HAi n^hi Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe biin loan qudc DANH GIA TAI Lir(?NG CAC CHAT NHIEM Ttr KHU VlTC VEN BIEN Dl/A VAO VINH HA LONG - BAI TlT LONG Mp-yinThiPhirffngHoa Trin Dinh LSn Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng Bien Sd 246, Da Nlng, phd Hai Phdng Email: hnanp(aimer.ac.vn " ^ ' mn nay, mdi ndm vimg Vinh Ha Long - Bdi Tir Long (VHL - BTL)tiip nhdn khodng 43 nghin tin COD: nghin tdn BOD: 5.6 nghin tdn N-T: gan nghm tin P-T khoang 135 tin kim loai ngngva khodng 777,5 nghin tdn TSS: Du bao din ndm 2020, mdi ndm vimg Vinh se tiip nhgn khodng 37,7 nghin tdn COD: 5,2 nghin tin BOD: 5,2 nghin tin N-T: 2,7 nghin tan P-T, khodng 106 tdn kim logi ndng vd 736,5 nghin tdn TSS Khu virc Hg Lang - Cdm Phd dang vd se Id nai cung cap chinh cua hdu het cdc chit nhiim dua vdo VHL - BTL Mdi khu vuc Igi cung cdp cho vimg Vinh khodng 10% ting luong chit hiru ca, dinh dudng vd mgt lu(mg khong ddng ke cdc kim logi nang Din ndm 2020, tdi lugng cdc chit nhiem phat sinh se tdng khodng 1,2-2,3 lin so vdi hien tgi Tuy nhien, vimg nghien ciru se duac chii trgng ddu tu cdc cdng trinh xir ly nude thdi nen tdi lugng cdc chdt a nhiem du bdo dua vdo viing VHL - BTL hiu hit deu thdp han so vdi hien tgi (50-90%) Vi vay, de bdo ve mdi trudng nude VHL - BTL cdn chit trgng cdc gidi phdp cong nghe vd tdng cuang kiem sodt viec tuan thit han la han che cdc hogt dgngphdt triin ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL LANDBASED POLLUTION LOADS DISCHARGING INTO HALONG - BAI TU LONG BAYS Currently, Halong Bay - Bai Tu Lang annually receive approximately 43 thousand tons of COD: thousand tons of BOD: 5.6 thousand tons of N-T: nearly thousand tans of P-T: 135 tons df heavy metals and 777.5 thousand Ions of TSS To 2020 year, the estimated pollution loads will be 37.7 thousand tons of COD: 5.2 thousand tons of BOD: 5.2 thousand tans of N-T: 2.7 thousand tons of P-T: 106 tons of heavy metals and 736.5 thousand tons of TSS Ha Long - Cam Pha areas are and will be the provider of most of the pollutants into Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long nowadays Each other area contributes about 10 percent of the total organic matter, nutrients and a negligible amount quantity of heavy metals Estimated pollution loads in the coastal area in 2020 year increase about Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Mdi tru&ng vd qudn ly Bien 57 1.2- 2.3 times more than that ones nowadays However, the area will be invested wastewater treatment plants so all most of the estimated pollution loads of Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long are lower than that ones nowadays (0.5 0.9 times) So, to protect the Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long water environment need to focus