Tuyin tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam DSu khi Vift Nam Cff hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 181 Sir DUNG SET CHlTA CHAT HLTU CO TRONG VIEC Xif LY TACH DAU RA KHOI NlfOC VIA Pham Thj Le Minh Vien Ddu Khi Cao[.]
Tuyin tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam DSu Vift Nam: Cff hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 181 Sir DUNG SET CHlTA CHAT HLTU CO TRONG VIEC Xif LY TACH DAU RA KHOI NlfOC VIA Pham Thj Le Minh Vien Ddu Khi Cao Anh Dung Cdng ty Dung dich khoan vd Hod phdm Ddu TOM TAT Di tdng hi sd thu hdi ddu, mpt phuang phdp hay dugc ung dung Id tdi xir ly nuac (nuac via, nuac da duac xir ly) bam ep lgi vdo via Cdc logi nuac thdi ndy diu cd ldn ddu vd cdc nguyen hiu khdc nhu kim logi, ddt da, v.v Di hgn chi tdi da su ket miit giing khoan, diiu quan trgng nhdt Id phdi xu ly logi bd dugc ddu vd cdc kim logi ndng khdc khdi nuac via Bdo cdo gidi thieu mpt phuong phdp xir ly nude via cd hiiu qud kinh ti khd cao (dang duac irng dung tgi My) [2j Phuong phdp ndy su dung set chira chdt him ca cd kit hgp than hogt tinh di tdch logi bd ddu khdi nuac via Trong trudng hap mudn logi bd cdc kim logi ndng, cdc nguyen lieu khdc thi thiit bi xic ly phdi dugc thiit ki ddc biet, cdn than, cd tinh todn chat che cho mdi mpt trudng hgp sic dung Logi set chira chdt hiru ca duac yeu cdu sir dung la set bentonit dugc trao ddi bdi cdc cation cua cdc amin bgc bdn Nhiing nguai van hdnh cd the xir ly set chica chdt hieu ca mpt cdch di ddng tren ddt liin, tgi giing khoan hay cd thi chuyin set ndy sang cdc tdu di sdn xudt atphan hodc cdc mdy trpn nhien lieu G l d l THIEU CHUNG Rat nhieu nha khoa bgc da dua cac ly thuyet ve sy tuomg tac giua eae amin vdi ldp silieat eua set [1] Mdi lien ket cua amin (cac amin bae 1, bae 4, mach dai, mach ngan hoae cac polyamin) vdi ldp silieat (montmorillonit, mica, vermieulit, v.v ) tao phirc chat cd cac tinh chat rieng biet, vay ung dung set ehua chat hiru co phai quan tam den eau true va tinh chat ciia ehiing Cac cation trao ddi cd mat set cd the duge thay the bang cae cation amoni bae mach dai, dd set se ed kha nang truong nd va phan tan dugc cae dung mdi hum co khae [4] Set chua chat hum co cd img dyng rdng rai cdng nghiep Vi du, set chua chat hdu co la cau tir quan trgng dung djch khoan gdc dau, son, nhya deo, cac chat bdi tron, ITnh vyc my pham, myc in, sac ky, v.v Set chua chat biha co cdn duge diing lam chat phan tan cua cac polyme ua nude dau va lam cac chat xue tac [4] Set ehua chat bijru co da duge cac nha khoa hgc nghien cuu khoang 50 nam nay, nhung cau true, co che truang nd va sy phan tan cua chiing cac dung mdi huru CO vin chua dugc hieu rd Sau day chiing tdi se dua mdt sd thuat ngir, khai niem lien quan din eau true va tinh chat cua set chua chit him co Set chua chit hiru co dugc dilu ebl tir set dang smectit (bentonit) da duge tinh ebl 182 Sd dung set ehda chat hdu co viec xd Iv tach d;iu khoi nuoc \ ia udt de loai bo cac phan khoang phi set thd Vira set na> cd phan khoang montmorillonit Na Ca Mg Cac ion Na* Ca"" Mg" dugc coi nhu la cac ion trao ddi Dung tich trao ddi ion cua set na)- phai dat it nhat la 75mcq'10()g set khd Set nen dugc su dung tdt nhit a dang montmorillonit - Na (set na>' cd kha nang truomg no' rat tdt) Trdn sin vdi hgp chit amoni bae hoae hdn hgp amoni cua chimg (2M2irf: dimethyl bihydrogenated tallow ammoniumchloride; ammoni di (CislL,-') dimcth\l; ammoni di (C1XH37) benzyl methyl va ammoni di (Ci^Hj?) benz> dimeth\l \.