Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.Khuôn mẫu sử dụng thời gian của người cao tuổi thành phố Cần Thơ hiện nay.
The project was completed at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics Scientific instructors: Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Duc Chuyen Assoc Prof Dr Le Thi Thuc Respondent 1: …………………………………………… Respondent 2: …………………………………………… Respondent 3: …………………………………………… The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Judging Committee, meeting at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics On …….hour……minute, date……month…… years 20… The thesis can be found at: + National Library; +Institute of Scientific Information, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics + Material Department of Institute of Sociology and Development INTRODUCTION Rationale The study "Time use patterns of the elderly in Can Tho city today" was implemented due to several questions posed as follows: Firstly, stemming from the relationship between time usage patterns and quality of life is the basis for formulating care policies for the elderly Second, stemming from challenges in the context of population aging for elderly care Third, stemming from the lack of research on the time-use pattern of the elderly In fact, Can Tho city has entered the process of population aging However, studies related to population aging and the elderly's life, especially research on how the elderly use their time are still limited Therefore, conducting the study "Time use patterns of the elderly in Can Tho city today" contributes to filling the research gap in the field of the elderly, both practically and theoretically On the other hand, the study provides practical evidence to build support programs, and social services for the elderly in Vietnam in general, and Can Tho city in particular Moreover, this study also contributes to the sociological theoretical system in the field of research on the elderly Aims and Objectives 2.1 General objectives Identifying the current situation and influencing factors to the elderly's time use patterns in Can Tho city, thereby proposing recommendations with policy implications to help improve the life quality of the elderly in Can Tho city in the future 2.2 Particular objectives (1) Clarifying the theoretical foundations of the research, including instrumental concepts and some theories applied in the research (2) Synthesize documents, conduct sociological surveys to identify the current situation and analyze the factors that influence the patterns of time use of the elderly; (3) Verifying some theoretical sociological perspectives applied to the research topic; (4) Proposed recommendations imply policies that contribute to helping the elderly use time effectively to improve their quality of life Subjects and Scope of study 3.1 Subjects: the time use patterns of the elderly 3.2 Survey subject: Elderly people (from 60-75 years old) in districts in Can Tho city; state officials in charge of issues related to the lives of the elderly 3.3 Scope and area of research: - Scope of research: The thesis focuses on analyzing patterns of elderly people using time in activities such as: (1) self-care activities, (2) housework activities, (3) income generating activities and (4) leisure activities - Research area: The study was carried out in a number of districts: Ninh Kieu, Phong Dien, Cai Rang, Binh Thuy, Vinh Thanh, Thoi Lai The selection of these localities is guaranteed to represent the socio-economic characteristics of Can Tho city - Research period: 24 months (2020-2021) Research questions, hypotheses and frameworks 4.1 Research questions - What are the patterns of the elderly's time use, and how is the time spent in those patterns? - What factors influence this pattern of elderly people in Can Tho city? 4.2 Hypotheses and frameworks 4.2.1 Hypotheses (1) Elderly people (60-75 years old) in Can Tho city have patterns of time usage: (1) Taking care of themselves, (2) doing housework, (3) generating income, and (4 ) relaxing Most of the time in a day is spent on self-care activities, and the rest of the time is allocated to household chores, earning income, and relaxing This time allocation depends on the elderly's weekday and weekend activity schedule (2) In addition to demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, housing arrangement, income sources, living standards, exchange needs, employment status, and living environment (recreation area) influence the time use patterns of the elderly in Can Tho city These factors govern differently depending on the specific activities the elderly participate in Specifically: + Factors of employment status, age, and health have the strongest impact on the pattern of using self-care time on yesterday and the weekend; + Gender factors and housing arrangement (living with children) had the strongest impact on the pattern of using time for housework yesterday and weekends; + The factors of employment status, living standards, and health condition have the strongest impact on the time use patterns to generate income yesterday and the weekend; + Factors of living standard, education level, pension, and region have the strongest impact on leisure time usage patterns both yesterday and on weekends 4.2.2 Frameworks Background of social economy in Can Tho city DEMOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS - Age (60-64, 65-69, 70-75) - Gender (male, female) - Education level (grade) - Health status - Employment status FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS - Demand for communication (yes/no) - Placement element - Living standards - Source of income (pension) TIME USE PATTERN - Take care of yourself - Housework - Generate income - Relax ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - Urban-rural area - Friendly environment (with amusement park ) Guidelines and policies for the elderly New point of the thesis The research thesis "patterns using time of the elderly in Can Tho city today" has some new points as follows: Firstly, the research problem of the thesis is implemented in the context of the rapidly aging population of the city in particular and the whole country in general Therefore, the elderly group has made up a significant part of the population structure and poses many challenges to care for this social group It can be considered one of the new points of the thesis on the research scene Second, "time use patterns of the elderly" is the research object of the thesis, which has not been mentioned much in previous studies in Vietnam through document review This thesis clarifies the concept of “pattern” and “pattern using time” It is one of the new points of the thesis, contributing to enriching the research field on the elderly Thirdly, the thesis not only identifies the time-use pattern but also analyzes the relationship of factors affecting the pattern and this is the basis for the thesis to make recommendations with policy implications, contributing to improving the quality of life of the elderly Limitations of the thesis The research thesis is a sampling study, so the research results are only analyzed and confirmed for the selected group of elderly and local people for the survey In addition, the thesis only focuses on analyzing the elderly group from 60-75 years old in Can Tho city but it has not analyzed the time use pattern of the general elderly group, especially from the group of people over 75 years old The thesis only analyzes the pattern of time use of the elderly during yesterday and the weekend to find this difference between yesterday and the weekend Therefore, the thesis has not compared the difference in time use patterns of the elderly between the days of the week (from Monday to Friday) and also has not analyzed the time usage patterns of the elderly on holidays and Tet holidays The thesis only analyzes the pattern of time use in terms of each daily activity of the elderly and correlates it with each demographic characteristic, including the age variable Contribution of the thesis 7.1 Contribution to the theory The thesis has analyzed to clarify the categories of "patterns", and "patterns of use of time", which have been studied a lot in the field of sociology but it has not been clarified in terms of their connotations [138] Therefore, the thesis contributes to enriching the research object of the sociology field At the same time, the research results contribute positively to the construction and development of the major in Sociology of the elderly in Vietnam The thesis has applied theories of sociology to explain the situation and factors affecting the use of time by the elderly Since then, the study provided additional evidence for these theories This study also contributes to supplementing new ideas for the study of life in general and patterns of time use of the elderly in particular 7.2 Contribution to practice The study on “time use patterns of the elderly in Can Tho city today” is the first research in the locality and is placed in the context of population aging This context has posed many challenges to the care of the elderly in particular and the sustainable development of the city in general The findings of the thesis are the results collected in practice and verified by many statistical methods, so the research results of the thesis are an important basis for social managers in Can Tho The city not only offers many support measures for the elderly, helping them live happily, healthily, and useful but also fulfills the higher goal of promoting the city's sustainable development in the coming time In addition, this study can be used as teaching material in the advanced theoretical program in the Mekong Delta Thesis structure The thesis is structured with an introduction, conclusion and recommendations, the research content consists of chapters and 10 periods Chapter 1: Research overview on time use patterns of the elderly Chapter 2: Theoretical foundations, practical bases and research methods on time use patterns of the elderly Chapter 3: The status of time use patterns of the elderly in Can Tho city Chapter 4: Factors affecting time use patterns of the elderly in Can Tho city CONTENT Chapter RESEARCH OVERVIEW ON TIME USE PATTERNS OF THE ELDERLY 1.1 Study overview The thesis has analyzed and evaluated the research situation related to the research topic in many aspects including portraits of the elderly's life in the context of population aging; identification of the current situation, and the relationship between time use patterns and life satisfaction of the elderly; the factors affecting the time use patterns of the elderly From those analyzes, the thesis has pointed out the gaps in research on the patterns of using time in Vietnam in general and in Can Tho city in particular The time use pattern of the elderly in Can Tho city has not been studied satisfactorily In the context of population aging, the study of time usage patterns is perfectly appropriate because it helps the elderly to allocate time appropriately to balance life Through the research overview, the thesis identifies the gaps in previous studies and forms new ideas for research 1.2 Gaps and suggest research directions Through the research overview, the thesis identifies the gaps in previous studies and forms new ideas for research Firstly, previous studies in Vietnam