on technological solutions and increased control more than limit develop Mff dau Quang Ninh la tinh cd trir lugng khoang san Idn, cd vi the quan trgng phat trien kinh t l va an ninh qudc phdng Quang Ninh cdn cd Khu Di san thien nhien the gidi Vinh Hg Long dang dugc de nghi md r0ng them khu vy:c Vjnh Bdi Tir Long Do vay, tinh Quang Ninh cd tiem nang phat trien kinh te rat Idn, dong thdi ciing dang va sg la noi phat sinh nhieu ngudn nhilm cd kha nang anh hudng manh d6n tai nguyen va mdi trudng vung VHL - BTL Danh gia tai lugng cac chat d nhiem cd kha nang dua viing vjnh d hi$n tai va du bao tdi nam 2020 nham cung cap co sd dii lieu dau vao cho viec danh gia va du bao siic tai mdi trudng ciia vimg nude VHL - BTL, dS xuat mgt sd dinh hudng cho phat triin b§n viing viing Tai lieu v^ phuong phap nghiSn c ^ 2.1 Pham vi nghien c&u Pham vi khdng gian nghien ciiu bao gdm huyen Yen Hung, phd Ha Long, huyen Hoanh Bd, thi xa Cam Pha va huy?n Van Ddn dugc coi la khu v\rc trgng diem phat trien cua tinh va la noi cd kha nan;g gdy anh hudng true tiep den chat luong nude vung VHL BTL Cac ngudn d nhilm dugc danh gia la cac ngudn nude thai sinh boat (tir dan cu va khach du lich), nude thai cdng nghiep, nude thai chan nudi, chat thai tir nudi trdng thuy san (nudi dam, Idng gian), ngu5n thai tir hoat dgng san lap mat bing ven biin va bim thai tryic tiep xudng Vinh Ha Long Trong dd, cac chat d nhiem gdm: cac chat him co (BOD, COD), dinh duong (P-T, N-T), mot sd kim loai nang (Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, As) va tdng chat ran lo limg (TSS) 2.2 Phicffngphdp nghien cu'u Danh gia tai lugng cac chat d nhiem tir khu vuc ven bien dua vao VHL - BTL dua tren cac phuong phap sau: - Phuong phap danh gia nhanh mdi trudng ven bien ^RACE) da dugc ap dung de xac dinh khu vuc trgng diem, lira chgn va kiem ke cac ngudn thai chii yeu cd kha nang anh hudng din mdi trudng viing Vinh jg Hoi nghi Khoa hgc va Cong nghe biin loan qudcja;llji!— - Udc tinh tai luong cac chit nhilm phat sinh tir cac ngudn dial theo cac p t a o ^ S P^^P nghien cih don nganS (sectorial smdy methods) cda UNEP da ap dung tiianh cong kilm ke cac ngudn d nhilm ven bd Dia Trung Hai [6] - Du bao tai luong nhilm phat sinh dua tren sd lieu quy ho,ch phat t r ^ n kinh te - xa hdi cua tinh, dianh phi, huyen, thi lien quan va cac quy hoach nganh, hnh vuc [5] - Danh gia tai luong d nhilm cd kha nang dua vimg Vinh tir cac nguon khac co the sir dung cdng thirc sau: IQij = ZQu pi.a> '••"' X R,j X (1 - H,j) Trong dd: ^ Q j " Tdng tai lupng cua chit i vao Vinh tir cac ngudn j ; IQ,j pMisinh - Ting tai lupng d nhilm i phat sinh til cac nguon j ; R,j - Ty le rira troi tuong ung vdi i va j ; H,j - Hieu suit xu ly tuong ung vdi i va j Ty le nia trdi cac chit d nhiem R,j dupe tinh bdi JICA, 