\ ) ciing vdi mgt chat pha loang (metanon axeton propylen carbonat prop) len gl)col di cl) len ghcol \'.\' ) chit la chit phan cyc dugc cho vao nham tang cudng kha nang truang na cua set cac dung mdi huu ca Khi dd huyen phii set xa)' su trao ddi ion nhanh chdng va hoan toan theo phuang trinh sau: Mont - Na^ + R,R2R3R4N*CI ^ Mont - N^ R,R2R3R.i + NaCI Mont= Montmorillonit R= Hydrocarbon San pham thu dugc d dang keo va cd tinh chat ky nude, ggi la set chira chat hiru ca dugc dem Igc lam khd va nghien den kich thudc mong mudn [6 7] Cau true ciia set chira chat huu co' 45niii Da ttuirc xii ly \i'yi chat phan chira xir ly si'd chai phan cue 10 X Hinh 1: Sy thay doi ctia khoang each dodi co chat phan cue Cac cation cua cac amin nhu di (HT) dimeth)! ammoni se khuyech tan \a hip phu bao phii tren be mat hat set cd dien tich khoang 2nm" vimg trao ddi cation cua montniorillonit chi khoang l,4nm^ Do dd, khoang each ldp ben (d,,,,,) phai dugc lam day them bai it nhat la mach hydrocarbon (HC) Xac dinh quang phd X mau bdt set huu CO cho thay dinh pic cd be rdng tir 2.6 - 2.9nm (Hinh 1) Dieu tuang ima \'di mach HC nam det cd khoang each S = x 0,4nm + 0,96nm = 2,56nm hoae tuong duong vdi mdt mach octadecyl nam nghieng mdt gdc 54"44' so vdi ldp silieat (S = Tuyen tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dgu Viet Nam: Co hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 183 2.9nm) Khoang each d,,,)] rat de bi tha) ddi cd sy hap phu cua cac phan tu phu trg cd cyc hoae khdng cd cyc Tren Hinh ciing cho thay khoang each do,,! thay ddi tu 2.8nm den 3,45nm Su thciy ddi la cd sy hgp nhat cua mdt vai phan tram cac phan tu dac trung nao dd trung hda vao bdt set Ciing vdi viec tang khoang each di,,,! su xuat hien ciia chat phan cyc se lam dn djnh cau triic va khoang each cua cac dinh pic se hep va sac net hon Sir tuang tac ciia set chira chat huu co^ vdi phan tir phan cyc trung hda ddng vai trd quan trgng nhu la cac chat keo tu cac dung mdi huu ca [5] V (a) (b) Hinh 2: Minh hoa kha nang ciia cac ion amoni ci) the sap xep vao khoang each ben dom ciia montmorillonit Cd nidt quan niem khae ve sy hinh cau tnic cua phirc chat Cac trat tu duge sap xep can tnic ciia set chira chat huu co phu thudc rat nhieu vao ban chat ciia dung mdi (nude hoae hgp chat hiru co) De nghien ciru va dua cac thdng sd chinh xac ve cau tnic ciia phiic chat ngudi ta phai diing phuong phap nhieu xa tia Ranghen (X - ra)) |3] Tinh chat truong nd ciia set chua chat hiiu co' Set chiia chat huu co rat de bi tam udt boi cac dung mdi huu ca Tuv' nhien, de irng dung cd ich dugc cdng nghiep thi set phai cd kha nang phiin tan tdt cac hat nhd rieng re va cd the tao gel cac dung