sCr DUNG NANG LUONG MAT TROI TRONG KIEN TRUC TS Nguyen Thj Thu Hoa Khoa Kiin true va Quy hoach Trudng Dai hgc XSy dt/ng Tdm tit Didn khai thSe tU hp thdng pin mat trdi (MT) duge nhin nhan IS ngudn nSn[.]
sCr DUNG NANG LUONG MAT TROI TRONG KIEN TRUC TS Nguyen Thj Thu Hoa Khoa Kiin true va Quy hoach Trudng Dai hgc XSy dt/ng Tdm tit: Didn khai thSe tU hp thdng pin mat trdi (MT) duge nhin nhan IS ngudn nSng lugng sach, ngudn nSng lugng cda thi k} 21 vS duge cac nudc tidn tien tren thi gidi eoi trgng va chu y phSt triin CSc pin MT sin xuit didn dem lai st/ tidn nghi vS giup giii bSI toan nSng lugng, thay thi cac nguin nSng lugng gSy d nhiem, gdp phin bao vp mdi tnfdng vS giim bdt hau qua cda biin dii hau Sd diing sin pham cda edng nghp NLMT (pin MT vS eSe thiit bj thu nhipt MT) sd ed anh hudng din hinh thSi cau true ngdi nhS, dSe bidt IS bp phan vo bao ehe, ISm cho nhS cd thdm mpt phong eSch mdi Trong thiit ki dd thj, sd dung pin MT kit hgp vdi den LED cSc kiin true nho se tao ndn ve phong phu cda khdng gian dd thj vS cdng cpng Vipt Nam cd lugng BXMT phong phu, cin phii duge khai thac di chiiu sang tt/ nhidn vS sd dt/ng eho eSc he thing NLMT, dd cd thiit bj dun nude ndng, pin MT tao didn nSng, hp thong bdc xa ISm mSt vS suai im GiS thSnh cao IS trd ngai nhit ddi vdi vipe ap dung pin MT d Viet Nam Tuy vpy cdng nghp NLMT dn duge khuyin khich phSt triin di nSng cao hipu suit, giam giS tbanb, nhd dd dirge Sp dt/ng rpng rSi xSy dt/ng Summary: Using solar energy Is supported and developed in many countries, especially for photovoltaic systems in producing electricity from the sun, natures most abundant and the 21st century's resource It wHI also have peace of mind, knowing that it's helping to reduce pollution and protect the environment and against climate change PV modules are not add- ones, but are intergral part of the building's skin They are used just like the standard building materials that they are replace Using solar tecnology's productions (PV, BIPV and solar hot water or solar cooling, heating ) can bring visually stunning houses, building designs and urban design There is an abundant resource of solar energy in VietNam which should be used for lighting and mnning equipment systems as hot water, cooling, heating and harnessing by PV The high cost of PV system is barrier for using However, it should be supported and developed for saving energy MO DAU Vide nghien edu khai thdc sd dung ndng lupng mdt trdi (NLMT, solar energy) di tao dien dd cd td vdi chyc ndm trudc Nhung ehi g i n day, d mdl s l nude tiPn tidn tren t h i gidi, sd dyng NLMT mdi thifc sif dupc ehd y d l phdt triln manh me vd trd thdnh mpt ngdnh ePng nghd nhim khai thac ngudn ndng lupng saeh, bao vp mdi Irudng, gdp phan giam nhe hdu qua cda sif bidn doi hdu Cdng nghp NLMT cd lien quan mat thilt vdi ITnh vifc kidn true xdy dung vd se 