1999 cho cac luu vuc ven bd Vinh Ha Long [4] Hij - Hieu suit xir ly tuong img vdi i va j duoc tinh theo tai lieu cua Trin Van Nhan, Ngo Thj Nga nam 2002 [3] 2.3 Tdi lieu Bai bao trinh bay cac kit qua nghiSn cim chinh cua chuyen d l "Danh gia, du bao tai luong d nhiem dua vao Vinh Ha Long - Bai Tir Long" thudc d l tai cip tinh Quang Ninh "Nghien cim danh gia sue tai moi trudng va de xuat cac giai phap quan ly, bao ve moi trudng Vinh Ha Long - Bai Tu Long" Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng Bien thuc hien nam 2008 Trong dd cd tham khao ket c^ua nghiln cuu ciia mpt sd d l tai, du an lien quan da tien hanh khu v\rc tir nam 1998 den [2,4,5], ngudn tai lieu thdng ke [1] va ngudn tai lieu dupe cap nhat tir cac sd, ban nganh, trang thdng tin dien tu- tinh Quang Ninh Ket qua va thao luan 3.1 Ket qud danh gid tdi luong o nhiem hien tai a) Tong tdi lugng nhiem phdt sinh hien tgi Vdi trinh dp phat trien nhu hien nay, khu vuc nghien cuu moi nam se phat sinh khoang: 70 nghin tin COD; 33 nghin tin BOD; 8,3 nghin t i n N-T; 2,7 nghin tin P-T, khoang 150 tin kim loai nang va khoang 824 nghin t i n chit rin lo lirng (80% tir hoat dpng dd bun thai true tiep Vinh Ha Long) Tai lugng cac chit d nhilm hiru co va dinh duong phat sinh nhieu nhit d khu vuc phd Ha Long, Yen Hung (20-35% tdng lupng thai), hep theo la Cim Pha, Hoanh Bd va Van Ddn Nguon phat sinh cac kim loai nang chii yen tir khu vuc khai thac than Cim Pha - Ha Long, dd tren 70% la tir khu vuc C i m Pha (bang 1) Tiiv ban Sinh thdi, Moi trtrdng vdqudnly Bien 59 Bdng Tong tdi lugng nhiem phdt sinh hien tgi Child nhiem COD BOD N-T P-T As Hg Pb Zn Cu TSS Hg Long 36,1 36,3 21,4 25,8 26,4 26,0 Ty le phat sinh tir cac khu vuc (%) Cdm Phd Vdn Don Hoanh Bo Yen Hung 26,0 6,5 9,8 21,6 17,9 7,7 12,7 25,4 9,7 20,8 19,4 28,7 15,7 9,9 16,1 32,4 73,5 72,4 16,7 16,7 83,3 83,3 16,7 83,3 10,3 3,9 - - - 1,0 1,9 2,8 Tdng (Tdn/ndm) 69.981,7 32.966,8 8.296,8 2.744,4 0,130 0,024 21,493 85,831 43,010 823.634* Chu thich: (-): Khong ddng ke; (*): Tinh cd lirang bun thdi Vinh b) Tong tdi licang nhiem co khd ndng dua vdo Vinh Hien tai, viec quan ly, kiem soat cac ngudn d nhiem (dac biet la nganh than) chua hieu qua Hau het cac nguon d nhilm chua dugc xu ly trudc xa mdi trudng Cac chat d nhiem vao VHL - BTL qua hai duong chinh la: rua trdi cac ngudn d nhilm (ngudn tap trung va ngudn phan tan) tren dat lien qua he thdng sdng, sudi, lach trieu dua Vinh; va true tiep (100%) cac chat d lihilm vao Vjnh tir cac hoat ddng cua dan cu, khach du lich, nuoi thiiy san d khu vuc sat duong bd hoac tren mat nude Vinh va dd bun thai Vinh Ket qua tinh toan d day la tai lugng nhiem tdi da cd kha nang dua vao Vinh tic nia trdi cac ngudn d nhiem tap trung va cac ngudn thai true tiep khu vuc nghien ciiu TIT cac nguon