to more effective investments Additionally, ongoing supervision and maintenance of the construction are essential for sustained success.
The management, operation, and maintenance of communal infrastructures, such as inter-hamlet roads, schools, health clinics, electrical substations, and main canals, fall under the responsibility of the Commune People’s Committee Each year, this committee will create maintenance plans for these constructions and seek resources from local residents and other legal sources, as state funding is not available for such investments Additionally, households and community groups will directly oversee and manage other beneficial constructions, mobilizing their own maintenance investments while operating under the supervision of the commune authority.
CONCLUSION
Infrastructure is crucial for a country's socio-economic growth, driving development and creating incentives for progress A well-developed, modern infrastructure system enhances economic growth, boosts productivity, and addresses social issues effectively In contrast, inadequate infrastructure can significantly hinder development efforts.
The Mekong Delta rural area, amid international economic integration and globalization, is presented with both opportunities and challenges in developing a modern agriculture industry crucial for national and regional food security However, socio-economic development is hindered by inadequate infrastructure, particularly basic rural technical infrastructure, which is essential for agricultural production and improving rural living standards Recognizing this, the Vietnamese government has prioritized investment in the socio-economic development of the Mekong Delta, specifically in rural infrastructure Additionally, local authorities across the 13 provinces in the region are working to streamline administrative procedures to attract investment for infrastructure development Despite these efforts, reliance solely on state resources is insufficient to meet the region's development needs Therefore, there is a pressing need for additional support from various sources, including community and private sector investments, to create a modern, integrated rural infrastructure system However, current capital and investment policies still exhibit several limitations.
State investment constitutes a significant portion of total social investment; however, it only fulfills approximately 55-60% of the necessary capital for development The absence of a unified public investment law hampers the effective management and utilization of state capital for non-business objectives Additionally, the current regulations are dispersed across various legal documents, complicating research and implementation efforts.
The absence of a long-term vision for infrastructure development has resulted in a lack of clear plans and specific steps tailored for each region Recent government documents are often disorganized, containing repetitive content and emphasizing a centralized management approach, which stifles local initiative and innovation.
- A number of legal documents on investment, basic construction investment, the state budget, land have problems and limitations in the implementation process at the basic level.
The State's investment attraction policy for off-budgetary resources fails to sufficiently entice investors into rural infrastructure projects This policy does not adequately account for the unique characteristics of these high-risk areas, which often yield lower profits and incur higher service costs compared to urban settings, particularly in essential services like electricity and water.
Recent infrastructure construction projects focused on community engagement have yielded successful outcomes in the area Research indicates a strong correlation between investment attraction, community mobilization, and the effectiveness of public administrative management in provinces The findings highlight that openness, transparency, and accountability to the public significantly enhance voluntary contributions from community members.
To enhance rural infrastructure in the Mekong Delta, it is crucial to attract additional investment, particularly for small and medium projects that align with community needs Implementing policies that foster community involvement through a bottom-up approach can significantly mobilize local resources and encourage public participation in all stages of infrastructure development, from planning to maintenance This model not only reduces state budget burdens by leveraging community contributions but also fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents for the projects they benefit from Furthermore, establishing a "communal development fund" can provide flexible funding solutions, ensuring sustainable and effective management of community resources.
The mobilization of community resources plays a crucial role in enhancing technical infrastructure and driving socio-economic development in rural areas However, existing mobilization mechanisms are not universally affordable or suitable for every region It is essential to propose tailored policy mechanisms that effectively attract and mobilize resources, providing a foundation for policymakers to consult and design practical solutions for successful implementation.
This research utilizes secondary statistics from reputable sources such as PAPI-2011, World Bank reports, and Vietnamese Government authorities, ensuring validity and reliability However, extending the research period to incorporate the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI – 2011) could enhance the credibility of the investment attraction mechanism involving community contributions for rural infrastructure in the Mekong River Delta This additional time would allow for a more thorough analysis and the collection of primary data through questionnaires and surveys, addressing challenges posed by the geographical dispersion of residents, varying levels of education, and the management capabilities of local officials.
1 Bureau of Statistics (2012), Census Results of Rural area, Agriculture and
Fisheries in 2011, Statistical Publishing House.