djch huyen phii rat loang (dung dich 1% trgng lugng) Trong bat ky ITnh vyc irng dung nao thi he dung mdi ciia set chii'a chat hCru co phai dugc xem xet can than vi kha nang tao gel cua set rat khiic cac dung mdi khae Cac dung mdi lam cho set chira chat huu co' cd kha nang truong nd tdt thdng thudng cd chira cac nhdm hoae cac phan tir ua nude va ky nirdc Vi vay cac hgp chat HC khdng phan cue tinh khiet se khdng lam cho set chira chat hiru co truang nd dugc vi cac HC khdng cd kha nang sonvat hda cac HC ciia cac amin cd set chira chat hiru ca Trong dd, cac dung mdi phan cyc nhu nitrobenzen tham chi ca styren cting cd the lam cho set chii'a chat hu'u co truong no rat tdt Dieu cd the la cac nhdm phenyl cd kha nang hap phu manh Ircn be mat silieat va nd ddng vai trd nhu la mgt chat hoat hda phan cue Cac chat hoat hda dugc irng dung rdng rai la MeOH, EtOH Me2C03 hoae prop) len carbonat dugc them vao vdi ham lugng tir 10 - 50% theo trgng lugng ciia set huu co Mdt sd nghien cii'u cho tha)' cac chat na)' cd the tham nhap sau vao cac ldp hap phu len be mat silieat \'a bat dau qua trinh truang nd Kha nang keo tu cua set chira chat huu ca tha)' ddi rat nha) theo l) le cua amin va set Hinh cho thay anh hiro'ng cua ty le amin/set din nhdt bieu kiln cua dung dich hu)'en phii set chira chat hiru co dau khoang nhe Thanh phin cua hu)'en phii na) gdm: 93,33 % dau khoang nhe, 1.67 % propylen carbonat, % set chira chit huu co Sd dung set chij-a chat hdu cff vifc xd ly tach dau khdi nude via 184 AV(Pa.sx 10') 1.2 H 1.00.8 H 0.60.4 0.2 H 80 85 90 95 100 105 Ty le amin/set (meq/lOOg) 110 Hinh 3: Anh hirdng cua ty le amin/set den nhdt bieu kien AV Tai ndng amin thip thi set khdng truang nd, cd the la ehudi mach amin hap phu ldp mdng tren bl mat silieat, ndng amin qua cao thi kha nang tao gel eiing bj uc chi Nguyen nhan ciia dilu cung chua duge biet rd Cac chat boat hda phan eye ciing ddng gdp vao viec tao ciu tnic gel bang eae lien ket mach hydro canh - canh vdi cac hat set phan tan Mdt dilu luru y la vdi mdt lugng nude rit nhd (1%) - % trgng lugmg so vdi trgng lugmg eiia set chua chit him co) cdng rat can thiet qua trinh hinh gel Vai tro eua nude eiing chua duge biet ehinh xac nhung cd mdt dieu chac chan rang ehi vdi mdt lugng rat nhd ciia nude ciing lam cho linh ddng eiia cac ion amoni bae tren be mat hat set tang len Mat khae, nude eiing ed anh hudng den the zeta cua set chua chat hum co phan tan cac dung mdi hiru co Ngudi ta cho rang nude gay trang thai ludng cyc d tren be mat hat set va tao nen lye day ludng cyc gdp phan vao thiie day qua trinh truomg nd eua set chira chat biju co sau ket thuc vai trd cua chat boat hda phan cue Ddi nude ciing duge chu ddng eho them vao qua trinh san xuat chat bdi tron ma cd sir dyng set chiia chat hum co, dac biet trudng hgp ed su dyng dau ndng Vi du nhu san xuat som thi viec sir dyng ket hgp metanol/nudc cho hieu qua eao hon la chi diing metanol Nude cd mat phan set chiia chat hiru co se tao cac lien ket hydro canh - canh, canh - mat tren cac phien set phan tan va dd cai thien dugc cudng gel Trong hau het cac trudng