hien tai, moi nam VHL - BTL tiep nhan khoang 43 nghin tan COD; nghin tan BOD; 5,6 nghin tan N-T; gan nghin tan P-T, khoang 135 tan kim loai nang va khoang 777,5 nghin tan TSS (bang 2) Cac chat hiru ca va dinh duong dugc dua vao vimg Vinh nhieu nhat tir khu vuc phd Ha Long (khoang 30-60%), tiep theo la Hoanh Bd, Cam Pha va Van Ddn Khu vuc huyen Yen Hung mac du cd lugng chat hiru co va dinh duong phat sinh tuong ddi Idn nhimg ddng gdp vao Vinh chi khoang 5-10% tdng lugng dua vao tuong ling Cac kim loai nang dua vao Vinh chu yeu tir hoat dgng khai thac than d Cam Pha (chiem tren 70% tdng lugng vao) va phd Ha Long Lugng chat ran la limg dua vao Vinh Ha Long chu yiu hoat dgng dd bim thai va khai thac than d Cam Pha - Ha Long Hgi nghi Khoajmja,Cong nghe biin loan Bdng Z Ting tdi lugng nhiim Chit nhiem COD BOD N-T P-T JlS_ Zn Cu TSS Hg Long 47,2 28,8 35,8 16,7 16,7 quicj^'"" duavdomhtircdck^ Tv le dua v a o l u ^ a c k h u _ f f l c i ? : ^ —"V—*— Cdm Phd I : r^^ " u^^ u Rn 32,0 16,4 27,0 20,f 73,5 72,7 83,3 83,3 83,3 9,5 CAii thich: (-): Khdng ddng ke 3.2 Kit qui du bdo tai tuaiig a nhiim nam 2020 Dvra tren mot sd chi tieu quy hojch tdng thi phat triln kinh t l - xa hpi tinh Quang Ninh, dinh hudng phat triln cac nganh va cdc llnh vuc lien quan da du bao tai luong o nhiem phat sinh vao nam 2020 a) Tdi lugng nhiim phdt sinh vdo ndm 2020 Theo quy hoach phat triln kinh tl - xa hpi din nam 2020 khu vuc nghien cira se phat sinh khoang 116 nghin tin COD; 59 nghin tin BOD; 12,8 nghin than N-T; 4,7 nghin tin P-T, hon 300 tin kim loai nang cac loai va gin 961 nghin t i n TSS Nhin chung, khu vuc Ha Long vin la trpng dilm phat thai cac chat hiiu co, dinh duong (20-50%) va TSS (gan 80%), Cim Pha la noi phat thai chinh cac kim loai nang (tren 65%) va khu vuc Yen Hung dimg sau phd Ha Long vl lupng phat thai cac chit hiiu ca va dinh dudng (20-30%) bang 3) Bdng Du bdo tdi lugng nhiem phdt sinh tir cdc khu vuc ndm 2020 Chato nhiem COD BOD N-T P-T As Hg Pb Zn Cu TSS Ty le du bdo phat sinh tir cac khu virc (%) Ha Long Cam Pha Van Ddn Y.Hung H Bd 47,2 8,4 19,3 5,5 19,7 47,9 6,3 10,4 12,6 22,7 23,5 18,0 9,7 19,7 29,0 32,3 30,8 12,9 14,9 9,1 34,2 65,8 34,3 65,7 25,9 74,1 25,9 74,1 25,9 74,1 , 0,3 4,3 78,2 15,8 1,5 Chii Ihieh: (-): Khong ddng id Tong (Tdn/ndm) 115.963,8 ' 58.684,2 12.815,6 4.673,3 0,190 0,035 48,284 _i?M2 %j772 960.7,fi Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Mdi tnr&ng vd qudn ly Bien 61 b) Tong tdi luong nhiem dua vao vitng Vinh ndm 2020 Tai lugng cac chit d nhilm dua vao Vinh nam 2020 se phu thugc vao tinh trang quan ly, xir ly cac ngudn thai, kha nang diu tu ddi mdi cdng nghe, xay d\mg he thdng thu gom, xii ly chit thai va ty le nia trdi cac ngudn d nhilm timg khu vuc Theo ket qua du bao dugc trinh bay bang 4, moi nam vung