92 TAP CHf KHOA HOC C O N G N G H XAY DUNG Sd05 - 6/2009 d anh hudng tdi cPng vipc thie't ke vd ky thupt xdy dung edng trinh Mdl khae, nhd sd dung ngudn ndng lupng sach vd vP cung phong phu nay, cdng trinh trd nen thdn thien vdi mdi Irudng vd de ddng dat dupc tien nghi, gdp phan bao tdn tai nguyen vd he sinh thai sU DUNG NANG LUONG MAT TROI Trong thdnh phan quang eua bde xa mdl trdi (BXMT, solar radiation) tdi mpt ddt, phan bdc xa nhin thay (chilm khoang 50%) dupc sd dung true liep de chieu sdng tu nhien (CSTN) ePng trinh; phan bde xa hdng ngoai (chiem khoang 43 - 45%) ed the dupc sd dung nhu mpt ngudn nhiet d l sudi I m , dun, d y ; phan bdc xa cue lim (ehiem - 7%) cd ldc dung tao vitamin D cho eo I h l sdng vd dipt khuin lam ve sinh mdi trudng O l dat dupe sif lien nghi md vdn tilt kiem ndng lupng dien thap sang va dieu hda khdng khi, can ed nhieu giai phdp thill ke nhd cda nhim tan dung dnh sang cua mdl trdi, cae giai phap ehe chin ning vd chd'ng bdc xa nhiet ve mua ndng, Ipi dung bdc xa nhipl mua ddng d l ldm dm nhd, thdm ehi cho ning chieu vdo nhd mot khoang thdi gian nhd't dinh mpt so cPng trinh kien true Ody Id nhCmg npi dung chd y l u cua eae chie'n lupc va giai phdp thilt ke theo mdt trdi hay cdn gpi Id thie't ke mdl trdi thu dpng (solar passive design) kien true Td vdi ndm nay, khoa hpe vd eong nghe NLMT dupe chd y vd dang dugc phat trien manh d nhilu nudc lien l i l n trdn thd gidi NLMT dupc khai thac vd sd dung de d p dien, ddc biet Id dien cdc l l m pin MT (solar photovoltaic panel) dupe ldp dpi tren mdi hope tudng ngodi cua nhd, hode dupe kit hpp Idm kit c l u ehe ning Cdc panel eda he thd'ng pin MT se tham gia vdo clu trdc bao ehe cda ngdi nha vd Idm cho ngdi nhd cd mpt phong each mdi Viec dung cdc thidt bi dun nude ndng bing NLMT dpi trPn mdi nha cung phan ndo co lac dpng tdi hinh thai kiln true Trong linh vifc thill k l dd thj, sU xuat hien nhung ed'u true mdi liPn quan de'n vipc sd dung cae td'm panel MT vd ddn LED (light emitting diodes) de chidu sang, lam phong phd khdng gian cdng cpng ben ngodi nhd Hinh Hp ehe ning kit hgp pin MT, didn tieh 40m^ eip dipn vdi cdng suit 3,8 kWp d khSch sprJ Feaf, Lugano, Thuy ST Hmh Mpt ngii nhS d California (My) rit hSi hda vdi eSc tam pin MT tren mSi Chuong trinh hd thing didn mdl trdi PVPS (Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme ) cua C P quan ndng lupng qud'c t l lEA (Intemational Energy Agency) Id mdt nhdng chuong Irinh thda thudn hpp tdc Nghidn edu vd Phdt triln dupe b i t dau ndm 1993 Cdc thdnh vien tham gia PVPS da vd dang tidn hdnh nhiSu du dn lien kit dng dung he thd'ng dien mdt trdi PV TAP CHf KHOA HOC C O N G N G H $ XAY DUNG sd 05-6/2009 93 Tdng tnfdng lodn d u trung binh 36% 10 nam, trung binh cd hai ndm lai tdng g l p ddi Od tdng tafdng nhanh ehdng ndy v i n dupe tidp tue ndm 2007 (dat 7,841GW); dd sif phdt