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BAO TON DA DANG SINH HOC 6 VIET NAM VA NHIJNG VAN DE CAN QUAN TAM NGUYEN SONG TUNG* ^Ttr'''' ai nguyen da dang sinh hgc (DDSH) Mi/ cd y nghia vd cung to ldn Cac he sinh thai la co sd sinh tdn cua su sdng[.]
BAO TON DA DANG SINH HOC VIET NAM VA NHIJNG VAN DE CAN QUAN TAM NGUYEN SONG TUNG* ^Ttr' nguyen da dang sinh hgc (DDSH) Mi/ cd y nghia vd cung to ldn Cac he sinh thai la co sd sinh tdn cua su sdng, dam bao su luu chuyen cua cac chu trinh vat chdt va nang Iugng, phan huy cdc chdt thai mdi trudng, bao ve tai nguyen ddt va nudc, dieu hoa khf hau, giam nhe tac hai d nhidm va thien tai DDSH cd ddng gdp ldn cho nen kinh te' qud'c gia, dac biet la cac ITnh vuc san xudt ndng lam nghiep va thuy san; la co sd dam bao an ninh luong thuc cua ddt nudc; tri ngudn gen de tao gidng vat nudi, cay trdng; cung cap cac vat lieu cho xay dung va cac ngudn nhien lieu, dugc lieu Ngoai ra, DDSH cdn tao nen cac canh quan thien nhien va dd la ngudn cam hflng vd tan ciia nghe thuat, la cdi ngudn eua nhieu phong tuc, tap quan td't dep cua ngudi dan Viet Nam Cac ket qua nghien cflu cho thay, Viet Nam da dugc cdng nhan la mdt 16 nudc cd tinh DDSH cao tren the gidi, bao gdm he sinh thai tren can, he sinh thai thuy vuc nudc nggt va he sinh thai bien Trong cac he sinh thai tren can, da thdng ke va xac dinh dugc tren 13.200 loai thuc vat, khoang 10.000 loai ddng vat Trong cac viing ddt ngap nudc ndi dia, da xac dinh dugc trdn 3.000 loai thuy sinh vat Mdi trudng bien vdi 20 kie'u he sinh thai dac thu, dac trung cho bien nhiet ddi va la mdi trudng sdng cua trdn 11.000 loai sinh vat bien Khoang hai thap ky gdn day, rat nhieu loai ddng thuc vat mdi dugc phat hien va md ta, dd cd nhieu chi va loai mdi cho khoa hgc; dac biet la cac loai thu va cac loai cay thudc hg Lan Hien nhieu loai ddng thuc vat mdi vdn dugc tie'p tuc phat hien va cdng bd d Viet Nam Viet Nam cung dugc coi la mdt 12 trung tam ngudn gd'c gid'ng cay trdng cua the gidi vdi 16 nhdm cay trdng va tren 800 loai khac Ngan hang m gen cay trdng Qud'c gia dang bao tdn 12.207 gid'ng cua 115 loai cay trdng, dd, cd nhieu gid'ng ban dia vdi nhieu dac tfnh quy ma nhdt chi cd d Viet Nam Vdi nhflng gia tri rdt quan trgng ciia DDSH dd'i vdi cudc sd'ng va su tdn vong cua loai ngudi, cdng tac bao tdn DDSH dugc coi nhu mdt yeu td cdu vflng ehdc cho su nghiep phat trien ben virng cua ddt nudc Trong thdi gian qua, cdng tac bao tdn DDSH d Viet Nam da thu dugc nhieu ket qua mang tinh tfch cue, rdt cd y nghia Chfnh phii va cac Bd/nganh ciia Viet Nam da ra't nd luc dd'i vdi cdng tac bao tdn DDSH thdng qua viec ban hanh he thd'ng cac van ban phap ly lien quan den bao tdn va sfl dung ben vung DDSH nhu Lugt Bdo ve vd Phdt trien vimg nam 1991 (dugc sfla ddi, bd sung nam 2004); Ludt Ddt dai nam 1993 (duge sfla ddi, bd sung nam 1998 vd 2003); Lugt Bdo ve moi tnrdng nam 1993 (duge sua ddi, bd sung nam 2005); Ludt Thiiy sdn nam 2003; va gan day nhdt, Ludt Da dgng sinh hgc duge Qud'c hdi Viet Nam phe chuan thang 11/2008 Viet Nam chfnh thfle trd thanh vien ciia Cdng udc Da dang sinh hgc nam 1994 De thuc hien cam ket dd'i vdi Cdng udc, Thu tudng Chfnh phu da ban hanh Ke'hogch Hdnh dong Da dgng Sinh hgc ciia Viet Nam nam 1995 (KHHD-I995) KHHD-1995 dugc xay dung trdn eo sd ket qua phan tfch danh gia ve hien irang da dang sinh hgc va phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua Viet Nam KHHD-1995 dugc coi la kim chi nam cho cdng tac bao tdn cua Viet Nam d tdt ca cac edp tfl trung uong den dia phuong Den nam 2007, de phu hgp vdi Th.S Nguyen Song Timg, Vien Nghien ciru Moi trurmg va Phat trien ben vurng NguySn Song Tung - Da dang sinh hoc d Viet Nam nhung thay ddi qua trinh phat trien kinh te- xa hdi eung nhu qua cac bai hgc kinh nghiem rut viec thuc hien KHHD1995, Chfnh phu Viet Nam da cho xay dung va phe duyet Ke' hogch Hdnh dgng Quo'c gia ve Da dgng sinh hgc de'n ndm 2010 vd dinh hu&ng de'n ndm 2020 (KHHD-2007) de thuc hien Cdng udc Bdn canh cdc KHHDQG ve DDSH, Chfnh phu Viet Nam cdn phd duyet nhieu Chien luge, Quy hoach va Ke hoach hanh ddng khac lidn