Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
CONG NGHIEP OIEN DANH GlA KHA N A N G AP DUNG CONG NGHE THU TACH CO2 CHO cAo NHA MAY NHIET DIEN CUA PETROVIETNAM KS Tran Thanh Phuung, KS Vo Hfing Thii, ThS Vu An ThS Hoang Mai Chi, ThS Nguyin Thj Thu[.]
CONG NGHIEP OIEN DANH GlA KHA N A N G AP DUNG CONG NGHE THU T A C H CO2 CHO cAo NHA MAY NHIET DIEN CUA PETROVIETNAM KS Tran Thanh Phuung, KS Vo Hfing Thii, ThS Vu An ThS Hoang Mai Chi, ThS Nguyin Thj Thu Hiin Viin Ddu Viit Nam Tdm t i t Trong nhdng ndm gdn ddy Tap dodn Ddu Qudc gia Viet Nam (Petrovietnam) dd phdt trien mgnh ngdnh c nghiip diin Ndm 2012, Tap dodn dd sdn xudt vd cung cdp eho lUdi diin Qude gia 15,27 ty kWh diin, bdng 110,2% so vdikihogch ndm, tdng 13,4% so vdi cimg kyndm 2011 Cimg vdi viic phdt trien ede dudn diin, Petrovietnam rd quan tdm din vdn di ddm bdo mdi trUdng, dd gidm thieu phdt thdi COy SO^ NO^ bui td cdc nhd mdy Bd viit gidi thiiu cdng nghi thu tdch CO^ td cde nhd mdy diin vd ddnh gid khd ndng dp dung cdng nghi ndy cho nh mdy nhiit diin cua Petrovietnam Gidi thieu cong nghi thu CO, tir cac nhi miy nhiit dien Viet Nam d i ky Nghj djnh thU Kyoto vio ngiy 3/12/1998, dupe phd ehuan ngiy 25/9/2002 v i tilp tuc dupe gia han tdi nim 2020 Hdi nghj v l biln ddi hiu Doha tai Quatar 8/12/2012 Ciing vdi tidu chuan mdi trudng ngiy eing nghidm ngit, Viet Nam phii tinh din vide giim lupng phit thii CO^ tU cic nganh edng nghiep ndi chung v i cic nhi miy nhidt didn ndiridng.Vdi cie d u i n nhidt didn Petrovietnam dang diu tUxiy dUng, vin de giim thiiu phit thai CO^ eho eie dU i n bing eich Ung dung cdng nghd thu tich CO^ can dUpc xem xdt v i nghidn cifu i p dung Hien cd nhieu phUdng phip giim phit thii CO^ nhU: XLf ly v i lim saeh nguydn lieu trude dem vio Id ddt, ning eao hidu suit eiia eie td miy hoae sif dung cic edng nghd hidn dai it tidu hao ning lupng nhUng ning giim phit thii CO^ bing eie phuong phip niy khdng eao Nhilu nude phat triln trdn t h i gidi dang quan t i m din cdng nghe thu giU COj (carbon capture and storage - CCS) Cdng nghe niy giup giim lupng thii COj tU cie ngudn phit thii Idn nhu nha miy nhiet diln bing cich thu tieh CO^ khdi thii, sau dd luu trd dja chit, hoae suf dung cho cie muc dieh thuong mai khie (Hinh 1) Phuong phip niy eho phdp giim hon 80% phit thii COj vio quyen tif cic nhi miy nhidt dien [1] 48 lUunil so 4/2013 Cd cdng nghd ehinh d l thu COj i p dung eho cic nhi miy nhidt didn (Hinh 2) T.7 Cdng nghi thu CO^ sau kbi ddt nhiin liiu (post combustion) Cdng nghd thu CO, sau ddt nhien lieu, khdi thii tif budng ddt khdng x i true tilp quyen m i di qua thilt bj tieh Tai diy, CO^ dupe tieh va thu giU lai Phin khdi thii edn lai khdng ehUa CO^ hoae chi ed mdt lUdng rit nhd dupe x i mdi trudng Khdi thii di tU cic he thdng chay thudng d i p suit quyen Ham