Tổn thất điện năng và giải pháp giảm tổng thất điện năng

E] KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE row THAT DIEN NANG VA CAC GIAI PHAP GIAM T6N THAT DIEN NANG Lifi tda soan: Trong hai nam 2013 va 2014, Hoi Dien life Viet Nam dUge giao nhiem vu thue hien de tdi "Nghiin cdu dnh hudng chdt lugng dien nang den hieu qud sd dung dien" khudn kho Chuang trinh mue tieu Qudc gia ve sddung nang lugng tUt kiem vd hieu qud De tdi GS VS TSKI-i Trdn Dinh Long, Phd Chu tfch Hoi Idm ehu nhiem Degiup ddc gid nam dugc thong tin ve de tdi Tap chise lan lugt gidi thieu vi muc tiiu, ede ndi dung nghien cdu, cung nhu cdc kit qud eda de tdi Trong cdc sd thdng 1,2,4,8 ndm 2014, Tda soan da gidi thieu ve mot sd noi dung eua bien thiin diin dp ddi han, bien thien diin dp ngdn han, dao dong dien dp va qud dien dp, cdc dnh hudng eua ehung len chdt lugng dien ndng eung nhu cac gidi phdp de khde phue Trong so ndy, Tda soan tiep tuc gidi thieu vdi doc gid ve cdc ndi dung tiep theo lien quan den chat luang diin nang, cu the Id ve ton thdt dien ndng vd cdc gidi phdp nham Idm gidm ton thdt dien ndng 11.1 Khai niem chung ve t o n thatdiSn nang 11.1.1 Cac dinh nghia tQ DA - la TTON tren phan tQ thdi gian T (dien tich gidl han bdi DP(t) va cac true toa dd nhQ hinh 2.1) Tdn that dien nang (TTDN) he thdng dien (HTD) ndi chung I i chenh lech giQa iQpng dien n i n g sin x u l t tQ ngudn dien va iQpng dien nang dQpc rieu thu tai phy t i i mdt khoing thdi gian nhat djnh Trong thi trUdng dten, TTDN t r l n mdt ludi dten I i sU chenh lech giQa iQpng dien nang di vao iudi dien (bao gdm tQ eae ngudn dien va tU cie ludi dien lan can) v i lupng dien nang di khdi ludi dien (bao gom d p cho phu t i i cua ludt dien hoac di sang cac khu vuc ludi dien lan can) mdt khoang thdi gian nhat djnh Khoing thdi gian xic djnh TTDN thudng la mdt ngiy, mdt t h i n g hoic mdt n i m thudc muc dich hoac cdng cu xac djnh TTDN TTDN tren mdt phan tQ cd the xic djnh bdng cich ludng hoac tfnh t o i n nhusau: AA = /;AP(t)dt ^^^^ Trong dd: DP{t) - la ham theo thdi gian ciia tdn that edng suat tren phan 16 iBien A Bo^'§ong Hinh 2.7 Ton thdt edng sudt vd TTDN 11.1.2 Phan loai t d n t h a t Theo pham vi q u i n ly cd TTDN tren lUdi dten truyen t i i va TTDN tren iQdi dien p h i n phdi.Ty leTTDN HTD chu yeu d iQdi p h i n phdi dien Theoquan diem kinh doanh dien, TTON tren HTD dQpc phin hai loai Ii TTON ky t h u i t va TTDN thuong mai (hay I i phi ky thuat) a)TTON ky thudt: la TTDN rinh chat vat ly cita q u i trinh t i i dien nang gay Loai tdn t h i t khdng t h i loai bd h o i n todn m i ehi cd t h i han che d mQe dp hpp ly Cy the hOn, tdn t h i t ky thuat cung cd t h i chia hai dang nhUsau: b)TTDN phu thudc vdo dong dien: la tdn t h i t phdt ndng cic phan tQ ed t i i ddng dten, phu thudc vao cQdng dp ddng dien vd dien trd t i c dung cua phan tif