quan den bao tdn va phat trien DDSH nhu Chie'n luge Bdo ve moi trudng quo'c gia de'n ndm 2010 vd dinh hu&ng de'n 2020 (2004), Chuong trinh bdo ve vd phdt trien nguon lgi thuy sdn den ndm 2010 (2004), Chie'n luge quoc gia ve tdi nguyen nu&c de'n ndm 2020 (2006), Chie'n luge phdt trien ldm nghiep Viet Nam giai dogn 20062020 (2007), De dn "Bdo ve cdc lodi thuy sinh quy hiem co nguy ca tuyet chiing de'n ndm 2015, tdm nhin de'n ndm 2020" (2008) Ngoai ra, cac ndi dung bao ve da dang sinh hgc eung duge long ghep viec thur; hien cac Cdng udc qud'c te ma Viet Nam da tham gia nhu Cdng udc ve Di san the gidi; Cdng udc Ramsar; Cdng udc CITES; Cdng udc ve bao ve di san van hda vd tu nhidn eua the gidi; Cdng udc khung eua Lien Hgp qud'c ve bien ddi khf hau giai doan 2007 - 2010; Cdng udc chd'ng sa mac hda Cdng tac bao tdn DDSH ludn dugc thuc hien d ca edp do: bao tdn he sinh thai, loai va ngudn gen Trong nhiing nam qua Cac Chuang trinh trdng, khoanh nudi bao ve da gdp phdn nang cao che phu rimg Idn, nam 2005 la 36,7% va de'n nam 2009 la 39,1% (tang 2,4%) He thd'ng cac khu bao tdn dugc md rdng ea ve so lugng, quy md va loai hinh Hien Viet Nam cd 164 khu rflng dac dung (bao gdm 30 Vudn Qud'c gia, 58 khu Du trfl thidn nhien, 11 khu bao tdn loai, 45 khu Bao ve canh quan, 20 khu nghien cflu thuc nghiem khoa hgc), 16 khu bao tdn bien va 48 khu bao tdn ddt ngap nudc ndi dia cd gia tri DDSH Ngoai ra, cdn cd khu Di san thien nhidn the gidi, khu Di san thien nhien cua ASEAN, khu Ramsar va Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vung, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Khu du trfl sinh quyen the gidi da dugc qud'c td cdng nhan Hon 50 loai ddng vat va hang chuc loai thuc vat hoang da dugc gay nudi sinh san, gieo trdng hang nghin trang trai va hang chuc nghin hd gia dinh Hang chuc loai thiiy san cd gid tri kinh te da dugc nghien cflu sinh san nhan tao vd nudi thuong pham Chuang trinh, mang ludi quy gen dugc hinh va da bao tdn, luu giu dugc hon 17.000 ngudn gen cua rat nhieu loai cay trdng bdng cac phuong phap bao tdn tai chd va bao tdn chuyen chd Mac du cdng tac Bao tdn DDSH d Viet Nam da dat dugc nhieu cdng nhu vay nhung vdn cdn nhieu vdn de bat cap cdn quan tam nham bao ve DDSH vd tri tinh todn ven cua eac he sinh thai I NHUNG VAN DE CAN QUAN TAM DOI VQl BAO TON DDSH d VIET NAM Quan ly da dang sinh hgc nhieu bat cap - He thdng ca quan nhd nu&c ve DDSH cdn chong cheo Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng la co quan ddu mdi qud'c gia dd'i vdi Cdng udc DDSH, chiu trach nhiem xay dung va td chflc thuc hien Ke hoach hanh ddng qud'c gia ve DDSH, dieu phdi cac hoat ddng lien quan tdi Cdng udc DDSH d Viet Nam Dac biet, sau Luat Da dang sinh hgc dugc thdng qua, Bd Tdi nguydn va Mdi trudng dugc giao giup Chfnh phu thd'ng nhdt quan ly nha nudc ve DDSH Nam 2008, Cue Bao tdn DDSH dugc ldp- ddy la ca quan thudng true de giup Bd Tai nguyen vd Mdi trudng thue hien cac nhiem vu tren Trong Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng, Tdng cue Bien va hai dao cd nhieu nhiem vu lien quan den bao tdn DDSH bien nhung nhiem vu quan Iy he thd'ng khu bao tdn bien (he sinh thai bien) Tdng cue Thuy san (thudc Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn) quan ly Cae khu rimg dac dung (he sinh thai rflng) Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn m Nguyin Song Tung - Da dang sinh hoc a Viet Nam quan ly Trong dd, Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng chiu trach nhiem xay dung va quan ly cac khu dat ngap nudc (he sinh thai da't ngap nude) Tuy nhien, tren thue te cdc he sinh thai ludn ludn dan xen nhau, cd tuong tdc cao nhu vudn qud'c gia Xuan Thuy (Nam Dinh) gdm cd ca he sinh thai: rflng, ddt ngap nudc va bien Vi cd su ehdng cheo trdn nen rat edn mdt ca che du manh de thdng nhdt quan Iy DDSH va eac khu bao tdn thidn nhien toan qud'c Neu su phan edng cua Chfnh phu dd'i vdi cac bd, nganh thdi gian sdp tdi vdn theo hudng trdn, nghia la cac he sinh thai khac se cac co quan khac quan ly, bao ve thi xem nhu each tiep can mdi, hien dai ciia Luat DDSH 2008 khdng cd gia tri