hgp, de pha vd cac td hgp hat set va de dam bao eho mdi td hgp phan tan deu, rieng re dung mdi thi can phai cd mdt lye eat xen Dieu rat quan trgng nhiimg dung mdi cd nhdt cao nhu cac dung mdi dugc dimg san xuat chat bdi tron Ngay gel dugc hinh thanh, thdng thudng thi gel se dn djnh rat ben virng, nhung ddi su tuomg tac eiia eae eau tir khae phan se gay su keo ty va lam giam cudng gel Vi dy nhu hdn hgp chat bdi tron va nhya polyeste/styren cd tdn tai cac bgt xa phdng kim loai Dieu duge coi nhu la mdt djnh de rang: cac bgt xa Tuyin tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam DSu Vift Nam: Cff hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 185 phdng lien kit phdi tri tai cac canh eua cac phien set va dd lam eho lien ket canh - canh yeu di Hieu img bit lgi cd the dugc xir ly bang each cho them mdt sd cac cau tu khae nhu amin dl cho amin tao lien kit hydro vdi cac bgt xa phdng kim loai Mgt hieu img ed hai tuomg ty cung dugc quan sat cho du chat boat hda phan cyc Ciing cd mdt djnh dl khae eho rang: cac chat bap phy du tai cac canh cua phien set se lam pha vd cau true canh - canh va tao cac lien ket song song tren cac phien set Kha nang tang the tich eua set chua chat hiru co se tang len ndng ciia chat hoat hda phan cue tang Dieu cd the gay khd khan neu ban than dung mdi la cac chat phan eye nhu este hay alcohol [3] Su" tuomg tac gifra set vdi cac hop chat hiru co" (cac mudi amin dac trirng) Cac anion hum eo dugc hap phy tai cac canh eua cac hat set, nguge lai cac cation cua phan tir hiru co lai dugc hap phy len cac be mat tich dien am cua cac hat set thay the cac cation Na"^, K"^ hoae Ca^"", v.v Rd rang dieu cho thay kha nang hap phy cua set ddi vdi cac cation manh hom va dd khdng gian day (khoang each dooi) cua cae hat set montmorillonit tang len sau duge xir ly vdi eae cation hum co Khi mudi amin (vi dy nhu mudi R - NH3^Cr hoae mudi amoni bae 4, hoae bazo (R4N^Cr hoae R4N"^0H")) dugc them vao dung djch huyen phii set thi cac cation hum CO se thay the cac cation gdc cd mat tren cac be mat hat set hay ndi each khae dd cd sy trao ddi hap phy xay Cd sy hap phy chgn lge cua hat set ddi vdi cac cation hum CO (hap phy djnh lugmg) cho den tat ca cac vi tri trao ddi duge eae cation bum eo thay the vao Cac nhdm amoni lien ket rat manh vdi cac be mat set Ddng thdi cac ehudi mach hydrocarbon ty chung se lien ket vdi be mat set va thay the cac phan tir nude da duge hap phy trudc Phiic hum co - set duge bieu dien tren Hinh 4a Trong hinh ngudi ta gia thiet rang khoang khdng gian tren be mat set du de cho mach HC nam vao Neu mach qua dai thi chiing se nam nghieng hoae Idp cation hum co se nam chdng len neu set cd truang nd cao Be mat trao ddi eua phiic luc bj che phu bdi cac mach HC, dd nd khdng bj lam udt bdi nude va set se ket tua (tuy nhien gan day ngudi ta quan sat thay vai phuc hum eo - set eua montmorilllonit bj truomg nd d cac ldp ben trong, nghTa la cd cac ldp nude hap phy d ben phiic hum co - set) Ddng thdi tren be mat phuc set duge lam udt bdi dau va dd set bj phan tan khdng ddng nhat cac chat ldng hum co Phuc trao ddi cua