mentioned daily activities, especially leisure activities of the elderly, but it was placed in the context that the elderly were not yet a "hot spot" because That period in Vietnam has not yet entered the period of population aging Secondly, the elderly in Can Tho city in particular tend to live independently with their children and grandchildren more and more because family size with few children is increasingly common Research contexts in Can Tho city and internationally are similar to the elderly's tendency to live independently However, there are still many differences such as culture, traditional values, and the transition period from a traditional family to a nuclear family, It will create similarities and differences in the time-use pattern of the elderly in Can Tho city compared with previous international studies This also is one of the new points of the thesis Thirdly, stemming from the lack of research subjects, the category "pattern" has been deployed in social science research, but few studies have clarified its content Finally, the thesis not only analyzes the current situation of time use of the elderly but also identifies the factors affecting this issue Chapter THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS, PRACTICAL BASES AND RESEARCH METHODS ON TIME USE PATTERNS OF THE ELDERLY 2.1 Theoretical foundations 2.1.1 Some tool concepts 2.1.1.1 The concept of "time use pattern" The time usage pattern is an individual's way of using the time to perform activities in social life for a specific amount of time in the day 2.1.1.2 Content, measurement, and factors influencing older people's time use patterns According to Hill [117, p.134], each individual's diary of weekdays and weekends (Saturday, Sunday) provided the basis for a comparison of time patterns for weekdays This can be understood that it is possible to determine the patterns of time usage through the individual's activity on weekdays and weekends, because of the repetition of the individual's behavior on those days Thus, the thesis has the basis of analyzing patterns of time usage based on the diary recording each activity in the days with a specific amount of time of the elderly The elderly's time-use patterns include four patterns: (1) Take care of yourself, (2) housework, (3) generate income, and (4) relax They are measured in units of time (minutes/day) and frequency of participation Influencing factors include gender, age, education level, source of livelihood, accommodation arrangement, living environment (urban-rural), and exchange needs, 2.1.1.3 The concept of “elderly people” and related concepts In Vietnam, according to the Law on Elderly (2009), the elderly is defined as Vietnamese citizens aged 60+, for both men and women [46] According to the United Nations [163, p.1], population aging is a change in the population distribution of a country towards an increase in the proportion 10 The thesis has used many tests such as the T-Test, Chi-square test, One Way ANOVA analysis, and Pearson Correlation to build a linear regression model, and clarified statistical parameters to test the research hypothesis more conveniently and easily 2.3 Practical basis 2.3.1 Status of socio-economic development In recent years, Can Tho city has had rapid development both economically and socially This has affected the transformation of the population's age structure toward aging 2.3.2 The situation of population aging in Can Tho city - The number of people over 60 years old increases rapidly, the proportion of elderly aged 60 years and over in Can Tho city was only 7.76% in 2009, increasing to 11.98% in 2019; while the age group under 15 decreased by 21.7% to 20.05% and the age group from 15 to 59 decreased from 70.52% to 62.52% - Feminizing the elderly population, the ratio of grandmothers to 100 men aged 60 and older is 138.4 In particular, the older the age group, the higher the percentage of women - The population aging index differs between localities, the difference in population structure in the age group of 60 and older in localities leads to the difference in the population aging index in the district of Can Tho city Accordingly, Phong Dien district is the locality with the highest population aging index, and Co Do district is the lowest 11 Chapter THE STATUS OF TIME USE PATTERNS OF THE ELDERLY IN CAN THO CITY 3.1 How elderly people use time in Can Tho city Elderly people have basic groups of activities: (1) self-care activities (including sleeping, resting, personal hygiene, eating, medical examination, and treatment), (2) housework activities ( including cooking, cleaning, looking after grandchildren, taking care of flowers/pets), (3) income generating activities (including paid labor activities, self-production activities and self- employment/business activities) and (4) leisure activities (including watching TV, listening to the radio, reading/surfing the web, chatting, going to the gym, etc.) Specifically, the time spent on self-care activities yesterday averaged 828.28 minutes/per day and 820.08 minutes/per day on weekends The average time spent doing housework was 153.08 minutes/per day yesterday and 168.87 minutes/per day on the weekend The average time spent in earnings-generating activity was 147.87 minutes/per day yesterday and 122.02 minutes/per day on the weekend The average time spent relaxing yesterday was 310.54 minutes/per day and the weekend was 327.27 minutes/per day 3.2 Identifying patterns of time use of the elderly in Can Tho city Based on analyzing how to use time, the thesis identifies patterns of time use such as (1) taking care of yourself; (2) doing housework; (3) generating income, and (4) relaxing 