tren thuc te, tham chf cdn bi coi la lam tang them tfnh phflc tap, cdng kenh cua td chflc bd may nha nudc Ne'u khdng cd mdt "lat cdt mdi" quan ly, bao tdn DDSH thi nguy co trung lap, ehdng cheo ve chflc nang, nhiern vu cua cac bd, nganh Id dieu khd tranh khdi - Nguon luc cho cong tdc bdo ton DDSH cdn mong vd phdn tdn Tai Trung uong, bien che cho cac don vi quan Iy DDSH rdt han che Tai dia phuong, cdng tac bao tdii DDSH hdu het Id kiem nhiem, trinh chuyen mdn ehua dap flng dugc nhiem vu dugc phan cdng Tai cae khu bao tdn, luc lugng kiem lam gifl vai trd quan trgng thue hien edng tac bao ve rflng, nhung chua phat huy manh cdng tac bao ve cac khu bao tdn bien va ddt ngap nudc Kinh nghiem bao tdn va nang Iuc quan Iy DDSH cua iuc lugng cdr han che Ngudn tai chfnh cho cac hoat ddng quan Iy va phat trien khu bao tdn chu yeu phu thudc vao su phan bd ngan sach su nghidp hang nam cua dia phuong hoac cua trung uong nen cdn nhidu han hep Phdn ldn ede khu bao tdn thudc su quan ly cua mdt sd co quan chflc nang khac cua tinh hoac ciia Trung uong nen co ehe phan bd ngudn nhan luc, kinh phf cung nhu quy che chung de quan ly cac khu bao tdn dang chdng cheo va ehua rd rang - Quy hogch phdt trien DDSH ben viing edp todn qud'c, viing, tinh cdn ye'u Do su thie'u quy hoach lau dai va thieu co sd khoa hgc nen ddn den su bat hgp ly bao tdn vd phat trien tai nguyen thien nhien toan qud'c va d tflng dia phuong Hien tugng chat pha rflng ngap man mdi trdng de nudi tdm la nhung bdng chung cho thdy cdng tac quy hoach phat trien qua yeu, gay nen su lang phf to Idn eho nha nudc va nhan dan - Che tdi, tra, kiem tra vd xir phgt vi phgm phdp ludt veDDSH cdn nhieu bdt cap Luat DDSH cd hieu lire tfl 01/7/2009, nhung den thdi diem hien Nghi dinh xfl phat vi pham hanh chfnh ve bao tdn DDSH-vdn chua dugc ban hanh Nhieu trach nhiem hdnh chinh lien quan den qj / hoach bao tdn DDSH, ve tiep can ngudn EQ Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vung, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 - Cdc quy dinh phdp ludt bdo ve DDSH chua he thdng vd khdng ddng bg Tfl nam 1995 den nay, Chfnh phu Viet Nam va cdc Bd da ban hdnh tren 140 van ban phap quy quy dinh ve quan ly va bao tdn DDSH Do dugc quy dinh d nhieu van ban, ehu yeu quy dinh cho mdt ITnh vuc cu the, nen chua cd su thd'ng nhdt, tham chf cdn mau thudn va chdng cheo Ben canh dd, nhieu ndi dung quan trgng lai chua cd quy dinh nhu: tiep can ngudn gen vd chia se lgi fch, khai thae va sfl dung tai nguyen DDSH Luat da dang sinh hgc ddi la eo hdi thuan Igi de giai quyet cdc vdn de Tuy nhien, cac van ban hudng ddn cu the ve thuc hien eac yeu cdu ciia Luat DDSH cdn thieu nhu ehua ed Nghi dinh ve xfl phat vi pham hanh chfnh ve DDSH, quy hoach DDSH, quy che' quan ly khu bao ton, Ngoai ra, vdn cd nhflng bdt cap vide quan Iy cdc he sinh thai, loai va ngudn gen Cung la mdt dd'i tugng bao tdn nhung khu bao tdn lai bi chi phdi bdi nhieu bd luat quan Iy nhu Luat Bao ve va Phat trien rflng, Luat Thuy san, Luat DDSH khie'n cho qua trinh thuc thi gap nhieu trd ngai Chang han, khu bao tdn la rflng dac dung bi chi phdi bdi Luat Bag ve vd Phdt trien rflng va Luat DDSH nhu vay gay nen su chd'ng cheo quan ly Nguyin Song Tiing - Da dang sinh hoc d Viet Nam yeu la riing trdng, cdn dien tfch riing tu nhien gen vd ehia se lgi fch vdn chua dugc cu the cd tfnh DDSH cao da giam manh so vdi trudc cac van ban phdp luat hien hanh ddy Phdn ldn riing hien thudc nhdm riing Ve trach nhiem hinh su, d cac didu tfl 182 ngheo, rflng trdng, hoac rimg dang phuc hdi, de'n 191 cua Luat sd 37/2009/QH 12 sfla ddi dd, riing giau vd riing kin chi chiem mdt sd dieu eua Bd Luat hinh su cd quy dinh 3,4% (nam 2000) va 4,6% (nam 2004) tdng ve cac tdi danh lien quan tdi bao tdn DDSH dien tfch rimg Rflng nguyen sinh ehi cdn Tuy nhidn, quy dinh hudng ddn cham dugc khoang 0,57 trieu ha, phan bd rai rdc d mdt so ban hdnh nen mdt sd tdi danh vdn cdn khu vuc nhu Tay Nguyen, Ddng Nam Bd va giai doan "chd" mdi du co sd de xfl Iy Vf du, Bdc Trung Bd Cac loai rflng giau da bi chia dieu 190 quy dinh "Tdi vi pham cdc quy dinh cdt thdnh nhiing