set ciing se xue tien nhd hda I ffl (^ I ffl I ffl" (a) o ffl (+) o c+^ l^+^sl (+) (b) o ffl o (+) ffl Hinh 4: Cach sip xep cac phan tir amin len be mat hat set Kha nang hap phu cua cac cation hiru co khdng cd gidi ban din dung tich trao ddi 86 Sd dung set ehda chat hdu co vice \ d Iv tach diiu rajvhoi nude via cation cua set \'i du \'di cac hgp chat amoni bae mach dai cd nhdm met) thi kha nang hip phu se gap 2.5 lan so vdi dung tich trao ddi cation cua set Muoi hiiu eo' du dugc hip phu \'at ly bang luc lien ket Van - dec - Van Cac ion cua cac phan tu' bi hap phu \at ly cd xu hudng tien \'e phia pha nude Cac cation hiru ca cimg \ di anion cua nhdm ionic se tao Idp dien tu kep cd the dugc khu)'ech tan nhieu hoae it \ a phire hap phu liic na) dugc coi la cd tich dien duang nhu Hinh 4b Caeh sap xep na) dugc nit tir thuc te tien hanh thi nghiem dien di cho tha) set bi giai keo va cac hat set trd nen tich dien duong Liic na) set khdng edn cd kha nang ua diu nira dd khdng cd kha nang de dieu che nhii tuang ha) phan lan \ ao cac dung mdi h)drocarbon Kha ncing tao nhu cua phiic hiru ca - set dugc the hien tai diem tiro'ng du'O'ng cua qua trinh trao ddi cation Viec dinh hudng cua cac cation \ao ldp ben \'a khoang each da)' dooi cua cac phirc ludn duge xac dinh Be mat dy kien cua cac cation \'iing djnh hudng nen dugc can bang hoae nho hon \'di \ img be mat trao ddi sin cd Mdt phuo'ng phap dua de danh gia mat dd dien tich be mat la dya tren viec khoang each dom cua phirc chat vdi cac cation mono dialk) amoni \di cac chieu dai nicich khae Cac cation tho'm cd the nam a vi tri song song hoae thang diing giua cac ldp phu thudc \ ao khoang each dooi san cd [3J Do on dinh ctia set chiia chat huu co' Ion amoni bae dugc hap phu rat manh len vung trao ddi cation cua montmorillonit Vi vii) chiing se khdng bi cac dung mdi hda tan \a cau tnic cua phiie huu co' - set dugc dn dinh mac dii dung dieh cd mdt lugng ldn cac cation kim loai Do ben cua phirc hiru CO - set mdt phan la luc hut Van - dec - Van giua cac mach I IC \ a giua mach I IC vdi be mat hat set (hieu img tang len nhanh chdng chieu dai mach I IC lang) \a mgt phan khae la do ben nhiet ddng hgc cua cac ion amoni biic tren be mat eiic hat set so vdi ben nhiet ddng hgc ciia chiing dugc h)'drat hda Do vay, keo tu set huu ca la tuong ddi dn djnh nhiet nd cd the dugc sir dung a nhiet len tdi 250"C Dieu cho phep sir dung set chira chat hiru co dung dich khoan so'n luu hda niiiet va chat bdi tron [3] Qua mdt sd khai niem tren, chiing tdi cd the nit mgt sd ket luan sau 11 |: Co che truong no cua set chira chat hiru co cac dung mdi hii'u ca hien na) \'an chua dugc hieu rd Cd mdt sy can bang giira luc hiit Van - dec - Van (luc cie giii cac td hgp set lien ket vdi nhau) va luc dien (trg giiip cho qua trinh truang no) Cac bang chimg dua cho phep chimg ta hieu set truong no chii yeu theo co che sau: set chira chat hiru co dang khd dugc khuii)' \'di dung mdi hiru co cac phan tu phan cue nho han cd kha nang lye \'di be mat silieat se tham nhap vao khoang khdng gian giua cac ldp Cac mach HC cua cac amin hap phu