triln PV eua chdu Au dat hon 50% (tdngi ,5 GW) dpi 4,6 GW cudi ndm 2007 [9,13] ehdu A, Nhat Ban dpt mue tieu d i n ndm 2020 ndng cong suat phdt didn Mdt Trdi len gdp 10 Iln so vdi mdc hien (1,92 GW) va gap 40 lan vdo ndm 2030 MOT SO UNG DUNG CONG NGHE NLMT TRONG odi SONG VA CONG NGHIEP a Pin MT Pin MT cd kich IhUdc nhd gpn vd hoat dpng eo BXMT chilu vdo nen rat de lip ddt, de van hdnh Tuy vpy, vi gid thdnh eda pin MT rlt eao nen cho mai den g i n dPy nd v i n edn ehua dupe sd dung rpng rdi, nhit la ddi vdi nhdng nude kinh te mdi edn dang bude dau phdt triln nhu Viet Nam Pham vi ifng dung cda pin MT ddc biel quan trpng mdt sd ITnh vifc nhir tram nghien cdu khdng gian, tren tdu vu try, tai eae cdn ed hai qudn hope cdn ed qudn sif hope d nhdng vung ndng thdn heo Idnh, vung sdu, vung xa, hai dao, hope tren cdc tdu, thuyin noi md khdng cd dilu kipn d p dipn hope khdng cd mang ludi dien b Nha may dien mat trdi Trong nhd mdy dipn MT, bp thu nhiet dupc ddt Iren mpt didn tieh trdng trai d l nhdn BXMT Ndng lupng nhiet hpi tu dupe sd dung de tao hoi nude chay turbine mdy phdt didn Sd dung NLMT theo d c h ndy chilm nhilu dipn tich vd d n co ngudn bde xa ddi ddo Hinh NhS mSy didn mSt trdi Acciona, cdng suit 64 MW d Nevada, My c Thie't bj chimg cat nudc ngot phuc vu ddi sd'ng tren hai dao Ngudi la dung thill bj ndy d l thu nhidt mdt trdi Ndng lupng nhipt se Idm nude biln bic hoi vd ngung tu lai mpt bp phdn ed thiet bj ehung d t Phan nude mudi dam dde dupe tan dung d l san xud't mudi d Thiet bj say ndng san, hai san gidp ndng ddn, ngU ddn b l o quan dupe chit lupng san phim vd ehdng hao hut san pham e Bep MT dun na'u cac hp gia dinh sd dung bd thu nhipl MT bing guong phan xa Loai blp ndy dp dyng eho cdc gia dinh vdng ndng thdn nhilu nude chdu Phi, chdu A nhu An Op, Bdng la det Viet nam, ngudi ddn mpt sd tinh mien Trung vd ddng bing sdng CCru Long dd dupc sd dung loai blp ndy Id ngudn tdi trp cda mpt sd to chde quie t l 94 TAP CHf KHOA HQC CONG NGHt XAY DUNG SO 05-6/2009 g Thie't bj dun nudc nong thudng dupe ddt tren mdi nhd de nhdn dupc nhieu BXMT Nhipl MT Idm ndng nudc, cung d p cho sinh hoat gia dinh, nhd hdng hay Irong d e trung tdm tap luypn the thao hope be boi mua ddng Trong d u true cda mpt sdn nhd vung ed hdu lanh, ngudi ta cdn dua hp thdng dUdng nudc ndng vao d l ndng eao nhiel dp mdt sdn CONG NGHE PIN MT VA U N G DUNG TRONG KIEN TRUC Pin MT sd dung hieu dng quang dien (photovoltaic effect) de tao dien ndng td dnh sdng MT Hp thing ndy bao gdm t i m thu ndng lupng (colector-panef) ed cdc te bdo quang didn (solar photovoltaic cell- ggi tit IS PV), bp tich dien (binh ic quy- battery bank), he thdng ddy din, bp bien dipn (inverter) vd bp dieu khiln (regulator) Mpt t l bdo quang dien (solar cell) cd hai hope nhilu Idp vdl lipu bdn din mdng, biln nhit Id silicon Khi silicon bi phoi dnh sdng, ndng lupng dupc