manh nhd, cay me bi khai ve bao ve ddng vat thudc danh muc lodi nguy thac can kidt nen rdt ft co hdi phuc hdi hoan edp, quy, hiem dugc uu tien bao ve" nhung toan Nhflng vung cd nhieu rflng nhdt ddng hien "danh muc loai nguy cap, quy, hiem thdi cung la nhflng vung rung giau trfl Iugng dugc uu tien bao ve" Iai chua dugc cdng bd va cd cha't Iugng cao nhdt d Viet Nam vdn tiep Thanh tra va xfl ly vi pham ve DDSH da cd tuc suy giam, cdu true va co cdu riing bi pha nhflng tuu dang kd ITnh vuc bao va Theo thd'ng kd thi tfl nam 2000 trd ve ve va phat trien rflng Dd'i vdi eac ITnh vuc trudc ty le chat pha rflng ludn d mflc cao tdt khac thudc DDSH thuc su chua cd nhflng ca cac vung lanh thd, dac biet d Tay Nguyen, bflde phat trien rd ret Sd vu vi pham DDSH nam 1999 ty le rflng bi chat pha len tdi vdn cdn nhieu va eac mflc hinh phat chua du 3154ha chie'm 60,7% so vdi ea nude Tfl sau sflc ran de khien kha nang tai pham rdt Idn nam 2000 den cung vdi nhung chfnh sach 2, Cac he sinh thai tii nhien bi tac dgng dung ddn cua nha nude ve giao ddt khoan rimg, nghiem trgng tang cudng quyen lam ehu cua nhan dan da giup giam ty Id chat phd riing mdt each dang - Dien tich rirng tu nhien co tinh DDSH ke Tuy nhidn, dien tfch rflng bi chat pha hang cao dang bi thu hep nam (do khai thac trai phep, xdy dung cdng Tuy dien tfch va che phu rflng trinh co sd tdng ) Id khd Idn nhflng nam gdn day dang tang ddn nhung chu BANG 1: Dien tich rung bi chat pha phan theo vung lanh thd i; i' > (Dan vi tinh: ha) 1995 1997 1999 2003 2005 2007 2008 18.914,0 7.123,3 5.196,3 2.040,9 3.347,3 1.348,1 3.172,2 115,0 517,3 8,5 536,1 66,4 3,2 2,5 Trung du va miln nui phia Bac 2.199,0 544,5 264,6 179.9 238,5 229,0 360,4 Bac Trung Bp va Duyen hai miln Trung 2.487,0 993,3 1.040,0 221,0 178,5 124,6 331,8 10.134,0 3.356,5 3.154,0 566,5 1.008,9 481,3 1.040,5 Dong Nam Bp 1.387,0 1.256,8 714,0 452,9 1.827,9 483,9 1.419,9 Dong bang song Ciru Long 2.592,0 454,9 15,2 84,5 27,1 26,1 17,1 Viing lanh tho Ca nu6c Ddng bang song Hong Tay Nguyen Nguon: Nien giaih thdng ke 2009 Tinh trang chay riing vdn ludn la vd'n de nan giai cdng tdc bao ve rflng d cac tinh Theo sd lieu chfnh thfle, giai doan 1995- 2000 dien tich riing bi chay ldn nhdt, khoang 6,5 nghin ha/nam va giai doan 2001-2009 dien tfch rflng bi chay giam dan, khoang Nghien ciru Phat then ben vung, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 m Nguyen Song Tung - Da dang sinh hoc a Viet Nam nghin ha/nam (GSO, 2009) Viee chdy rflng ehu yeu la y thfle cua ngudi dan ve viec quan Iy, bao ve rflng chua cao, dac biet mdt sd dan tdc thieu sd ed tap quan du canh, ddt rflng lam nuong rdy Ngoai thdi tid't khd hanh cung la mdt nhung nguydn nhan chfnh gay nen nhflng vu chay rflng dien rdng BANG 2: Dien tich rittig bi chay phan theo dja phuong (Dan vi tinh: ha) Vung lanh tho 1995 1999 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 7.457,0 4.817 0,0 433,5 95,5 195,7 679,0 3282,5 563,0 1980,4 Bac Trung Bp va Duyen hai miln Trung 1.842,0 418,9 943,0 1.285,4 461,8 328,9 610,1 Tay Nguyen 2.344,0 211,4 348,6 1.483,3 178,4 249,9 113,3 520,0 458,4 246,3 355,8 38,3 22,2 32,9 2.072,0 12,3 10.137,1 1.399,3 114,6 326,4 296,9 Ca nu6c Dong bang song Hong Trung du va miln niii phfa Bac Dong Nam Bp D6ng bang song Cim Long 12.333,5 6.829,3 2.386,7 5.136,4 1.549,7 979,2 105,6 1097,6 ' 3059,0 389,9 441,8 Nguon: Nien giam tho'ng ke 2009 Cac vung rflng bi chia cdt va bi tac ddng manh la mdi de dga Idn dd'i vdi cac phdn da dang sinh hgc cua rflng bao gdm ca cac loai ddng vat phu thudc vao rflng, va la nguydn nhan chfnh Iam suy giam tdi nguyen va dich vu sinh thai va mdi trudng Su suy thoai rflng the hien rd net nhdt qua su suy giam nhanh chdng ve dien tfch va chdt Iugng eac khu rflng ngap man Tdng dien tfch rflng ngap man cua ca nudc hien chi cdn khoang 155.000 ha, giam 100.000 so vdi nam 1990 va vdn tiep tuc giam nhanh Cdc so lieu thdng kd cho thdy, td'c dd mdt rflng ngap man d nudc ta la rat cao, khoang 4.400ha/nam Nam 1943 nudc ta cd hon 408.500 rflng ngap man den 12/2005 dien tfch rflng ngap man ca nudc chi cdn hon 155.000 Theo thd'ng