C6 the xem d i y la ton that dpe Diy Id t h i n h phan chfnh dQpc tinh den TTON ky thuat c)TTDN phu thudc vdo dien dp; bao gdm tdn that khdng t i i cita miy b i i n ap (MBA), tdn t h i t vang quang dien, tdn that rd dien (cich dien khdng tdt), tdn that mach til cda cie t h i l t bj iQdng Day eo the xem la tdn t h i t ngang d) TTDN thuong mai: I i lUong TTON trdn HTD khdng lien quan den tinh ehat vat ly eiia qua trinh t i i dien nang Nguyen nhdn la vin de quan ly HTO Bdi vay, khdng the gidi quyet bdng d e bien p h i p ky thuat m i ehi cd the dung d c bien phdp q u i n ly kinh doanh Mdt sd trudng hop cd t h i phin lo?i de x i c dinh TTDN d k h i u nao, tQdd cd bien phdp xQ ly Vi du TTON khdng dQpc do, didn nang khdng dope vao hda don, khdng dupc t r i riln hoac chdm t r i tien TTDN thQOng mai chit y l u x i y d IQdi didn phan phdt KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE Q 11.13 V i n 6i xdc dinh ton that dien nang Nhin chung, khdng cd d e h xie djnh chfnh xac TTDN Cd nhilu nguyin nhdn, nhung chu yeu la vi thieu thdng tin he thdng ludng chiia day dCt v i ddng bd, sd lieu v l ludt dien vd phu tdi khdng ehfnh x i c Bdi viy, thyc c h i t viee xie dtnh TTON I i ddnh g(d hoac du ddo T70W Tren ludi dien truyen tdi, he thdng thdng rin va t u ddng hda thudng p h i i ddy dd de d i m b i o mue rilu q u i n ly van hdnh an toan, tdi Qu Cung nhd dd, viee ludng v i d i n h gid TTDN chinh xac hon Doi vdi ludi dien phan phdi, cdc he thdng thdng rin ludng, giam sat nhin ehung ddn giin, khdi iQpng, ehung loai t h i l t bj da dang, nen vile d i n h gid chfnh xicTTDN khd khan hon nhieu Bdi vl TTON HTD ehii yeu nam d iQdi dien p h i n phdi, n I n y l u d u x i c djnh TTDN chii yeu dat ddi vdi bd phan iQdi TTDN ludi dien p h i n phdi nhd hon 10% duoc coi i i c h i p n h i n duoc Neu TTDN tren 15% tQc la ty le TTDN thQong mai la dang k l , dd can tfnh t o i n phan TTDN ky t h u i t di d i n h g i i mQe dp tdn that thuong mai Ben canh dd viec xic djnh TTDN cung se cho mdt bQc tranh chung v l ty I& TTDN giQa cic bd p h i n iQdi didn v i cic khu vUc phy t i i d l tQ dd cd the de x u l t d c g i i i p h i p g i i m TTDN mdt cich hieu q u i tren ludi dien 11.1.4 Thil^t bi dien nang SQ dyng t h i l t bi d i i n ning Ii mdt nhQng cich d l d i n h g i i TTDN Thiet bi dien nang thudng gpi Id cdng to bao gdm edng to t i c dung (do kWh) va cdng to p h i n khing (do kVArh) Cdng to lien tyc dien i p v i ddng dien tQc thdt, tinh t o i n tich sd ciia hai dat iQpng rdi tieh hpp theo thdi gian d4 tinh trj sd dien nang can Ddi vdi t i i nhd, iQdi i p , cdng td cd the lay trQc t i l p ddng dten v i dien i p tQ mach cin Ddi vdt iudi cao i p , ddng dien phu t i i Idn, edng to lay ddng dien v i dien i p tQ thQ d p cic m i y b i i n ddng dien va bien dien ap Theo edng nghe che tao cd hai loat cdng td bao gdm cdng to