lupng CO^ khdi thii phu thudc vao loai nhidn lidu sif dung (tU 3% the tieh khdi thii eiia nha miy nhidt didn tdi dUdi 15% the tieh eiia nhi may nhidt didn than) Cac tap chit Hinh Tong quan cdng nghi CCS [5] PETROVIETNAM ciia cie nha miy nhidt didn thdng thudng Do dd, cdng nghd thu CO^ trude ddt ehi phil hpp vdi cic nha may nhiet didn giai doan thiet ke Neu i p dung eho eac nha may nhidt didn da di vao hoat dpng thi chi phi thay ddi cdng nghd rat Idn va khdng khithL CAng nght thu CO,uu OAt Nhtifll)«u Cfing ngh* 66t bing 1.3 Cdng nghi thu COJ dot nhiin liiu bdng O^ Cdng nghd niy sU dung Oj thay khdng de ddt nhien lieu Sin pham (khi thii) cd thinh phan chinh la COj va nude Nhiet dd chay ciia qui trinh ddt nhien lieu vdi O^ rit eao (khoing 3.500°C) Nhiet dd chiy dUpc gidi han bang each dieu chinh ty Id khdi thii, nUdc hoic tuan hoan tai budng dot (trong turbine khoing 1.300 -1.400°C, Id hOi ddt than khoang 1.900°C) Hinh Sadd cdc cdng nghi thu CO nhidn lieu rat quan ddi vdi vide thilt k l v i ehi phi dau tUcung nhu vin hinh cua mdt nha miy hoin chinh Khi thii ddt chiy than bao gdm CO^, N^, O^, H^O v i elc chit giy d nhiem khdng khie nhU SO^, NO^, bui Cie tap chat trdn niu khdng duoc tich trUde dUa vio thilt bj tieh COj sd lim giim hidu suit taeh CO^, i n mdn thilt bj, tidu hao dung mdi hap thu, dd cie thiet bj tiln XLf ly loai bd ehung la rat can thiet 1.2 Cdng ngbi thu CO^ trUdc ddt (pre-combustion) Nhidn lieu duoe ehuyin hda CO^ va H^ sau dd COj duoe tich ridng va sCf dung HJim nhidn lieu dua vio budng ddt Co c h l ciia phin Ung nhU sau: Giai doan eiia phin Ung tao hdn hop H^va CO (khi tdng hop): C,H, + xH,0 ^ xCO + (x+y/2)Hj + AH (1) Giai doan la qua trinh oxy hda mdt phan: C,H,-l-x/20j^xCO-l-(y/2)H2-AH (2) Giai doan l i qui trinh phin Ung eua CO vdi nude tao raH,vlCO,: CO + H.O 2,5nm) - Tao eae hydrate: nUde lanh dUpc dUa vao khdi thii d i lim mit.Tai nhiet dp v i i p suit thich hpp, CO, va nUdc ddng bing vdi tao cie tinh the (bing) ehUa CO, CO, de ding thu lai bang cich dun ndng cac tinh the hydrate - Odng lanh: khdi thii dUdi ap life eao duoe lim lanh din nhiet dp ddng die ciia CO,, chi cd CO, ngung tu, cic khic thoat ngoai Khdi thii d nhidt dp 313°K v i ap suit bar dUde lam khd v i lanh xudng 170''K trUdc di vao thilt bj tieh, CO, dUOc nen v i lam lanh kit tinh dUdi dang d i (tuylt), phin hdn hop khdng ehUa CO, thoit ngoii Oa CO, di xudng thilt bj hda Idng (230°K) va sU dung bom de ting ap eho ddng [jo«IMIihl (^ 90%), dd khdng phii hop cho khdi thli tU cdng nghe thu CO, sau ddt nhUng phu hop sif dung cdng nghe thu CO, trUdc ddt va ddt bing 0, Uu diem eiia phuong phip lim lanh siu cho phep sin xuat true tiep CO, Idng [5] Tuy nhidn, nhUOe diem eiia phuang phap l i can nang luong Idn 6e lim lanh cho qua trinh Danh gia cong nghe thu tach CO^ Nguyen ly Vide ap dung edng nghd thu tach CO, trUdc ddt tU hdn hpp khdi thii cho eie nha may nhidt didn d Viet Nam gap mdt sd khd khin nhU: mang hip phu "O, A T I Dung moi giau CO, Itaisinh Hinh Sadd mdng hdp thu khi[5] Khuf ch I i n Riy phin tvf Duy tri dong Khudch t i n dung dich Duy tri d i n g • • • Yiu td kinh t l , tai chinh: ehi phi dau tU thiet bj thu tieh cao anh hudng den chi phi sin xuat didn; - Ngudn ting trU CO, sau tach: ting trU hay thu tich CO, tai Viet Nam hidn ehUa duae i p dung Tuy nhidn, cic b l tram tieh d Viet Nam ed ning ting trU lUpng Idn Con sd se trd nin ehinh xac hon di vao thife t l khai thie Oe danh gii ning ting trU dia chat Viet Nam can ed nhieu hon sd lieu minh giai dia chat; - Yeu td ky thuat: thiiu nhin life v i ky thuit edng nghd thilt kl, van hinh edng nghd thu taeh van chuyin va ting trUCO, Kich cd loai m i Sir khic vi 66 h* Hinh Cdc ca chi tdch cua mdng tdch (5} 52 oAuRri-so 4/2013 Trude yeu elu eit giim phit thii CO, cic quy dinh v l mdi trUdng ngiy eang chat chd, cdng nghi niy can sif quan t i m diu tudung mUcTdng hop dinh PETROVIETNAM g i i e i e e d n g n g h e t h u t i e h CO, t U k h d i t h i i eua c i c n h i CO, sau d d t Cac nha may nhiet didn t h a n d a n g t r o n g m i y n h i d t d i d n d u p e t h i hidn d B i n g [3] qua t r i n h t h i e t ke, t h i c d n g va x i y d u n g ndn vide thay d d i , ap d u n g c d n g n g h e m d i kha t h i h o n K h i n a n g a p d u n g c o n g n g h e t h u t a c h CO^ tif k h d i t h l i cho cac n h i m a y nhiet d i e n cua P e t r o v i e t n a m 4.1 Ddnh gid cong nghe thu CO^ C i c n h i m i y nhidt d i d n k h i (Ca M a u & 2, N h o n Trach Viec so sanh, d a n h gia cac edng n g h d t h u CO, sd t i p & 2) d i di vao hoat d d n g ndn vide lUa c h p n c d n g n g h e t r u n g vao d a n g c d n g n g h d c h i n h cdn lai va dua vao cae t h u CO, eho eac n h i m i y ehi cd t h e la e d n g n g h e t h u t i e u c h i sau: kha n a n g a p d u n g c h o eae nha may nhidt d i e n ; chi p h i d a u tU t h i e t b i ; kinh n g h i d m t h i f c t e (sd l u p n g d u i n sU d u n g t U n g loai c d n g n g h d t h u CO, Cae t i e u c h i d a n h gia: rat t h u i n loi (3 diem); t h u i n Ipi (2 d i e m ) ; chUa t h u a n Ipi (1 diem) Trong B i n g va B i n g 4, n h d m t i e gia t i l n hanh d a n h gia k h i n i n g i p d u n g eho cac nha m i y nhidt dien va chi p h i d a u t U t h i e t b j Kmh n g h i e m thUe te: Theo t h d n g kd ciia Global CCS Institute, hidn ed 75 d U an t h u tach CO, q u y m d Idn t r d n t h i g i d i T r o n g do, cd 43 d u an t h u taeh CO, Hinh Sadd nguyin ly vd thiet bi phuang phdp Idm Ignh sdu[5] eho e i e n h i m i y n h i d t didn (Bang 5) Bdng Tdng hgp cdc cdng nghi thu CO^ [4] C6ng nghf Cdng nghd thu C02saukhiddt