Vinh se tiip nhan khoang 37,7 nghin tin COD; 5,2 nghin tin BOD; 5,2 nghin tin N-T; 2,7 nghin tin P-T, khoang 106 tan kim lo^ nang (Zn - 61 tan; Cu - 30 tin; Pb - 15 tin; As - 59 kg; Hg - 11 kg) va khoang 736,5 nghin tan TSS Cac chat huu co va dinh duong dua vao Vinh chu yiu tu khu vyc'thanh |)hd Ha Long, Cam Pha va Hoanh Bd, cac kim loai nang dua vao chu yiu van tir khu vuc CSm Pha (tr6n 60% cac loai) va Ha Long, TSS chii yeu tu hoat ddng bim thai va mgt phan tir hoat ddng khai thac than d Cam Pha - Ha Long Bdng Tong tdi lu^g nhiim dua vdo Vinh tic cdc khu vice Chato nhilm COD BOD N-T P-T As Hg Pb Zn Cu TSS Ty If lupng nhiem dy bao dua vao Vjnh tir khu vyc (%) Ha Long Cam Pha Van Ddn Hoanh Bd Yen Hung 31,4 42,6 7,9 11,5 6,5 40,1 25,1 10,2 16,6 8,0 30,2 25,8 11,8 23,4 8,7 11,6 42,5 18,9 9,9 17,1 33,9 66,1 36,4 63,6 26,0 74,0 25,9 74,1 25,9 74,1 0,3 0,6 0,2 92,6 6,3 Tong (tdn/ndm) 37.672,3 5.173,4 5.217,5 2.671,3 0,059 0,011 15,210 60,832 30,483 736.486 Chu thich: (-): Khong ddng ke 3.3 So sanh tdi luwig nhiem liien tai vd d^r bdo Ket qua so sanh d barig cho thay tai lugng cua hau het cac chat d nhilm phat sinh khu vuc nam 2020 se tang tir 1,2-2,3 lin so vdi hien Tuy nhien, theo Quy hoach bao ve mdi trudng, vimg nghien cuu se dugc chii trgng dau tu cac cdng trinh xir ly nude thai (du kien cho cac phuong phap xur ly don gian, it tdn kem nhu lang so cip, be tu hoai, bim ho^t tinh ), tai lugng cac chit d nhiem du bao dua vao vung Vinh nam 2020 hau het dSu thip han so vdi hien tai (0,5 - 0,9 lin hien tai), trir dinh dudng phdt cao hon 1,4 lin, cac phuong phap xu \^ P-T dat hieu suit thip UAi „M Khoa hoc va Cong nghe biin loan quocJajU 62 Bdng So sdnh tdi lugng nhiim hien tgi vdubda a Chita nhiem COD BOD N-T P-T As Hg Pb Zn Cu TSS Phat sinh 69981,7 32966,8 8296,8 2744,4 0,130 0,024 21,493 85,831 43,010 823634,0 Nam 2020 (tan/nim) Vao Vinh 37672,3 5173,4 Vao Vinh 43447,2 9257,8 5565,7 1977,7 0,117 0,022 19,343 Phat sinh 115963,8 58684,2 12815,6 4673,3 0,190 0,035 77,248 38,708 777454,9 193,12 96,772 960716,4 48,284 D.bao/Hifn tai Phat sinh Vao Vinh 1,7 1,8 0,9 0,6 1,5 0,9 0,059 1,7 1,5 ' 1,4 0,5 0,011 15,210 1,5 2,2 0,5 60,832 2,3 2,2 0,8 0,8 1,2 0,9 5217,5 2671,3 30,483 736486,0 0,8 Ket luan Hi?n nay, tron^ khu vuc ven bien VHL - BTL mdi nam phat sinh khoang: 70 nghin tin COD; 33 nghin tan BOD; 8,3 nghin tin N-T; 2,7 nghin tin P-T; khoang 150 tin kim loai nang va khoang 824 nghin tin TSS Trong dd, lupng cac chit d nhilm dua vao vimg Vinh khoang 43 nghin tin COD; nghin tin BOD; 5,6 nghin tin N-T; gin nghin tin P-T, khoang 135 tan kim loai nang (Cu - 38,7 tin; Zn - 77,2 tin; Pb - 19,3 tin; As - 117 kg; Hg - 22 kg) va khoang 777,5 nghin tin TSS Dtf bdo din nam 2020 khu vuc ven biln moi nam se phat sinh khoang 116 nghin tan COD; 59 nghin