nap vdo, vd nhd hieu dng quang dien, ddng dien mpt chieu dupe lao Mudn sd dung dupc dien ndng, d n din bp bien dien d l chuyen td ddng mpt chieu sang ddng xoay chieu Trong dieu kien thdi t i l l ning rdo, dien ndng dupc tao nhieu hon nhu d u lieu thu thi dupc tieh trd vdo binh I c quy hope hda vdo ludi dien eua khu vife Cdng sudt phdt didn eua mpt t l bao thi nhd nen nhieu t l bdo quang dien dupe n i l vdi de tao mdt module (hay mpt panel) Sd lupng d c module (panel) dupc ndi vdi tao thdnh mpt hp PV (photovoltaic system) nhieu hay it luy thudc vdo cong sud't dien md la mudn cd Odi vdi quy md nhd d gia dmh, he pin MT thudng dupe lip dpi tren mai nha (rooftop solar electric system) vd ed cdng suit nhd, ed 2-3 kW Cdc Ida nhd cao tang, can he PV (photovoltaic system) ed cdng suit Idn hon, thudng 10-30kW, dd d c panel mdt trdi dupc gan len ca tudng ngodi eda tda nhd nhim thu dupc nhieu dnh sdng hpn Cdc nhd may d n tdi cdng sud't vdi trdm Mega Watt Mpt hd pin MT (hp PV) sau ldp ddt ed f h l hoat dpng dugc khoang 20-30 ndm md khPng ddi hdi phai bao tri ton kem Vi hp PV cd ed'u tao gpn nhe, Idm vipe I n djnh, khdng ddi hdi bao tri dde biet nen co I h l lip dpi d bit cd noi ndo cd dnh sdng MT Nhupe dilm nhd't eda pin MT la gid thdnh cao My, thdi diem thdng ndm 2008, gid khoang 8-11 USD/ W Mpt he thd'ng PV cdng suit kW eho nhd d eda mdt gia dinh ed gid 16 000-22 000 USD [3] Hidn tren the gidi Ode, Nhdt Bin vd My Id ba cudng qud'c ve edng nghe didn MT Chinh phd cdc nude khuyin khich vide sd dung he thd'ng pin MT kiln trdc, cung d p ngdn sdch cho vide nghien edu ndng eao hieu suit phat didn vd giam gid thdnh cda he thing pin MT, vd eung dau tu Idn cho cdc du an nhim triln khai vd dng dung cdng nghd Cdng nghp pin MT da bit dau dupc vi vdi edng nghd s i n xud't mdy tinh, ed nghTa Id se thay dii rlt nhanh chdng vd se trd ndn bien mpt tuong lai khdng xa Cdng nghp chd lao pin MT ludn ludn dupe d i lien vdi cdc vdl lieu mdi, re hon hope d e vdt lipu giup tdng hidu sudt eua solar ceH lii thach anh, polyme dan dipn, fuleren nhifa, tinh f h l nano selen - eatmi lan lupt dupc sd dung de lao pin MT Pin MT thdng thudng (solar photovoltaic cells PV) eh? bien doi dupc khoang 17 % quang phi dnh sang MT thdnh dipn, cdn loai pin MT mdi (PV MJ) ciia Vien nghien edu he thdng NLMT Fraunhofer, Germany, Id loai chit bdn d i n da lien kit III - IV (semiconductor multi-junction solar cell) cd hidu sudt 39,7 % ed d u true vat lieu khdc Day Id ky lye chdu Au cho de'n thdng 11/ 2008 Nhung ch? d i n thdng Gidng ndm 2009, Vien Fraunhofer da dat thdnh tuu mdi, lap ky lue the gidi ve hiPu suit solar cell len tdi 41,1% [12] TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG NGH$ XAY DUNG SO 05 - 6/2009 95 Hinh Kien tnic suRolfDIseh (thSnh phd Hinh Mpt tam pin MT cda DUe vira tao Freighburg, Dirc) dang dimg trdn san thugng ddng didn, vUa