T h i n h phan ~ A p s u l t , n h i e t khf t h l i -C02(3-15%); - Ap suat thudng; - Nl (~ 70%); - Nhiet cao - Cic khic (~200°C) ^ _ , NhUtfc diem - Khong p h i i thay doi nhieu thiet ke nha m i y ; -Chi phf d a u t u thap; - Cong nghe thu don g i i n - PhUOng phap tach phdc tap, can nghien cifu chon lUa phuong p h i p tach phu hop; - Hon hpp khdi t h i i d ap suit t h i p dd can bo sung may nen hoac quat thoi n h i m tang ap suat de dat hieu q u i tach cao; - Thanh phan CO2 khdi t h i i nhd (3-15%) Cdng nghd thu COj tnfdc • CO: (~ 40%); • Cic khf khac - Ap suat cao; - Nhiet cao ( - 400°C) \ - Khdi t h i i d ap suat cao hon ' cdng nghe thu CO2 sau dot do hieu q u i tach cao hon va chi phi cho may nen thap hon cong nghe thu CO2 sau ddt; - Nong dp CO2 cao (15-60%); - G i i m p h i t t h i i d i n g ke SOx v i NOx; - Phuong giin Cdng nghd thu COzkhiddt -CO2{~90%) nhidn lidu - C i c khic bing O2 I - Ap s u i t thudng; - Nhiet rat cao phip tich don - Phuong phap tach ddn g i i n khdi t h i i chi cd CO2 va H2O nen hidu q u i t i c h dUOc CO2 sach cao; - Giam phat t h i i NOx den 90% - Phuong phap thu phdc tap hOn cdng nghe thu CO2 trUdc dot; - Nhien lieu p h i i duoc chuyen hda tong hop do thiet k l nha may p h i i thay doi hoan toan; - Doi hdi trang bi them nhieu thiet bi d i t tien; - Chi ap dung cho cac nha m i y nhidt dien giai doan thiet ke - He thong tach khong lay O2 tinh khiet de dot rat d i t tien; - Nhiet van hanh cao, p h i i d i n khdi t h i i tuan hoan lai, vat lieu thiet bi ddi hdi loai cao cap d i t tien va chi phi van hanh cao; - Chi ap dung cho cac nha may nhiet dien giai doan thiet ke CONG NGHIEP OIEN Bdng Ddnh gid phuang phdp tdch CO^ [4] liu Phucmg phip diim - Hieu s u i t tach cao (75 - 95%); - Bo tinh khiet cua CO2 cao (cd the dat 99%), - Ap dung cho nguon cd ap suat thap; - De dang ket noi vao nhQng nha may da xay difng tif trudc; - Dung mdi hap thu cd the tai sinh v^ qua trinh tai sinh dien don g l i n ; - Duoc sd dung rpng rai tif lau - D l van h i n h ; H i p phu Van h i n h d ap s u i t cao dd can tang ip b i n g may ndn h o i c qu^t thoi , -Chi phi l i p dat cao; - PhUdng phap chUa duoc sifdung ph6 b i l n - Khdng c i n t i l n xir ly khdi t h i i ' - Chi phi dau tu, vSn h i n h t h i p ; i Ming tich - Van h i n h don g i i n , tinh on djnh, linh dpng cao; - Tuoi thp khong cao; - Trpng lupng nhd, kich thUdc nhd gpn; - Cdng suat thap; - Phuong phap th§n thien mdi trudng; - De bi bit cac Id xdp m i n g hoat ddng mdt thdi gian d i i - Ly tudng cho viec l i p dat d viing xa, m d rdng quy m d cong suit - XU ly CO2 cd nong dd cao (> 90%); - Phil hop vdi cdng nghd thu CO2 trudc ddt b i n g O2; Yeu cau nang lUOng Idn, chi phi van h i n h Idn - S i n x u i t true tiep CO2 Idng Bdng Ddnh gid khd ndng dp dung cdng nghi thu CO^ Oilm K h i ndng i p dung cho cic n h i m i y nhift d i f n Ap dung v i o c i c n h i may nhiet dien cd s i n , khong p h i i thay doi nhieu t h i l t k l cua n h i m i y Cdng nghd thu CO2 sau ddt ' Cdng nghe thu CO2 dot nhien lidu b i n g oxy i Ap dung cho c i c nha m i y nhiet dien mdi C6 the i p dung v i o c i c n h i may nhiet dien cd s i n Tuy nhien, c i n p h i i thay ddi nhidu thiet ke ciia n h i m i y I Cdng nghe thu CO2 trudc dot Bdng Ddnh gid chi phi ddu tU thiit bi cua cdc cdng nghi thu CO^ Loai Dilm ChiphidlutUthiltbj Cdng nghd thu CO2 sau dot Thiet bi can dau tU l i he thong tach CO2 Cdng nghe thu CO2 ddt nhidn lieu b i n g O2 Do q u i trinh chay vdi O2 sinh lUOng nhiet Idn nen chi phi cao v l v i t lidu thiet bi, he thong tach O2 d i t tien Tuy nhien, hd thong t i c h CO2 don g i i n khdi t h i i chUa chii yeu l i CO2 Cdng nghd thu CO2 trudc dot D i u t u nhieu thiet bj n h u t h i l t bj h o i , t h i l t bi p h i n Ung Id hoi, h f thdng t i c h CO2 Bdng Ddnh gid kinh nghiim thuc ticua cdc cdng nghi fhu CO^ , Loai J Cdng nghd thu CO2 sau ddt ^ ' Cdng nghd thu CO2 ddt nhien lidu b i n g O2 Sdduin nghe thu CO, sau ddt (9 diem) ed nhilu Uu 18 diem v l ning ap dung, ehi phi d i u tU, v i i Cdng nghd thu CO2 trudc ddt [ + j Kit h ^ c i c cdng nghe Dilm Hif u s u i t t i c h COa H i p thu 95% H i p phu 80% Ming tich 98% Lim l^nh s i u 90% 54 oltnH-SO 4/2013 kinh nghiem thue t l hon edng nghd thu CO, trude ddt (5 dilm) v i edng nghd thu CO, ddt nhidn lieu bing O, (4 dilm) Viec so sinh d i n h g i i cic phuong phip tich CO,dua v i o cic Bdng Ddnh gid hiiu sudt tdch CO^ Loai Phan tich k i t q u i Bing 3,4,5 cho thiy cdng Dilm tieu chi sau: hidu suit tich, nguydn v i t li|u tich, kinh nghilm thifc t l 4.2 Ddnh gid phUOng phdp tdch CO^ Cin cuf v i o die tinh ky t h u i t eua ti/ng PETROVIETNAM phuong phip tieh CO,, nhdm tie gii dUa cic tidu chi dinh gii: rit thuin loi (3 dilm), thuin Igi (2 dilm), ehua thuin Ipi (1 dilm), trung binh (0 dilm) Bdng Ddnh gid nguyin vdt lieu cua cdc phuang phdp tdch Loai Dilm Nguyen vat lieu tach Hap thu Dung moi amine: phd bien, cd the tai sinh, qua trinh tai sinh dien don gian Trong Bing v i Bing 7, nhdm tie gii tien hinh dinh gii hilu suit tach va nguyen vit lieu tich Hap phu Vat lieu hap phu: chi phi cao Kinh nghiem thifc te: Theo kit qui Bing 6, 7, 8, phuang phap hap thu (8 diem) cd Uu diem v l hidu suit tich, nguydn vat lieu tich va kinh nghidm thife t l hon phuong phap hap phu (2 dilm), phuang phip edng nghd mang (7 diem) v i phuong phip lam lanh (1 diem) L i m lanh sau Kit luin M i n g : chi phi thap, tuoi thp thap, de bi bit cac 16 xdp sau mpt thdi gian van hanh Ming tich Chi phi nang lupng ldn cho viec lam lanh ] Bdng Ddnh gid kinh nghiem thuc te Loaj Dilm So luong da duorc thUomg mai hda ; '' Hap