dien tQ vd cdng to dien tQ o Cdng Wd/en fir Clu true CO b i n ciia mdt cdng to dien tQ bao gdm ba phdn: i mach vao gdm ddng dien va d i i n i p , ii co cau cudn d i y ddng, i p v i dTa quay tUong tU mdt ddng eo (hinh 5.2) vd ill co c l u dem va hien thi Cdng to lam viec dUa t r l n nguyen ly earn Qng dien tQ.TQtrudng eiia cudn dien i p c i m Qng tao ddng dien xody (Eddy current) dia (iam b i n g vat lieu khdng n h i l m tQ, nhung dan dien, thudng I i nhdm) Ddng d t i n ndy tuong t i c vdi tQ trQdng ciia cudn ddng dien sinh md men l i m dTa quay Cudn n g i n mach lam t i n g md men quay eiia dia vd bii iQc c i n ma sit tat cac gdt dd Nam c h i m vTnh cdu se ham v i tri tdc dp quay cita dia ty I I vdi iQpng dien n i n g qua cdng to True quay dia se dope ndi vdi bd b i n h rdng d l chuyin phep d i m v i h i l n thi Cuon dong di$n G&\ So dirai Hinh 2.2 Cdu true nguyen ly eua cong ta dien ca Tdn that cdng suit tren cudn dien ap rat nhd, cd 2W Tdn that tren cudn ddng dien ty I I vdi ddng diin, nhUng nhin chung cung nhd, chi cd vai W Cdng to dien tQ ed the gap mdt sd sai sd nhu sai sd phu tai khdng can bang diing cdng to ba pha, sai sd dia cdng to tU quay kht chi cd dien ap d i t v i o cdng td v i khdng cd t i i b Cong ta dien td Cdng td dien tQ, gpi la cdng td tTnh, b i i n ddi ddng dten v i dien i p dUdc tren mach dien dang sd, xQ ly tin hieu sd de tinh t o i n nhieu dai iupng lien quan khic v i hien tht t r l n man dang LED hoac LCD Cdng td dien tUtich hdp rat nhieu rinh nang cho phep dac d i l m rieu thu dten ciia phu t i i nhu thdt gian sQ dyng (TOU), cdng suit cUc dai, cic tham sd ddng dien, dien i p , he sd cosj.DTPT, cung nhu iUu trQ v i ket ndi, doc sd lieu tQxa Yeu d u v l ton that va sai sd ciia edng td dien tQ (tTnh), cap chinh xic Class v i dQpc quy djnh bdi tieu chuan IEC 62053-21, 2003 nhU sau Ve tdn that cdng suit, ton that tren mach i p va mach ddng kht ndi trUc t i l p vdi mach sd d p hoic ndi vdi mach thU d p ciia bien ddng dien va b i i n dien i p d i l u kien tieu chuln (mat ddi xUng dien ap va ddng dten: ± % , dd lich tan sd: ±0,3%, tdng dd bien dang sdng (TDH) ddng va i p : 2%, nhiet 23±2''C) khdng vUdt qua cic gia tri d bing 2.1 Bdng 2.1 Tieu hao cdng sudt cua cdng to Cdc mach Mach ap Mach ddng Cong to ndi stf cap Cdng to ndi thd cifp 2W v i i OVA 0,5VA Class 1:4VA, Class 2,5VA V I sai sd ciia cdng to, cd nhilu yeu td i n h hudng Cic bdng 2.2, bing 2.3 v i bing 2.4 tdm t i t cic qui djnh v l sai Bien Jk Bai mng\ \j E!] KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE sd cdng t o theo tQng y l u td i n h hudng che dp xdc lap (de xet dnh hudng den TTDN): ddng dien tdi, nhiet dp lam viec va d c chi rieu ehat lupng dien ndng (CLDN) Bang 2.2 Sai so cho phep theo ddng diin tdi Gidi liar sai % Dong dien tai cosj Noi thu'cap N6i s a cap Class Class Cong ttf plia 0,05I,_