2 Central Steering Committee for National Target Program to construct new rural areas (2012), Preliminary report on 02 years of implementation of the
National Target Program to construct new rural areas of Can Tho City and Long
3 Communist Party of Vietnam (1991), Document of the Seventh National
Congress, The Truth Publishing House, Hanoi.
4 Communist Party of Vietnam (2006), Document of the Tenth National
Congress, The National Political Publishing House, Hanoi.
5 Decision No 491/QD-TTg dated April 16 th , 2009 of Prime Minister on national set of criteria on new rural development;
6 Decision No 71//2010/QD-TTg dated November 09, 2010 of Prime Minister, Article 3 - promulgating the Regulation on pilot investment in the public- private partnership form.
7 Decision No 800/QD-TTg dated August 04 th , 2010 of Prime Minister approving the national target program on building a new rural area;
8 Decree No 108/2006/ND-CP dated September 22 nd , 2006 of the Government detailing and guiding the implementation of a number of articles of the Investment Law;
Decree No 24/1999/ND-CP, issued on April 16, 1999, by the Government, establishes regulations for the mobilization, management, and utilization of voluntary contributions from citizens for the development of infrastructure in communes and district townships.
10 Department of Agricultural Economics (2007), Report on 5 years of industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas of the
Ministry of Planning and Investment.
11 Department of Agricultural Economics (8-2007), Report 2008 on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, Ministry of Planning and Investment,
12 Document of calling for investment of Economic Cooperation Forum of Mekong Delta Region, Source: http://www.mdec.vn
13 Finance Academy (9/2007), Textbook of public financial management, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi.
14 Franc Ellis (1995), Agricultural Policies in Developing Countries, Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.
15 General Plan for construction of Mekong Delta Region until 2020, orientations to 2030;
16 Government Statement on Implementation program of Resolution No 26/ NQ-TW of Southwest Steering Committee;
20 Master plan for socio-economic field of Mekong Delta Region until 2020 and orientations to 2030;
21 Ministry of Planning and Investment (9-2007), Draft of Law on Public
22 National Assembly Economic Committee (15/01/2009), Report on the results of monitoring the implementation of policies on investment in agricultural and rural infrastructure development from 2001 to 2007,
23 National Economics University (1996), Agricultural and rural areas policy analysis, Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.
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25 Pham Thi Tuy (2006), The impact of infrastructure development on poverty reduction, Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 332, January.
26 PhD Dang Kim Son (2008), Institute of Policy and Strategy for
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27 Planning Department (Feb 2009), Report on proposed policies to encourage investment in agriculture - rural area, Ministry of Agricultural
28 Prof PhD Hoang Ngoc Hoa (2008), agriculture, farmers and rural areas in the process of promoting industrialization and modernization in vietnam, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi
29 Report on effective index of provincial governance and public administration in 2011 - Source: http://papi.vn
30 Report on Provincial Competitiveness Index in 2011
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Vietnam, National Political Publishing House., Hanoi.
32 Urban Development Agency (2012), Annual Report on Urban
Development of Vietnam, Ministry of Construction, Hanoi.
33 Cesar Calderon, Luis Serven (2004), The Effects of Infrastructure
Development on Growth and Income Distribution, Draft for Discussion,
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Poor?- Evaluating Linkage: A Global View, A Focus on Vietnam, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University and the WorldBank, Vietnam.
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37 Kingsley Thomas (2004), The Role of Infrastructure in Development, The Lecture Programme 2004, The Development Bank of Jamaica.
38 Naoyuki Yoshino, Masaki Nakahigashi (2000), The Role of Infrastructure in Economic Development, Preliminary version, November.
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APPENDIX FIGURE - 1: Comparison of PAPI 2011 in some provinces/cities
(Report on effective index of provincial governance and public administration
APPENDIX FIGURE - 2: PAPI Table - 2011, weighted summary (confidence interval 95%)
APPENDIX FIGURE - 3: PAPI Table - 2011, non-weighted summary (confidence interval 95%)
(According to Report on Provincial Competitiveness Index in 2011)
APPENDIX FIGURE - 5: Ranking of Provincial Competitiveness Index in 2011
(According to Report on Provincial Competitiveness Index in 2011): (13/13 provinces, cities of Mekong Delta Region get good or higher competitiveness,two of them rank second among top five)
Since 2010, Vietnam has focused on rural development and infrastructure investment through the National Target Program for constructing new rural areas According to Decree No 41/2010/ND-CP, "rural" refers to regions outside urban areas, managed by local People's Committees Researchers envision a new rural model that combines modern scientific and technological advancements while preserving Vietnam's cultural and spiritual identity The aim is to create rural areas that are civilized, modern, and reflective of national identity, embodying the concept of a new rural Vietnam.