kd, 62% tdng dien tfch rflng ngap man tren toan qud'c hien la rflng thudn loai, mdi trdng, chat Iugng rflng kem ca ve kfeh ca, chieu cao cay va DDSH Hien nay, nhflng canh rflng ngap man nguyen sinh hdu nhu khdng cdn Mat rflng ngap man gay tdn thdt nghiem trgng ve da dang sinh hgc nhu mdt bai de cua nhieu loai thuy san; mat noi EEI cu tru, kie'm mdi va lam td cua nhieu loai ehim - He sinh thdi nu&c nggt ngi dia bi suy thodi ': 'V u'':\ v Cae he sinh thai sdng, hd, ddm pha dang bi khai thac qua mflc, bi de dga nang ne cac du an phdt trien tdng ldn nhu ngan dap phuc vti nhu cdu thuy lgi va thuy didn Dieu dd ddn den mdt mdi trudng sd'ng eua nhieu loai thuy sinh va lam suy giam chflc nang sinh thai cua ddm pha Cac vflng dam pha bi thay ddi ddn den mdt chflc nang dieu tiet nudc da gay nhidm man cac sdng Iam anh hudng tdi ddi sd'ng cua ngudi ddn - He sinh thdi bien bi suy thodi nghiem trgng Hien nay, hdu het cac he sinh thai bie'n cua Viet Nam deu dang bi suy thoai nghiem trgng bi khai thae qua mflc, bi de dga nang ne bdi d nhidm ehdt thai, Idng dgng trdm tfch va d nhidm ddu tran Mdi trudng bien bi d nhidm nang bdi chdt thai tfl cac hoat ddng cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep va nudi trdng thuy san vd chat thai sinh ' Nghien curu Phat then ben vOng, so (29) - Th^^if[2/2oio Nguyin Song Tiing - Da dang sinh hgc d Viet Nam hoat Chdt Iugng mdi trudng bien suy giam lam pha huy mdi trudng sd'ng ciia hau hd't cac loai sinh vat bie'n, gay nhieu tdn that ve da dang sinh hgc: nhieu loai sinh vat bien giam sd lugng, tham chf cd loai cd the da tuyet chung cue bd Theo thd'ng ke, cd de'n 236 loai thiiy sinh quy hiem bi de dga d cac cap khae nhau, dd cd han 70 loai sinh vdt bien da dugc liet ke Sach Dd Viet Nam Nhieu loai sd hien vdn dang la dd'i tugng bi khai thdc Vdi khoang 200 die'm ed ran san hd dugc khao sat vdng 10 nam trd lai day, cho thdy chi cd 1% sd ran cd phu cao (do che phu >75%), 31% sd ran cd phu thdp (do phu < 25%) Sd ran cd phu trung binh va kha la tren 41% va 26% Viec eac ran san hd bi suy thoai va khai thae qua mflc da Iam suy giam su da dang va trfl lugng ciia cae loai kinh te va sinh vat canh nhu Tdm hum, Hai sam, Diep, Muc, Trai tai tugng BANG 3: Sii suy giam ve phii san ho sdng tren ran a mot sd khu vuc chu yeu viing bien ven bd Viet Nam Viing nghien cihi Phan tram phii san ho hi suy giam (%) Khoang each thoi gian Ha Long-Cat Ba -7,1 -1,9 1993 - 1998 Vinh Nha Trang -21,2 1994 - 2002 Con Dao -32,3 1994 - 2002 Phu Qu6'c -3,3 1994 - 2002 Cu Lao Cham 1994 - 2002 Ngudn: Bao cao hien trang m6i trudng moi trudng quoc gia, 2005 Sd lugng cac loai dgng, thuc vat bi de dga tang len Theo thd'ng kd, tdng so eac loai ddngthuc vat hoang da thidn nhien dang bi de dga hien la 882 loai (bao gdm 418 loai ddng vat va 464 loai thuc vat), tang 161 loai so vdi giai doan 1992-1996 Trong giai doan mflc bi de dga cua cac loai chi mdi dflng lai d hang "nguy cdpEN", thi hien da ed tdi loai ddng vat dugc xem da tuyet ehung ngoai tu nhien tai Viet Nam, dd la: Td giac sflng, Bd xam, Heo vdi Cay rai ca, ca Chep gd'c, ca Chinh Nhat, ca Lg than thdp, Huou sao, ca Sdu hoa ca Vdi he thirc vat, lodi Lan hai da bi tuyet chung ngoai thien nhien Cac lodi thuy sinh vat, dac biet cae lodi tdm, ca cd gid tri kinh te bi giam sut nhanh chdng Sd lugng cd the cac loai ca nudc nggt quy hiem, cd gia tri kinh te, cac loai cd tap tfnh di cu bi giam sut Trudc nhung Nghien ciru Phat then ben vurng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 ndm 19'70, rflng rat phong phu vdi nhieu loai ddng vdt nhu Voi, Td giac, Hd, cac lodi bd rflng, trau rflng, cdc loai Tran, Rdn thi de'n ke ea tai eac khu bao tdn thien nhidn, tham chf Vudn qud'c gia cung khd ma quan sat dugc cac loai trdn Mdt sd lodi ddng vat Idn trdn thuc te hdu nhu da bi diet vong nhu: Te giac hai sflng, Heo vdi, Vugn tay trdng, Cdy nudc Chi tfnh rieng tfl nam 2000- 2003, so ddng vat hoang da ma CO quan chflc nang da tich thu, xfl ly san bdt, van chuyen, budn ban bat hgp phap toan qud'c la 311.686kg (tfnh theo trgng lugng cdc loai) vd 90.565 ea the sd'ng Trong ndm gdn day (2005- 2010), tinh trang san bdn, bdy bat, budn ban ddng vat hoang da edng gia tang ve sd vu vi pham, dien hinh nhu: ca the Voi bi giet d khu vuc Ddng Nai; cd the Te giac mdt sflng bi gie't d khu vuc Vudn qud'c gia Cat Tidn m Nguyin Song Tung - Da dang sinh hoc d Viet Nam BANG 4: Sd loai thuc vat, dgng vat va bac phan hang Sach Viet Nam (2007) Ldrp/phan hang Thuc vat Nganh Moc lan - Ldp la mam - Ldp la mam Nganh Thong Nganh Duong xi Nganh Thong dai Nganh Rong Nganh Rong nau Nganh Na'm Dong vat Thii Chim Bo sat - ech nhai Ca D6ng vat KXS EX EW CR 37 EN 178 29 4 96 69 4 1 48 12 11 11 10 113 30 17 22 28 16 vu 210 147 34 18 1 189 30 25 19 51 64 LR DD 17 11 30 10 Glii cliii: EX: Tuyet chung; EW: Tuyet chiing ngoai thien nhien; CR: Rdt nguy ca'p; EN: Nguy cap; VU: Se nguy cS^p; LR: it nguy ca'p; DD: Thieu din heu Nhan thiirc cua cdng dong ve bao ton DDSH han che Nhan thfle cua cdng ddng ve bao ve mdi trudng ndi chung va bao tdn DDSH ndi ridng cdn nhieu han che Mdt so cap uy Dang, chfnh quydn chua nhan thfle dung mflc, ddy du vai trd quan trgng cua DDSH eude sd'ng, phat trien kinh te- xa hdi vd tdm quan trgng ciia cdng tac bao tdn DDSH nen thieu can nhdc day du viec quyet dinh Do nhan thfle chua ddy du nen tinh trang chat pha rflng vdn didn nghiem trgng d nhieu noi Thdi quen sfl dung cac cua ngon vat la da khie'n viec san bdt, budn ban ddng vdt hoang da cang manh me vd tinh vi Hien cd khoang hon 200 loai ddng vat hoang da, dd cd hon 80 lodi ddng vat quy hie'm dang dugc kinh doanh sfl dung trdn thi trudng Viet Nam Tren day Id mdt so tdn tai cdng tdc bao tdn DDSH tai Viet Nam De tang cudng cdng tac bao tdn DDSH thdi gian tdi, ddi hdi cac edp quan ly cd tham quyen phai cd nhflng giai phap hun hieu nham bao tdn ngudn tdi nguydn vd cung quan trgng H M O T S O G I A I PHAP BAO T N DA DANG SINH HOC Cl VIET NAM Giai phap ve the che, chinh sach: Tie'p tuc hoan thien he thd'ng phap ludt va the ehe ve bao tdn DDSH Ddy la giai phdp quan trgng, gdp phdn hoan thien hanh lang phap ly cho bao tdn DDSH Dac biet cdn xay dung he thd'ng cac van ban quy pham phap luat nham thuc hien Luat DDSH 2008 de dua luat vao cudc sd'ng, gdp phdn bao tdn hieu qua ngudn tdi nguydn DDSH phong phu cua nudc ta Ddng thdi cdn sdm phan dinh rd rang chflc nang quan ly bao tdn DDSH gifla cac bd, nganh Xay dung quy che phdi hgp lidn nganh va trach nhiem chi dao ciia co quan ddu mdi, phan cdng va tao dieu kien cdn va du de cac dia phuang tu td chflc quan ly theo hudng vua bao tdn vfla phat trien dua tren cac van ban phdp quy cua Nha nudc Xay dung, dao tao luc Iugng cho cdng tac bao tdn DDSH tfl trung uong den dia phuong Can quy hoach tdng the he thd'ng bao tdn DDSH cua ca nudc cung nhu edp tinh/thanh phd phu hgp vdi quy hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Giai phap ve co che tai chinh cho quan ly cac khu bao ton xay dung co che tai chfnh cho DDSH nham cai thien quan Iy khu bao tdn, lam co sd ehdc chan cho viec lap ke hoach va da dang Nghien ciru Phat triin ben vumg, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Nguyin Song Tung - Da dang sinh hoc d Viet Nam hda cac ngudn kinh phi cho viec thuc hien cd hieu qua ke hoach bao tdn Cd ba giai phap uu tien can dat dugc: dp dung kd hoach tai chfnh trung han cho khu bao tdn; Md rdng va cai thien cac khoan phi va le phf hien hanh ddi vdi cac san pham va dich vu cua cac khu bao tdn; Cd chfnh sach ve tai chfnh de khuyen khfch cac ban quan ly khu bao tdn tim kiern va sfl dung ngudn kinh phf bd sung Kinh te hda cdng tac bao tdn DDSH va tao lap CO che phat trien ben vung cac khu bao tdn thien nhien hien cua Viet Nam theo nguyen tdc "Sir dung khon kheo vd ben viing tdi nguyen thien nhien, nham ddp iing lgi ich tru&c mat cua cgng ddng dia phuang, ddng thdi dam bdo lgi ich Idu ddi cua qud'c gia vd quoc te" Day la mdt hudng mdi nham dam bao CO che tai chfnh ben viing eho cac Khu bao tdn thien nhien neu chung ta ed nhung chfnh sach quan ly thfch hgp khj sfl dung ngudn lgi tu nhien ciia khu bao tdn (md hinh da dugc trien khai cdng d Vudn qud'c gia Xuan Thuy) Trien khai cac hoat dgng bao ton gan lien vdi