tan BOD; 12,8 nphin tin N-T; 4,7 nghin tin P-T, hon 300 tin kim loai nSng cac loai va khoang 961 nghin tan TSS Tuong ling vdi lupng chit d nhiem phat sinh, vung Vinh mdi nim se tiep nhan khoang 37,7 nghin tin COD; 5,2 nghin tin BOD- nghin tan N-T; 2,7 nghin tan P-T, khoang 106 tin kim loai nang va 736,5 nghin tin TSS ' p u vuc Ha Long - Cim Pha dang va se la noi cung cip chu ylu hiu hit cac chit d iJuem dua vao VHL - BTL Mdi khu vuc cdn Iai cung cip cho vimg Vinh khoang 10% tong lupng chat hiru ca, dinh duong va mpt lupng khdng dang kl cac kim loai nang Du bao den nam 2020, ciing vdi da tSng trudng kinh tl - xa hdi tai luong cac chit d i^iem phat smh d khu vuc ven bd Vjnh Ha Long - Bai Tu Long se tang khoang - lan hien tai Tuy nhien chi vdi cac bien phap xir ly dan gian, it tdn kem, tai luong 'nia trdi tuong ung cua hau het cac chat d nhilm dua vao viing Vinh Iai giam dang kl so vdi hien tai (con khoang 0,5 - 0,9 lan) Vi vay, dl bao ve mdi trudng nude VHL - BTL cin ciiu trpng cac giai phap cdng nghe va tSng cudng kilm soat viec tuan diii ban la han chi ,.i, hoat ddng phat trien ' ' ^^^ Tiiu ban Sinh thdi, Moi tnr&ng vd qudn ly Bien TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Cue Thdng ke tinh Quang Ninh, 2007 Nien giam Thdng ke tinh Quang Ninh nam 2006 NXB Thdng ke Ha Ngi, 2007 Nguyen Dinh Hoe, 1997 Bao cao chuyen de: "Tac dgng ciia hoat dgng khai thac than den mdi trudng vimg bien ven bd phd H^ Long (tu Bai Chay den Ciia Ong)" Thugc de tai "Danh gia tac dgng mdi trudng ciia hoat ddng khai thac tiian Quang Ninh" Trin Van Nhan, Ngo Thi Nga, 2002 Giao trinh cdng nghe xii ly nude thai NXB KHKT,HaNgi,2002 JICA, 1999 Nghien ciiu quan ly mdi trudng Vinh Ha Long Du thao bao cao cudi cimg Tap III, Bao cao bd trg Luu d Vien Tai nguyen va mdi trudng biin UBND tinh Quang Ninh, 2007 Bao cao tdng ket "Quy hoach bao ve mdi trudng vimg H^ Long - cim Pha - Yen Hung den nam 2010 va dinh hudng din n5m 2020" Quyen l,2va3 UNEP, 1984 Pollutants from land-based resources in the Mediterranean UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No 32 Ngu-di dgc nhan xet: TS NguySn Thi ^§t Lien ... most of the estimated pollution loads of Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long are lower than that ones nowadays (0.5 0.9 times) So, to protect the Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long water environment need to focus on... kinh t l va an ninh qudc phdng Quang Ninh cdn cd Khu Di san thien nhien the gidi Vinh Hg Long dang dugc de nghi md r0ng them khu vy:c Vjnh Bdi Tir Long Do vay, tinh Quang Ninh cd tiem nang phat... cac chat d nhiem tir khu vuc ven bien dua vao VHL - BTL dua tren cac phuong phap sau: - Phuong phap danh gia nhanh mdi trudng ven bien ^RACE) da dugc ap dung de xac dinh khu vuc trgng diem, lira