Idp mong nhung cong tren be mat silieat bit dau tang len Su cd miit cua mdt lugng nho nude rat can thiet de cai thien tinh linh ddng cua eiic ion amoni bcic \ a cho phep cd nhieu ho'n cac dung mdi va cac phan tu phan eye tham gia vao phan img Cudi eiing la cau tnic tactoit ciia set bj pha vd va set \'an tiep tuc truang no cd luc da)' lirdng circ Dung dich hu)'en phii dugc phan tan hoan toan sy chuyen dich cit xen va cau true gel dugc dn dinh nhd cac phan tu phan cue hinh cac cau noi lien kit h)dro Cac phan tu nude ddng vai trd quan trgng qua trinh truang na cua set \'a dn dinh ael Tu>cn tap biio ciio Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam D3u Viet Nam: Cff hgi mdi, thach thuc moi" 87 UNG DUNG SET CHUA CHAT HUU CO TRONG VIEC TACH DAI RA KHOI NUOC VIA Cac quy tac xii' ly nude thai My vice cap giay phep cho xu ly nude thai cd chira diiu md bdi li'on \ii ciic kim loai nang niio dd la nit nghiem ngat Viec dua nude thai den noi xu ly riit tdn kem tir 0.1 I USD/gal (3,785 lit) [2J dieu lam tang them mdt khoang ehi phi dang ke eho \iee xu ly Cue bao ve mdi trud'ng d My (EPA) da phan loai khai thac diiu mo thiinh hai loai: khai thac ngoiii khoi va khai thac ven bd BAT (Best Available Technolog) ) qu)' dinh rd ehilt phe thai dugc gidi ban tdi da cd chira 29mg/l dau kin nu'dc tinh trung binh tren 30 nga)' cdn Offshore BCT (Best Conventional Technolog)) ehi qu) dinh khoang 48mg''l tinh trung binh tren 30 ngiiy [9] Nhung qu)' dinh nil) ed the dat duge xu ly nude \ la being hda chat, nhung cung chua thoa man dugc yeu cau cua My Vi du nhu khdng chi de loai bd dau khdi nude via ma cdn xir ly dugc cac loai nude bi nhiem ban bo'i diiu nhien lieu, xang gasoline, nhien lieu diing cdng nghiep himg khdng \ \ Lugng diiu cd nude thai khdng qua lOmg/1 Dc thiet lap mdt tieu chuan cho nude udng tir nude ngam vii nude be mat ngudi ta dya theo tieu chuan ciia BAT, edn EPA thi dua cac gidi han ve hiim lugng kim loai nang cho phep nude via nhu ddng (Cu), arsen (As), kem (Zn), hiim lugng HC thom tdng va loan bd cac chiit ddc phe thai Dieu cd nghTa lii phuo'ng phiip liim sach bao gdm ca carbon boat tinh dang hat va nhua can trao ddi ion cung deu dugc xu ly tai ehd Sir ket hgp giua Chinh phii My va EPA se liim cho nude via tai \ img ven hd nit sach Khi nude via hay nude bo'm ep cd dang polyme thi lirgng dau nirdc chi cho phep den 50ppm [9] Nude thud'ng dimg de sinh hoat cung ed the bi nhiem biin boi dau Cdoet, nude sinh boat riit hiem, chiing bi nhiem diiu d mdt dien riit rdng sau chien tranh vLing Vinh Phuong phap xii' ly De xir ly lam sach nude via cd the ngirdi ta se bom viio binh tiich dau'nu'dc mdt he dung djch nhu tuong ldng (axit hoae demulsifier) hoiic cd the su dung ciic tiii Igc binh Igc cd set chira chat hiru co dang hat hoae than boat tinh dang hat de loai bo ciic HC tho'm bay ho'i va cac can nhya trao ddi ion (cac kim loai nang) Tiit ca cac thiet bi nil)' deu cd the dat tren ciic xe mode di ddng de di chuyen den ciic no'i xu ly mdt each de dang Set chira chiit hu'u co thdng thudng dang hat cd kich thiidc x 3()US mesh size (75ym) dugc