IS tim irang tri ngdi nha cua minh dng thiit kied lip cac panel MT Tda nhS nSy vira IS nhS d, vira la ndi ddt vdn phdng cda hSng kiin true Diseh He thdng pin MT phat didn nhiiu ban gap bdn lin site tidu thu eua ngdi nha Ben canh eae panel MT thdng Ihudng, xu hUdng mdi Id san xult cac panel MT td sif lieh hpp cua cdc t l bdo quang dipn vdi nhung vdl lieu xdy dung vi du cdc td'm Ipp mai, eae l l m d'p mdt tudng, cae tdm ehe chin ning hope ede eda s l kinh (building intergrated photovoltaic 8/VP) Bdng d c h dd, pin MT thifc sif trd thdnh mdl bd phdn hdu co cda nhd Id vd bao ehe cda nhd Trong thie't k l dd thj, pin MT kit hpp vdi cdc di dt phdt sdng (LED- light emitting diodes) tao ede den chilu sdng dUdng phd, quang trudng, dUdng dao, d c den tin hieu giao thdng, dPn trang tri Hinh Tda nhS GG Solar Building ed hp thing PV edng suit 10 kW, d Chuo-ku, thSnh phi Fukuoka (nguin :photo RTS Corporation) SU DUNG NLMT TRONG KIEN TRUC VIET NAM a Tiem ndng ve NLMT d Viet Nam Do Viet Nam n i m d vung npi ehi tuyin, mdt trdi (MT) d hai lan di qua thiPn dinh mpt ndm nen lupng bde xa (BX) rat phong phd Tong lupng bdc xa mpt ndm lai cdc dja phuong td Ble ehi Nam deu eP k h i ndng nhdn dupc 110-130 kCal/em^ ndm [1] Tuy vpy, so vdi 96 TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG N G H $ XAY DUNG Sd05- 6/2009 cdc nudc vung vT dp thdp, bdc xa d Viet Nam cd long lupng tha'p hPn Bau trdi d Viet Nam thudng ed nhilu mdy nPn bdc xa khuyich tdn tdng len nhieu true xa lai giam Sd gid ning trung binh ndm dat 1300-1600 gid d cdc tinh mien nui Odng Ble vd Viet Ble, 1600-1700 gid d cae linh ddng bang Ble Bp vd Bac Trung Bp, rieng vdng Tdy Bac co s l gid ning cao hon ca: 1800-1900 gid Vdo d c thdng mda ddng d mien Ble, Id thdng din thdng 3, trdi Ihudng nhilu may, dm u, nhieu ngdy cd mUa phun khie'n eho bde xa giam sut Day Id dieu khdng thudn Ipi sd dung cdc thief bi NLMT Cdc dia phuong mien Trung vd mien Nam, khdng ed mua ddng lanh ma ndng quanh ndm vd cd sd gid ning nhieu hon, trung binh 1900-2500 gid, rat thuan Ipi de khai thac va sd dung NLMT Cdc linh Nam Trung Bp ed sd gid ning nhieu nhat lodn qud'c ldn den 2300-2400 gid Nhu vdy, Viet Nam hodn lodn cd mpt ngudn NLMT rat ddi ddo can dupc khai thdc sd dung md khdng sp bj can kiet Oay ehinh Id ngudn ndng lupng dupe coi la ngudn ndng lupng eda the ky 21, mpt ngudn ndng lupng khPng gay P nhiem b Siir dung cdc giai phdp MT thu dpng - Chiiu sSng tt/nhidn: d n khai thae triet de ngudn dnh sang tu nhien bang ede giai phdp: dung ede cda chilu sdng (cda so, cda s l tren eao, eda tren mdi); tan dung sdn vd cac be mdl phan xa, sd dyng ede thie't bi dupc thie't ke dde biel d l biy vd d i n dnh sang mdt trdi vdo npi thd't; sd dung vat lieu xuyen sdng thich hpp eho tdng khdng gian - Che ning: cdc td'm che ning d mdt ngoai nhd nen Id cdc td'm linh hoat, ed I h l thay doi vj trf