cai thien sinh ke cho ngudi dan sdng va xung quanh cac khu bao ton Hien cd hon 80% cac khu rimg dac dung cd hd gia dinh sinh sd'ng Nhin chung, ddi sd'ng cua cdng ddng dia phuang xung quanh vung dem thudng cd ngudn thu nhap thdp, ngoai ngudn thu ft di tfl kinh phf hd trg khoan bao ve rimg, san phdm tfl rflng trdng va tham gia dich vu phat trien du lich, ngudi dan gdn nhu khdng cd ngudn thu nao khac So ddng ngudi ngheo cd cudc sd'ng chu yeu dua vao tai nguyen, thudng ed nhan thfle thdp, sinh sd'ng d vung sau vung xa, noi gidu da dang sinh hgc Cang ddi ngheo tac ddng eua nhdm dan eu len tai nguyen DDSH cang manh me vd he qua Id vdng luan quan "ddi ngheo- can kiet tai nguyen DDSH- ddi ngheo) Vi vay, de nang cao ddi sdng cua cdng ddng, phdt trien kinh te gdn vdi nghe rimg d dia phuang nham giam thieu sue ep vdo tdi nguydn rimg thi cac giai phap quan trgng phai dat dugc la: - Quy hoach chuyen ddi eo edu cay trdng d vung dem, dua tren luan efl tfnh toan lai quy ddt dai, nham dam bao cho ngudi dan sdng d vung dem du quy ddt de phat trien san xudt Nghien cUu Phat then ben vUng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 ndng nghiep, dam bao an toan luong thuc cho timg hd, khdng cdn tinh trang cac hd ddi ngheo d cac xa vung dem Dieu chinh, bd sung cdng tdc giao ddt khoan riing cho phu hgp vdi dieu kien thuc te cua dia phuong Viec giao dat giao rflng se lam ngudi dan yen tam ddu tu cdng sflc cua minh de xay dung kinh te gia dinh cho chfnh ban than hg - Ngudi dan dia phuang d vung dem sd'ng xa dudng giao thdng, trinh tha'p, di lai khd khan, thie'u cdc thdng tin, cho ndn da cd ddt dugc chia, vdn de dat phai giup hg nhung kie'n thfle khoa hgc ky thuat de' hg cd the sfl dung cd hieu qua va ben vung nhflng manh ddt dd, giup hg xay dung cdc md hinh kinh te hd gia dinh la het sflc cdn thiet - Ddu tu hd trg phat trien kinh te cdng ddng ede xa vung dem, phat trien cac nganh nghe phu de nang cao ddi sd'ng; phat trien dich vu tfn dung, ddu tu tfn dung cho cdc hd ngheo vay vd'n Viee xac dinh giai phap phat trie'n kinh te vung dem edn phu hgp vdi muc tieu bao tdn, phfl hgp vdi nhu cdu, nguyen vgng cua ca cdng ddng cung nhu ydu cdu chung ciia xa hdi Tao cho cdng ddng dan cu d vung dem cd dieu kien dap flng dugc cac yeu cau ve: luong thuc, thuc pham, chdt dot, ddng cd de chan tha gia sue, vat lieu xay dung gia dung va dac biet la thu nhap bang tien mat Tang cudng bao ton c6 su tham gia cila cgng dong Hien nay, cdng ddng dan dia phuong d va xung quanh cae khu bao tdn hau nhu rdt ft, tham chf chua quan tam den cdng tac quan ly tdi nguyen rflng, dae biet la tai nguyen ddng vat hoang da De ngudi dan cac xa vung dem cd hdnh vi img xfl td't vdi tai nguyen rimg va DDSH thi giai phap bao tdn quan trgng la Ban quan Iy cac khu bao tdn can chu ddng phdi hgp vdi chfnh quyen dia phuong trien khai cdng tac quan ly bao ve rflng va DDSH bdng each thu hut su tham gia cua cdng ddng cdng tac quan Iy tai nguydn thdng qua cac qui udc va huong udc gifla ban quan ly va cdng ddng dan dia phuang Nghien ciiu cac phong tuc tap quan eua cac cdng ddng, dan tdc de xay dung hgp ly cdc quy udc ddng thdi phai dira tren cac chinh sach, quy dinh cua phap luat nhdm lam cho m Nguyin Song Tung - Da dang sinh hoc d Viet Nam ngudi dan thdy dugc quyen Igi va trach nhiem thuc su cua minh va tu nguyen tham gia, ky ket cac quy udc, huong udc Keu ggi ngudi dan dia phuang cung tham gia cdng tac bao tdn bdng nhieu hinh thfle, nhu dua em ngudi dan dia phuang vdo cung tham gia bao ve rimg, nhdt Id cac ddi bao ve hoac xay dung mang ludi tin bao nhan dan de nam bdt kip thai va cd bien phap ngan chan cdc hanh vi vi pham Thuc tien da cho thdy edng ddng dia phuang dugc tham gia vao cdc hoat ddng quan ly rflng tfl khau dieu tra, lap ke hoach de'n thue hien ke hoach, giam sdt ke hoach va didu chinh ke hoach, dd gdn ket dugc quyen Igi vd trach nhiem cua hg quan ly rflng, thi chang nhflng ke hoach quan ly rflng cd tfnh kha thi cao ma ngudi dan cdn quan tam dac biet de'n td chflc thuc hien ke hoach da de Nang cao nhan thiic ve da dang sinh hgc cho cgng dong Nhieu nghien cflu cho