3.2.1 Patterns of using self-care time Elderly people in Can Tho city spent quite a lot of a day on self-care activities yesterday and at the weekend with a period of nearly 13.0 hours/day This finding is quite similar to previous studies that the elderly in Canada, the United States, Thailand, South Africa, China, and other Western countries spent time on personal activity fluctuating from 10.92 hours to 15 hours/day Thus, self-care is an indispensable activity in the daily life of the elderly If each person's time budget is 24 hours, the elderly used more than 50% of the day's total time for self-care activities both yesterday and the weekend 3.2.2 Patterns for using housework time 12 From the survey evidence in Can Tho city, the elderly spend nearly oneeighth of the total time of the day participating in housework activities This finding is quite consistent with previous international studies, the elderly in the US housework ranging from 2.5-4.6 hours/day depending on their employment status and gender, hours/day in South Africa, 2.2 hours/day in Canada, 4.6 hours in rural China, and 2.79 hours in Thailand 3.2.3 Patterns for using the time to generate income Analysis results from a survey of 399 people in districts of the city show that nearly ½ of the total number of elderly still participate in income-generating activities The majority of them are engaged in self-employment/business and paid activities Analysis of the amount of time used for income-generating activities shows that the average time of this group of people is 385.45 minutes/day, which equivalent to more than 6.3 hours/day on weekdays and 362.68 minutes/day, which is equivalent to hours/day on weekends The elderly engaged in income-generating activities spent nearly a quarter of their day on this activity and the trend is quite consistent between yesterday and the weekend This is the pattern of time usage of the elderly who are still economically active 3.2.4 Patterns for using leisure time The average total amount of time spent on leisure activities of the elderly yesterday was 310 minutes/day, equivalent to hours/day, and this time decreased to 327 minutes/day, equivalent to 5.1 hours/day on weekends There is not much difference in the average time for this activity between yesterday and the weekend The pattern of using leisure time is one of the stereotypes of the elderly in Can Tho city In which, the pattern of using leisure time actively is the pattern of people with good living conditions and pensions On the other hand, the patterns of using passive leisure time are often that of people with difficult living conditions, struggling because of poor livelihood or poor health 13 Chapter FACTORS AFFECTING TIME USE PATTERNS OF THE ELDERLY IN CAN THO CITY 4.1 Identifying factors affecting the time use pattern of the elderly in Can Tho city 4.1.1 Demographic factors 4.1.1.1 Gender factor Previous studies have suggested that gender influences the time use pattern of the elderly, so the study adopted the T-Test to test this relationship The research results show that the gender difference in each time-use pattern is as follows: As for the pattern of using the time to take care of yourself, the percentage of elderly (both men and women) who participate in this activity is absolute, especially rest, sleep, and personal hygiene activities on weekdays and weekends Only washing activities and going to the doctor have a difference in the ratio between men and women The time distribution of men and women did not show too much difference As for the pattern of using time for housework, research in Can Tho shows that women spend more time on housework activities than men on weekdays and weekends, but this difference is not much between men and women Qualitative data from in-depth interviews show that most people think that they are more or less involved in housework Thus, the gender stereotype has begun to change along with the transformation of society The time men participate in cooking, and taking care of grandchildren almost as much as women Because the Western culture has more or less eased the rigor of gender stereotypes about the division of labor in the family Plus, participating in household chores is both a joy and a responsibility for their children and themselves This has created a sharing between elderly men and women in participating in housework in Can Tho city As for the pattern of using the time to generate income, the T-Test method shows a gender difference in the time use pattern on income-generating 14 activities Specifically, the average use time of women is more than that of men, but this difference is not significant, especially on weekends As for the pattern of using leisure time, the Anova test results show that men spend more time on relaxing activities than women, this difference is about 60 minutes both yesterday and the weekend The difference in time spent on this activity between men and women is not large This shows that women in Can Tho city have begun to spend time enjoying their spiritual life Elderly men also began to participate in many activities that are considered women's activities such as going to pagodas/church, and participating in charity, It can be said that gender stereotypes no longer dominate too harshly for relaxing activities of the elderly in Can Tho city 4.1.1.2 Age factor Through Pearson and Anova test, the study analyzes the relationship between age and time usage patterns of the elderly as follows: As for the pattern of using self-care time, the results of Pearson's test show that age and the average time for self-care activities have a positive relationship with a probability of 20.1% with sig