trdn lan vdi antraxit (than boat tinh cao cap) cd cimg kich thudc \ ii cimg t)' khdi (0.896g/cnr') nhu set ehira chat huu co Hdn hgp set chira chat huu co dugc sii' dung ndng cua dau lan nude via khoang 70ppm hoae it ban chiing ddng vai trd la chat lam sach giai doan cudi bd phiin tiich diiu/nudc Neu he thdng cd sir dung than boat tinh thi hdn hgp set chira chiit hiru co dirge diing d giai doan trirdc cho qua than boat tinh Set chira chat hiru co cd the loai bd mdt khdi lugng diiu biing 50% trgng lugng cua nd tire lii gap lan so vdi than boat tinh chinh vi the ma nd dirge su dung rdng nii thii) eho than boat tinh Trong mdt thai gian dai, nganh cdng nghe khoan da sii dung set chira chiit hiru co dang bdt de lam chiit tiiy nhdt, chat phu gia cho dung djch khoan goc diu Dung dich chira set chira chit huu co cd the chju dugc nhiet len tdi 175"F (97"C) ciie thiet bi 188 Sd dung set chu-a chat hdu co vifc xd ly tach dau khdi nude via dun sdi d cac nha may Igc dau Qua trinh tach la mdt qua trinh hda hgc xay giura set chiia chit hum co va cac gigt dau Cae amin bae set chua chat hum co lam eho set cd tinh ua chit bum co (dau) va ky nude dd nd se phan bd hoae hda tan phan tan vao diu va lam cho cac gigt dau bam viu vao eae hat set bang lye Coulombic [2] Khi cho set chiia him co vao phan tan cae dung mdi hiiu co (HC) thi set se trucmg nd va lam cho dung djch dam dac len va cd tinh bdi tron eho mui khoan va bit nhet vao cac Id xdp gieng khoan Van de kinh te viec xu ly nu'dc via Lgi ich kinh te ciia viec su dyng set ehiia chat hum co cho thay rat rd tai trung tam Michigan, d day, eae gieng bom ep, nhumg ngudi van hanh da xu ly khoang 3.500 thung nude via tren mdt ngay, dd cd chua 500ppm can dau Nude via da dugc xu ly dugc diing lai de bom ep vao via Do lugmg dau edn lai qua nhieu sau xu ly, nen tdc bom nude giam manh vi nd gay hien tugng bit nhet be chua va dd cac gieng khoan phai dugc bao 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thde moi" 189 nude vdi gia re, chat lugmg cao, nham giam bdt chi phi nhap khau va nang cao hieu qua kinh te TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Cao Anh Diing, 2004 Bdo cdo nghien cim cdng nghe sdn xudt set hieu ca phuc vu khoan thdm dd khai thde ddu George Alther, 1997 Organoclay cost effectively removes oil from produced water Oil and Gas Joumal, Apr 14, 1997 Swelling and oder versus disorder ofdimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammoniwn montmorUlonite in the presence of water and methanol Clay Minerals, 1994, 29, p 401 - 404 T.R Jones, 1983 The properties and uses of clays which swell in organic solvents Clay Minerals, 1983, 18, p 399 - 410 US Patent No 4081496 Thixotropic polyester compositions containing an organophillic clay gellant March 28/3/1978 US Patent No 4116866 Organophillic clay gellant September 26, 1978 US Patent No 5634969 Organoclay composition March 6, 1997 Vasily N Moraru, 2001 Structure formation of alkylammonium montmorUlonite in organic media Applied Clay Science 19, 2001, p 11 - 26 Veil J.A., 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