thu >io Hap phu j M i n g tach L i m lanh sau Nhu vay, phuong phip tach cdng nghd thu CO, sau ddt v i tich bing dung mdi amine phu hop vdi eie nha miy nhidt didn eiia Viet Nam vl: hidu suit thu, tieh cao; sin pham ed dp tinh khilt cao; nguyin lieu de kllm, ed t h i t i i sinh, tudi thp eao; gii phii hop; khdng phii thay ddi nhilu kit eau nhi miy, de lip dit; edng nghd d i duoc thuong mai hda v i Ung dung rdng rii Hidn Nhi miy Oam Phu My eung d i sU dung he thdng thu tieh khdi thii CO, d l ning edng suit tU 740.000 tin/nim Idn 800.000 tin/nam, ddng thdi gdp phan bio vd mdi trudng Bdn eanh vide day manh nghien cifu, phit trien, eii tiln edng nghd thi Vidt Nam ein nhanh chdng xiy dUng cic chinh sich phii hop ve ngin sich, uu dai eho eie du i n thu tich CO, ! T l i l i l u tham khio Intergovernmental panel on climate change Carbon dioxide capture and storage Cambridge University Press, NewYork, 2005 Shrikar Chakravarti, Amitabh Gupta, Balazs Hunek Advanced Technology for the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gases First national conference on carbon sequestration Washington DC May 15-17,2011 Stephen A Rackley Carbon capture and storage Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009 http://www.globalecsinstitute.com http://www.eo2ere.eom.au Evaluation of possible application of CO2 capture technologies for Petrovietnam's thermal power plants Tran Thanh Phuong, Vo Hong Thai, Hoang Mai Chl, Vu An Vietnam Petroleum Institute Summary Petrovietnam's activities In the electric power industry have strongly developed in recent years In 2012, th total electricity produced and supplied to the national grid by Petrovietnam Is 15.27 billion kWb, which is equival to 110.2% of the yearly plan and represents a 13.4% Increase over the same period of 2011 Together with the development of its power projects, Petrovietnam Is paying special attention to environmental protection, Includ reduction of emission of CO, SO^ NO^ and dust from power plant projects In this article, the authors present capture technologies for power plants and evaluate the possible application of those technologies for Petrovietna thermal power plants Diu m l so 4/2013 ... nghe thu CO2 trudc dot Bdng Ddnh gid chi phi ddu tU thiit bi cua cdc cdng nghi thu CO^ Loai Dilm ChiphidlutUthiltbj Cdng nghd thu CO2 sau dot Thiet bi can dau tU l i he thong tach CO2 Cdng nghe thu. .. Cdng nghd thu CO2 sau ddt ^ '' Cdng nghd thu CO2 ddt nhien lidu b i n g O2 Sdduin nghe thu CO, sau ddt (9 diem) ed nhilu Uu 18 diem v l ning ap dung, ehi phi d i u tU, v i i Cdng nghd thu CO2 trudc... hon va chi phi cho may nen thap hon cong nghe thu CO2 sau ddt; - Nong dp CO2 cao (15-60%); - G i i m p h i t t h i i d i n g ke SOx v i NOx; - Phuong giin Cdng nghd thu COzkhiddt -CO2{ ~90%) nhidn