theo gde chidu cda MT Vipc sd dyng he thd'ng che ning lif dieu chinh bing nhiet MT nPn dupe nghien clJu e h l lao nude Khi cd dieu kipn, nen lip ddt he thing che ning bing cdc lam panel PV - Dun nudc ndng: nen dp dung cho td't d cdc cdng trinh nhd d, benh vien, Irudng mam non, nhd Ire, nhd hang, khaeh san d cdc t?nh mien Ble Khi lap hd sP du dn thiel ke vd xdy dung, phai dua thie't bj dun nUdc ndng vdo danh sdeh cdc hang myc eda he thing ky thupt edng trinh Khi lip dpi, vipc ehpn hudng vd gde nghieng cda tdm thu nhiel, can uu lien d l thu dugc nhiet MT nhilu hon vdo mua lanh, tdc Id xem xet dudng chuyin ddng eua MT cdc thdng mua ddng Tia chilu cda MT cdng trung vdi phuong phdp tuyin eda be mdl td'm thu nhipt thi cdng ed Ipi Theo quy Iual ehuyin dpng hang ndm, MT mua ddng ed gde dp cao nhd vd chilu d hudng Nam Neu mai nhd Id mdi dde vd quay v l hudng nam hope ldn can, td'm thu nhiet cd the ddt ludn tren mdt mdi Odi vdi mdi bing, Ihi phli lam Ihem mpt he khung dd bing kim loai de tao dp dde cho td'm thu N l u mdi nhd Id mai die nhung khPng quay hudng nam ( hope Idn can nam) thi he khung dd cd tdc dung vda tao dp dde, vda dieu ehinh hudng cho td'm thu nhiet c sir dung pin MT Vi hien gid pin MT cao nen khd ed the dp dung rpng rdi Cage cPng nghe nPy Nhung cd dilu kien dau tu kinh te, nen sd dung PV d l lao dien ndng Mpt sd edng trinh nhu bdnh vien, nhd eao tang, cdc Ida nhd tru sd Idn cda cdc bp vd co quan trung UPng nen dupe lip he thdng ndy Cdng suit hd PV cho cdc loai nhd nen Id 10-50 kW ( d n khoang 100- 500m2 didn tich td'm PV) Khi thid't k l cdc ngdi biet thu, nhd d gia dinh hope nhd ehia Id ma chd dau lu Id nhdng ngudi ed thu nhdp cao vd cd kha ndng ehi lien lip ddt he thd'ng ndy, KTS nen (phai) Id ngudi tU vin cho hp vd thuyei phuc hp lip ddt vd sd dung dien MT Mdi ngdi nhd nen sd dung 20-30m^ tam PV cap dipn vdi cdng sud't 2-3 kW, thieh hpp vdi nhu d u tidu thu didn ndng eda mpt gia dinh TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG N G H $ XAY DUNG Sd05 - 6/2009 97 Vdi nhiimg cong trinh cd sdn he thong pin MT thong thudng vd vi tri lip ddt dupe chpn Id mai Vide ldp ddt d e td'm PV nen cd tinh todn ve hudng vd gPc nghiPng nhim thu dupe t l i da NLMT, trdnh bdng eda ede tda nha ben eanh eao hon Khi cd bat Ipi ve hifdng, can thilt k l them mpt ket d u gid dd Tinh todn lip dpt giong nhu ddi vdi tam thu nhiet cda thilt bj dun nude ndng Vdi nhung cong trinh hodn todn mdi thi ngoai hd thing pin MT thdng thudng, cd t h i chpn he thdng pin MT tich hpp (BIPV) Nhd mdy d n xult tam pin mdt trdi dau tien tai Viet Nam se ehuan bj khdnh thdnh tai cum cdng nghipp Ode Hda Ha, huyen Ode Hda, tinh Long /\n San pham chinh cda nhd mdy Id cae tam pin ndng lupng mdt trdi (solar cells panels), cdng suit 80-165 Wp vdi hieu sud't hPn 16% vd tuli thp trung binh 30 nam Nhd may ed t h i cung cd'p lupng san