thdy, nhan thfle chua ddy du thuc su la mdt nhflng nguyen nhan lam cho ngudi dan khdng tfch cue vdi hoat ddng bao tdn va phat trien tdi nguydn DDSH, Iam giam hieu qua quan ly Vi vay, tuyen truyen giao due de nang cao nhan thfle va kie'n thfle la giai phap quan trgng cho cdng tac bao tdn DDSH hieu qua Cdn ndng cao nhan thfle cho cac nha quan ly, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, chfnh quyen va ede edp fly Dang tfl Trung uong den dia phuong, cac co quan ban ngdnh cd lidn quan, cdc cdng ddng dan cu dac biet la dan cu vung dem de cdng ddng tham gia td't han vao cdng tdc bao tdn DDSH thdng qua cac hoat ddng tuydn truyen, giao due va dao tao Viec tuyen truyen, giao due can lam cho ngudi dan nhan thfle dugc nhimg gia tri to Idn cua DDSH va nhung giai phap khai thac ben viing nhung gid tri dd cho su phat trien kinh te xa hdi d dia phuong Viec tuyen truyen giao due cung hudng vdo bu ddp nhimg thieu hut ve kien thfle lien quan den quan ly tai nguyen ndi ehung, dac biet la nhung kien thfle ve nudi trdng ede lodi ddng thuc vat hoang da (bao tdn chuyen vi), phdt trien rimg trdng hdn loai gid tri kinh te cao Day la nhflng kien thfle cdn thiet de quan ly S riing tren ca sd nhiing giai phdp ldng ghep muc tidu kinh te' vdi bao tdn riing d dia phuong De cdng tae nang eao nhan thfle dat hieu qua cao, can xay dung ddi ngu can bd truyen thdng cd du nang lue lam cdng tdc tuyen truyen, giao due bao tdn tdi nguydn thien nhien cho cdng ddng Ke't luan Viet Nam la mdt nude ed tfnh da dang sinh hgc cao tren the gidi Cdng tde bao tdn DDSH nhung nam vfla qua da cd nhflng chuyen bie'n tfch cue, dae biet la viec ban hanh Luat DDSH nam 2008 Tuy nhien, DDSH d Viet Nam da va dang bi suy giam manh Nhieu he sinh thai va mdi trudng sd'ng bi thu hep dien tfch Nhieu loai quy, hiem bi suy giam ve sd lugng hoac dang dflng trudc nguy co bi tuyet chung mdt tuong lai gdn Suy thoai DDSH se ddn de'n mdt can bdng sinh thai, anh hudng true tiep den mdi trudng sd'ng eua eon ngudi, de dga su phat trien ben vimg cua ddt nude De khdc phuc tinh trang trdn nhdt thiet phai ed eac giai phdp ket hgp chat che, ddng bd cac chfnh sach phat trien vdi vdn de bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn DDSH Ddng thdi de cdng tac bao tdn dat hieu qua hon ddi hdi eac nha quan ly cdn cd nhiing hieu biet sau sdc ve DDSH, ve cdc dieu kien kinh te- xa hdi va van hda cua timg khu vuc cu the, ve mdi quan he gifla cdng tac bao tdn DDSH vdi sinh kd cua ngudi dan vung loi va vung dem cac khu bao ton./ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bp Nong nghiep va Phat trien N6ng thon Bao cao scat quy hoach he thdng rimg dac dung, 2006 B6 Nong nghiep va Phat trien Nong thon cung Quy quoc te'vi Bao ton thien nhien Chien lupc Quan Iy he thdng cac khu bao ton Viet Nam din 2010,2004 Bp Tai nguyen va Moi trudng Bao cao hien trang moi uudng quoc gia, 2005,2007 Bp Tai nguyen va Moi trudng Ke hoach Hanh dpng Da dang sinh hpc cua Viet Nam nam 1995 Bp Tai nguyen va M6i trudng Bao cao Qude gia lan thir vl thuc hien Cong udc da dang sinh hpc, 2009 Bp Tai nguyen va M6i tnrdng Chien lupc Bao ve moi trudng quoc gia de'n nam 2010 va dinh hudng den 2020 Nguyin Viet Cach Kinh te hoa cong tac bao ton da dang sinh hpc- trudng hop dien hinh tai Vudn qjoc gia Xuan Thiiy Bao cao tai H6i nghi Moi trudng toan qude lan thii Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vurng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 ... dang sinh hoc a Viet Nam quan ly Trong dd, Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng chiu trach nhiem xay dung va quan ly cac khu dat ngap nudc (he sinh thai da''t ngap nude) Tuy nhien, tren thue te cdc he sinh. .. ddng lien quan tdi Cdng udc DDSH d Viet Nam Dac biet, sau Luat Da dang sinh hgc dugc thdng qua, Bd Tdi nguydn va Mdi trudng dugc giao giup Chfnh phu thd''ng nhdt quan ly nha nudc ve DDSH Nam 2008,... TAM DOI VQl BAO TON DDSH d VIET NAM Quan ly da dang sinh hgc nhieu bat cap - He thdng ca quan nhd nu&c ve DDSH cdn chong cheo Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng la co quan ddu mdi qud''c gia dd''i vdi