New rural areas represent a distinct evolution from traditional rural settings, characterized by five key elements: (i) a civilized and clean environment with modern infrastructure, (ii) a focus on sustainable development and production of goods, (iii) an improvement in the physical and spiritual well-being of rural residents, (iv) the preservation and development of ethnic cultural identities, and (v) a rural society marked by strong security and democratic governance.
New rural area has 3 basic functions: (i) the existing function is agricultural production, (ii) traditional ethnic cultural preservation function, (iii) the ecological and landscape function
The National Target Program for constructing new rural areas in Vietnam serves as a comprehensive framework encompassing various fields, including economic, political, social, security, and defense This program is designed to align with local socio-economic development plans and integrate existing initiatives to maximize effectiveness Funding sources include national target programs (23%), direct capital (17%), investment and trade credit (30%), contributions from enterprises and cooperatives (20%), and community contributions (10%) The successful implementation of this program demands significant time and effort, necessitating cohesive collaboration between central and local authorities, as well as active community participation.
Tựa đề: Huy động đầu tư từ cộng đồng địa phương cho xây dựng hạ tầng kỹ thuật nông thôn tại vùng Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long
Cấp độ: Luận v n t t nghi p c a Chương tr nh Thạc s Quản í công
Nhóm tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Hoài Thu
Giảng viờn hướng dẫn: TS Sven-Erik Svọrd
Ngày bảo vệ luận văn: 18/5/2013
Chính phủ Việt Nam nhận thức rõ vai trò quan trọng của cơ sở hạ tầng kỹ thuật trong phát triển kinh tế và ổn định an sinh xã hội, đã dành khoảng 9-10% GDP hàng năm để đầu tư cho phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng, đặc biệt tại khu vực nông thôn, nơi có hơn 66% dân số sinh sống và làm việc Tuy nhiên, việc phụ thuộc gần như hoàn toàn vào ngân sách quốc gia hạn hẹp và chưa huy động được nguồn đầu tư từ cộng đồng đã trở thành một thách thức lớn, điển hình là tại Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long (ĐBSCL) Nghiên cứu về chính sách thu hút đầu tư cho hạ tầng kỹ thuật nông thôn cho thấy việc huy động sự đóng góp của người dân thông qua cơ chế đầu tư cộng đồng sẽ là động lực quan trọng cho sự phát triển nông thôn tại vùng này Do đó, việc xác định các yếu tố chính về chính sách ảnh hưởng đến thu hút đầu tư từ cộng đồng và phân tích vai trò của cộng đồng trong các hoạt động này là cần thiết để đưa ra các khuyến nghị nhằm tăng cường thu hút đầu tư có sự tham gia của cộng đồng.
TÓM TẮT LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ QUẢN LÝ CÔNG
- Cộng đồng có vai trò như thế nào đ i với tham gia đầu tư xây dựng hạ tầng kỹ thuật nông thôn ở ĐBSCL?
- Và các yếu t chính nào về mặt cơ chế ảnh hưởng đến vi c thu hút đầu tư từ cộng đồng vào xây dựng các hạ tầng kỹ thuật ?
Mục tiêu và phạm vi của nghiên cứu
Bài viết này phân tích vai trò của cộng đồng trong việc thu hút đầu tư, đồng thời xác định các yếu tố chính về chính sách ảnh hưởng đến việc đầu tư từ cộng đồng vào hạ tầng kỹ thuật nông thôn tại vùng ĐBSCL Từ đó, nhóm tác giả đưa ra khuyến nghị về cơ chế tăng cường sự tham gia của cộng đồng trong xây dựng hạ tầng kỹ thuật nông thôn ở khu vực này.
Khung lý thuyết nghiên cứu:
