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NGUYEN GIANG PHUC Ong dung cdng nghe Biogas trong ndng hd UMG DUNG CONG NGHE BIOGAS TRONG NONG HO TAI MOT SO HUYEN CUA HA GIANG Nguyen Giang Phuc'''''''', Vu Ngoc Hung^, Vu Chi Cuang'''' va Jean Charles Mailla[.]
NGUYEN GIANG PHUC - Ong dung cdng nghe Biogas ndng hd UMG DUNG CONG NGHE BIOGAS TRONG NONG HO TAI MOT SO HUYEN CUA HA GIANG Nguyen Giang Phuc'', Vu Ngoc Hung^, Vu Chi Cuang' va Jean Charles Maillard, ' Vien Chan nuoi; ^Sd nong nghiep tinh Ha Giang; ^Co van DUan Biodiva *Tac gia lien he: ThS Nguyen Giang Phuc; Bp mon dinh dudng va che bien thdc an Vien Chan nuoi - Thuy Phuang - TU Liem - Ha Noi DT: (04)8 386.126/0976.124.854 ; Fax : 04.8 389.775 : Email: phucnguyengiang@yahoo.com TOM TAT l^ng dung cong nghe Biogas nong ho tai mot sd huyen cua Ha Giang Ha Giang la tinh mien nui phia Bac, 3/4 dien tich la rUng nui thuan tien viSc phat trien chan nuoi gia sue an co va cac loai dong vat khac Do dieu kien kinh te va tap quan chan nuoi phSn tan, nho le, chuong nuoi gan nha nen giai quyet nan nhilm mdi trudng la can thiet Mat khac khai thac ri/ng lay cui cho sinh hoat dang dien qua muc Du an ung dung cdng nghe biogas cac hd ndng dan la mdt giai phap tich cue de tan dung chat thai chan nudi thu ddt sinh hoc va giam thieu d nhiem mdi trudng Du an da tien hanh xdy dung 89 md hinh ham biogas ndng hd tai Ha Giang va chuyen giao cdng nghe xay dung mdi cho ndng dan budc dau da thu dugc ket qua kha quan D A T VAN DE Chan nudi phdt then tren td't ca cae vung eua da't nude, tdng san phd'm eua ngdnh ehan nudi ehiem 22,4% tdng thu cua todn ngdnh ndng nghiep Tuy nhien chat thai ehan nudi dang gay d nhidm mdi trudng tdi nguyen rdng edng can kiet Sd ly chat thai ehan nudi bang cdng nghe Biogas dang dupc tap trung giai quyet tai td't ca cac tinh ca nuPc Cong nghe Biogas la chddng trinh da mue tieu Tan dung chat ddt phuc vu sinh hoat, giam nhe cdng viee npi trp eho phij nd Chat thai biogas tudi eho cdy trdng, han ehe mam benh eho nguoi vd gia sua Chdng chat phd rdng lay cui, gdp phan bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai Ha giang Id mpt ti'nh mien ndi phia Bac, dien tich da't tu nhien 7884 km^ dd 3/4 Id nui eao vd rdng Trong nhung nam gan ddy nhd ehinh saeh dinh canh djnh cu cua Chinh phu md kinh te ndi chung vd ehan nuoi ndi rieng dupe phat then, ehiem 50 -70% ty trpng san xua't ndng nghiep (nam 2007) day, ehan nudi dai gia sde (trdu, bd, de vd ngua) phdt trien tdt Tdng ddn trdu bd 203700 con, ngua 13990 con, lan 308000 con, hang nam suat ban tinh ngodi 11.000 trdu bd va de (trang thdng tin dien tu tinh Hd Giang 10/2007) Thu nhap td ehan nudi eua ngudi ddn dd tang len Tuy nhien, tap qudn ehan nudi edn lac hau, nan chat phd rdng lay cui edn didn phd bien, ddi sdng nhdn ddn edn khd khan Do vay, mdi trudng sdng bi d nhiem gia sue d gan nhd, rdng bi tdn phd lam can kiet tdi nguyen vd thudng xuyen gay bdo Id, hau khae nghiet 179 VIEN C H A N NUOI - Tap chi Khoa hoc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So dgc biet-Thang 2-2008 Trong khuon khd du an "Oanh gid vd phat huy tiem nang Da dang sinh hpc dpng vat nudi vd dpng vat hoang da "(BIODIVA) Chinh phu Phap tdi trp, ehung toi tien hdnh de tdi nghien cuu then khai "Phdt huy gia tri eua phdn vd nude thai chan nudi de phat then edng nghe Biogas nong hp tai Hd Giang" Mue tieu ehung Xay dung md hinh vd phat trien edng nghe phd hpp eho ede hp chan nudi nham gdp phan bao ve mdi trudng sinh thdi vd tan dijng ddt sinh hpe phuc vu sinh hoat Muc tieu cu the Xdy dung cde md hinh diem phu hpp vPi quy md ehan nudi eua ndng hp, tri he thdng hoat dpng ben vung Ddo tao dpi ngd thp xdy dung lanh nghe de tuyen truyen vd phdt trien edng nghe vdng VAT LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ Npi dung nghien edu Khao sdt ehpn diem xdy dung md hinh trinh didn - hp Nghien cdu vd lua ehpn quy trinh xay dung thieh hpp vdi dieu kien tu nhien vd xa hpi eija ndng hp tai huyen Quan Ba vd Vj Xuyen Tap huan ky thuat eho ndng ddn ed nhu eau dp dung edng nghe (tham quan, hpe ly thuyet vd van hdnh sddijng Ddo tao dpi ngu thp xdy dung Idnh nghe de dp dtjng eong nghe tai dja phuang Chi dao then khai md rdng md hinh ehan nudi tai eae huyen Quan Ba, Vj Xuyen, Yen Minh, Meo Vac, Hodng Su Phi vdi 80 hp Tdng ket, bao eao va kien nghi Phddng phap nghien edU va phat trien eong nghe Dieu tra, phdng van ndng ddn ve quy md ehan nudi, hien trang vd giai phdp xd ly phdn vd nude thai ehan nudi, nhu eau vd chat ddt sinh hoat, phong tue tap qudn Thiet ke mo hinh ham biogas, tren ca sd md hinh cua Trung Qudc eai tien eho phu hpp vdi dieu kien kinh te vd tu nhien d vung nui thieu nude sinh hoat Tap huan eho ndng ddn nguyen ly u phdn yem khi, ky thuat xdy dung, van hdnh, tu bao duong he thdng, ddo tao thp ky thuat chuyen xdy dung ham biogas tai dja phuang de md rpng md hinh KET QUA VA THAO LUAN Vednh hinh phat trien ehan ndol, eae giai phap xdly phan va chat thai ehan ndol Ket qua dieu tra tren 224 hp tai huyen eho tha'y: Tat ea cae hp dieu tra deu ed nudi nhieu loai gia sue, gia cam nhu: lpn, gd, thuy cam, trdu, bP, de 180 NGUYEN GIANG PHUC - ifng dung cdng nghe Biogas ndng hg Tap qudn ehan nudi eon lac hau, thdc an da phan tu eung tu cap Chudng trai chan nudi xdy dung dan gian, benh djeh thudng xuyen xd'y Bang 1: Tinh hinh phdt then ehan nudi nong hp tai diem dieu tra Diem dieu tra Sdhp Trong dd Nudi lpn Tile% Lpn,trdu,bP Tl le % Lpn, de trdu, bd Tile% Quan Ba 64 11 17,2 40 62,5 13 20,3 Vj Xuyen 98 13 13,3 79 80,6 6,1 Yen Minh 42 7,2 35 83,3 9,5 HodngSu Phi 20 18 90,0 10,0 224 27 172 76,8 25 11,2 12,0 Ve quy md chan nuoi, hau het cde hp deu chdn nudi nhd, ehi cd trang trai nudi lpn nhieu han 30 eon vd hp nuoi nhieu han 20 eon trdu bd Sd hp ehan nudi lpn ehiem ti le 96,4% ; Trong dd, khdng nhieu hp phdt then ehan nudi hdng hod ed sd dung thdc an eong nghiep, da phan ehan nudi nhd le eung cap eho gia dinh, hp hdng vd bdn trang trai chi tieu sinh hoat ehiem 60,7% Bang 2: Quy mo chan nudi tai ede hp dieu tra Diem dieu tra Chdn nudi trdu bd, de Sd Chan nuPi lpn Hp 10 eon Khdng nudi 1-3 4-10 11-30 eon eon Khdng nuoi Quan Ba 64 42 18 50 Vj Xuyen 98 46 49 78 10 Yen Minh 42 32 10 32 5 HodngSu Phi 20 16 13 Vetlnh hinh xdly chat thai chan ndoi va tieu thu cui eho sinh hoat Hdu het cae hp chdn nudi deu khdng cd bien phdp xu ly phdn vd nudc thai gia sue ma ehi thu gom thdnh ddng de dem di bdn rupng Mpt sd it hp xdy be chda phdn vd nude thai (Yen Minh, Vj Xuyen) ciJng khdng lam giam d nhiem 181 VIEN C H A N N U O I - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So d d c biet-Thdng 2-2008 Bang 3: Tieu thiJ chat ddt ndng hp Sdhd Diem dieu tra Sudung cu i ddt kg/ngdy/hp BQ/ngdy Cao Tha'p Gid cui d/kg Chi phi d/thdng Quan Ba 64 20,8 48 14 1.100 686.000 Vj Xuyen 98 16,2 36 1.200 583.000 Yen Minh 42 12,9 42 1.500 580.000 Hodng Su Phi 20 15,5 34 10 1.300 604.000 Tuy nhien, ed khoang 70% sd hp nudi lpn tren nen gach xdy eho nen ed dieu kien ora ehudng trai, dieu thuan Ipi eho viee then khai xay dung ham biogas Tarde du an tien hdnh todn tinh ed khoang han 30 ham biogas da dupe xdy tu nhieu ngudn khde du nhap vdo tinh vd quy trinh edng nghe eung khdng thdng nha't Tinh trang hoat dpng eua cdc ham cung rat khae nhau, dd ed ham khdng hoat dpng Dieu tra ve sd dung khai thac vd sCr dung cui ddt phue vu sinh hoat nong hp eho thd'y: Tinh trang khai thae qua mde da dan den khan hiem ngudn, gid thdnh eui ddt eao (Yen Minh 1500 1600d/kg, Vj xuyen 1200 -1300 d/kg), nhieu hp dan khai thae edy bui, cd khd vudn ldm chat ddL Nghien edu cai tien eong nghe Biogas Trong dieu kien ehan nudi nhd Id, phdn tan, ede huyen vung eao ndi dd thuPng thieu nudc sinh hoat vdo mua Dong Xudn (tu thdng 10-3 ndm sau) Nghien edu eai tien edng nghe nham keo ddi thdi gian hoat dpng cua ham biogas ndm vd tudi thp eua edng nghe Id rat can thiet Sd dd he thdng Ve eau true cua be phdn huy dupc xdy dung bang beton cdt thep, ed thiet bj chdng pha vang, cdc be nap phdn, be thuy luc tuang dng vd be chua nude thai it nha't bang 1/2 be phdn huy nham tai bd sung nude eho be phdn huy mua khd thieu nude Gas ve bep Chudng nuoi Be biogas 182 Be dp Be chda lue nude thai NGUYEN GIANG PHUC - tdng dung cdng nghe Biogas ndng hd Ket qua xay ddng md hinh trinh dien va phat trien eong nghe Tieu ehi: Hp gia dinh cd chdn nudi thudng xuyen (trdu, bo, lpn); Cd ngudn nude sinh hoat eung cap it nhat den thdng/ndm Bang 4: Nang suat gas vd hieu qua sd dtjng Dung tieh be Lupng phan Lupng nudc vdo/ Nang sua't gas Thdi gian ddt Phdnhuy(m') vdo/ngdy(kg) ngdy(kg) M^gdydem (be'p/ngdy)h 6-8 10-25 30-60 2,5-2,7 bep X 5h 10-12 20-40 50-90 3,5-3,6 bep X h 15-16 50-70 100-180 5,2-5,4 bep X - h 18-20 100-120 200 - 300 6,5-6,8 2bepX12h Da tien hdnh dieu tra vd tinh hinh chan nudi vd quan ly chd't thai nong hd vdi han 200 hd tai cde huyen cua tinh Hd Giang Tien hdnh xdy dung md hinh trinh didn theo de cuang du dn da dupc duyet: Vj Xuyen ed hp, Quan Ba hp (du an hd trp todn bp), tdng sd 86m3 be phdn huy vd be chua nuPe thai tuang dng Xay dung 97 md hinh biogas tai cdc huyen Quan Ba: 15, Vi xuyen 57, Yen Minh 9, Hodng Su Phi 8, Meo Vac md hinh Bang 5: Chi phi xdy dung, hieu qua kinh te vd thdi gian sd dijng (Gid thdi diem ndm 2007) Dung tieh be phdn huy m^ Chi phi xdy dung (tr.VND) Tiet kiem cui 1000 VND/thang Thdi gian thu hdi vdn Thdi gian su dung (nam) 6-8 2,7-3,2 100-120 3,5 -4 nam 10-12 3,6-4,0 160-190 3,5 nam >20 >20 15-16 5,4-5,8 200-230 nam >20 18-20 6,8-7,2 250-300 nam >20 Tat ea cdc md hinh Biogas hien tai sd dung tdt cho viec nd'u an, thap sdng, nhieu md hinh ed quy md 10 - 15m3 edn gas de nd'u edm lpn Binh qudn, ude tinh mdi hp ed ham Biogas tiet kiem chat ddt dupe 100-300 ngdn ddng/thang Tap huan chuyen giao eong nghe, dao tao thd chuyen xay ddng De dat duac muc tieu cua du an va thdng nha't quy trinh ky thudt xay dung, du dn Biogas Ha Giang da tien hanh td chuc hai Idp tap huan ky thudt ve cdng nghe Biogas tai huyen Quan Ba vd Vi Xuyen Tdng sd ed 88 hoe vien tham du, cde hpe vien dupc tham quan md hinh, hpe ly thuyet, xem phuang phap xdy dung vd nghe hudng dan van hanh, su dung an toan he thdng Ddng thdi du dn da ket hpp vPi Trung tdm khuyen ndng tinh vd Tram khuyen ndng cdc huyen, td ehde, dao tao dpi ngu tha ky thudt xay dung tdng sd 32 ngudi Bao gdm; Huyen Quan Ba doi tho xdy dung tdng sd 12 ngudi, huyen Vj Xuyen dpi tha xdy dung tdng sd 14 ngudi; Huyen Hodng Su Phi va Meo 183 VIEN C H A N N U O I - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So ddc biet-Thdng 2-2008 Vac mdi huyen dpi ngudi Dpi ngu ndy dang xdy dung eae md hinh phat trien md rpng cdng nghe Biogas tren dja bdn KET LUAN VA DE NGHI Ket ldin Trong dieu kien khd han vdo mua Ddng Xudn vd hau khae nghiet, edng nghe biogas hodn todn cd the hoat dpng dn djnh, ndng suat gas vdn dat dupe 0,30-0,35 m3/m3 djeh phdn huy/ngdy dem S(!r dtjng edng nghe Biogas da tiet kiem dupc td 100-300 ngdn VND tien chat ddt theo quy md ehan nudi vd kieh thude be phdn huy (6-20m3) ndng hp Quy trinh sd dung (gas) dan gian, thuan tien cho vide nd'u an, nd'u cam lpn, thap sang d nhung nai ngudn dien edn thieu, tiet kiem dang ke tien mua chat ddt vd giam thieu o nhidm mdi trudng Du dn md rpng Biogas Id ea hpi ra't tdt cho ddng bdo cde ddn tpe Hd Giang de tiep thu cdc tien bp ky thuat mPi gdp phan xod ddi giam ngheo, vuan len ldm gidu ehinh ddng tai manh dd't que huang Denghl Du dn se dupe thue hien tep tue td 12/2007-12/2008 tren ede huyen khde cua Hd Giang 184 ... be phdn huy mua khd thieu nude Gas ve bep Chudng nuoi Be biogas 182 Be dp Be chda lue nude thai NGUYEN GIANG PHUC - tdng dung cdng nghe Biogas ndng hd Ket qua xay ddng md hinh trinh dien va phat... cua du an va thdng nha''t quy trinh ky thudt xay dung, du dn Biogas Ha Giang da tien hanh td chuc hai Idp tap huan ky thudt ve cdng nghe Biogas tai huyen Quan Ba vd Vi Xuyen Tdng sd ed 88 hoe vien... md hinh phat trien md rpng cdng nghe Biogas tren dja bdn KET LUAN VA DE NGHI Ket ldin Trong dieu kien khd han vdo mua Ddng Xudn vd hau khae nghiet, edng nghe biogas hodn todn cd the hoat dpng dn