phim len d i n Mwp/ndm Dif tinh, cdc san phim ndy se dap Cmg 40% cho nhu c l u thi trudng npi dia vd 60% xud't khiu sang cdc nudc khu vifc chdu Au vd ehdu My KET LUAN - Oien khai thdc td he thd'ng pin MT dupc nhin nhpn Id nguon ndng lupng saeh, ngudn ndng lupng eda f h l ky 21 vd dugc cdc nude tien liln tren the gidi coi trpng vd chd y phdt triln Cae pin MT san xuat dipn dem lai sutien nghi vd gidp giai bdi todn ndng lupng, thay I h l ede ngudn ndng lupng gdy d nhiem, gdp phdn b l o vp mPi trudng vd ngdn chdn qud trinh biln dii hau - Sd dung s i n phim cda cdng nghe NLMT (pin MT vd d c thilt bi thu nhiet MT) se ed Inh hudng din hinh thai c l u trdc ngdi nhd, dde bipt Id bp phdn vd bao che, Idm cho nhd cd thdm mdt phong d c h mdi Trong thilt k l dd thj, sd dung pin MT k i t hpp vdi den LED cac kiln trtie nhd se tao nen ve phong phd cda khdng gian dd thj vd cdng cpng - Vipt Nam d lupng BXMT phong phu, can phai dupe khai thdc d l chilu sdng tu nhidn vd sd dung eho d c hd thing NLMT, dd cd thilt bj dun nude ndng, pin MT tao didn ndng, hp thdng bde xa ldm mdt vd sUdi I m - Gia thdnh cao Id trd ngai nhit d i i vdi vide dp dung pin MT d Vipt Nam Tuy vdy cdng nghe NLMT d n dupe khuyin khich phdt triln d l ndng cao hieu suit, giam gid thdnh, nhd dd dupe dp dung rpng rai xdy dung Tdi lieu tham khio Phgm Ngpc Todn, Phan Tif Olc, Khi hpu Vipt Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc vd ky thudt Hd Ndi 1997 'Catch the sun" The Engineer Online - 24 November 2008 04:00 PM Gail Kinsey Hill: 503-221-8590, gailhill@news.oregonian.com For environment news, go to www.oregonlive.eom/environment Thilt bj sd dung ndng lupng mdt trdi - PGS.TS.Nguyen B i n , OpenCourseWare Vnexpress.net http;/A(vww.coltinfo.co.uk/products-and-systems/ http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/science/nature/ http://www.sgtt.eom.vn/0etail30.aspx 98 http://www.iea-pvps.org/ TAP CHf KHOA HOC C N G N G H $ XAY DUNG Sd05-6/2009 10 http://www.solamext.eu/pdf/ger/publications_presentalions/jakob/ 11 hltp://www.lheengineer.co.uk/Artieles/ 12 http://wviw.suntech-power.com/en/ 13 http://www.bp.com/seetiongenericarticle.do 14 http://www.tgdaily.eom/eontent/view/41224/113/ TAP CHf KHOA HOC C O N G NGHt X A Y DUNG sd 05-6/2009 99 ... hope be boi mua ddng Trong d u true cda mpt sdn nhd vung ed hdu lanh, ngudi ta cdn dua hp thdng dUdng nudc ndng vao d l ndng eao nhiel dp mdt sdn CONG NGHE PIN MT VA U N G DUNG TRONG KIEN TRUC Pin... thidt bi dun nude ndng bing NLMT dpi trPn mdi nha cung phan ndo co lac dpng tdi hinh thai kiln true Trong linh vifc thill k l dd thj, sU xuat hien nhung ed''u true mdi liPn quan de''n vipc sd dung cae... gdp 10 Iln so vdi mdc hien (1,92 GW) va gap 40 lan vdo ndm 2030 MOT SO UNG DUNG CONG NGHE NLMT TRONG odi SONG VA CONG NGHIEP a Pin MT Pin MT cd kich IhUdc nhd gpn vd hoat dpng eo BXMT chilu vdo