XA HOI HOA M6T TRONG NHCNG GIAI PHAP QUAN TRONG BAO vfi M6I TRirdNG PH*MM*NHH6A*, PHAN Y VAN, NGO MINH DCC ''''Ttr rong lich s i phat triin, con ngudi M^ luOn luOn phu thuOc vao m6i trucmg tu nhito va bi[.]
XA HOI HOA - M6T TRONG NHCNG GIAI PHAP QUAN TRONG BAO vfi M6I TRirdNG PH*MM*NHH6A*, PHAN Y VAN, N G O M I N H DCC 'Ttr rong lich s i phat triin, ngudi M ^ luOn luOn phu thuOc vao m6i trucmg tu nhito va bi tic dOng tnic tiip bcti mOi trucmg Tuy nhita, cing vcSi sir phat triin nhanh chong cua khoa hoc c6ng ngh6 tr6n thl gidi, nhu cSu sii dung tai nguyfin thifin nhifin, stjt dttng san ph£m c6ng nghifip t ^ g nhanh lam cho Iitong cbit thai ting dot biln dSn din hifin tuong nhilm mOi trucing Theo thdi gian, nliilm m6i tru6ng cang trd nfin trim hon Vi thl, bao vfi mOi trucmg la bao vfi cuOc sSng cua chinh ngudi Do viy, vin dl bao vfi mdi trudng da nhin dugc su quan tim cua toan nhin loai Nhin chung d moi quic gia, nhit la cic qudc gia dang phat triin thi bao vfi mdi trudng la mdt nh&ng nhifim vu hit stic cip bach, la co sd cho viec xiy dung nhOng dinh hudng chiln lucre cho sir phat triin ben vihig cia quic gia vi din tdc d Viet Nam, dl giai quyit cac vin dl mdi trudng thdi k)r diy manh cdng nghifip hda, hifin dai hda dit nude, mdt nhfing giai phap quan ma Chinh phi da dua la phai diy manh xa hdi hda bao vfi mdi trudng vdi cac ndi dung ehi yiu la xac dinh trach nhifim cia Nha nude, ca nhin, td chic va cdng ddng, eac co sd san xuit, kinh doanh, dieh vu bao vfi mdi trudng; tao co sd phap ly va co chi chinh sach khuyin khich cdng ddng tham gia bao vfi mdi trudng, phat triin cac dieh vii mdi trudng; phat triin phong trao quin chung tham gia bao vfi mdi trudng; phat hifin cae md hinh tifin tifin bao vfi mdi trudng dl phi biln nhin rdng I NHtJNG V X N Bi CO BAN vfi M I TRirdNG VA XA H d i H A C N G TAC B A O V £ M I TRUdNG 1.1 Khai nilm ve xa hdi hda cong tac bao v4 mdi trirdng Viet Nam, qui trinh chuyin dii sang nin kinh t l thi trudng, Nhi nude vdi tu each la tic nhin xa hdi nhit hoat ddng quin If xa hdi chuyin din vai trd cia minh t i quan If va diiu hinh true tiip hoat ddng phit triin dit nude sang chic ning hoach dinh, giim sat va diiu phdi ehinh sach phit triin Trong bdi canh dd, ben canh Nha nude da xuit hifin nhin td phi nha nude tham gia vao cac hoat ddng phit triin, tic la vai trd cia cdng ddng din cu vi cic phin kliac cd yiu td quan hfi thi trudng Hiiu theo nghia co b&i nhit thi vifie huy ddng eac nhin td thi trudng vi edng ddng din cu vao eac mat hoat ddng linh vue mdi trudng ehinh la xa hdi hda (XHH) cdng tie bao vfi mdi trudng Mac du chiln luge bao vfi mdi trudng qudc gia din nam 2010 (theo quyit dinh sd: 256/2003/QD-TTg cua Thi tudng Chinh phi 02/12/2003) da dl chucmg trinh mue tifiu "xa hdi hda edng tae bao vfi mdi trudng" va chucmg tiinh bude diu da dugc tiin hanh ban diu tai Ha Ndi, Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh va da md rdng sang hiu hit cac dia phucmg khie nhimg eho din vin chua cd mdt khii nifim hoan chinh vl xa hdi hda cdng tie bao vfi mdi trudng Hifin ed mdt sd quan nifim vl XHH bao vfi mdi trudng nhu sau: - Theo Sd Giao thdng Cdng ehinh phd Ha Ndi: Xa hdi hda edng tie bao vfi mdi trudng la dua edng tic bao vfi mdi trudng trd cdng vifie ehung cia xa hdi; mgi ngudi din, mgi t l chic, ca nhin diu cd trach nhifim tham gia - Theo TS Trin Thanh Lin (2003): Xa hdi hda edng tie bao vfi mdi trudng la qui trinh ehuyin hda tao lip co ehi hoat ddng vi co chi t l chic quan ly mdi hoat ddng bao I I E Fham Manh Hon; Tlis Phan Y Van; CN Ng6 Minh DA:, Vien Nghien cihi Moi tru5ng v& Phat trien l)^n vttng Pham M?tih Hda, Phatt Y Vin, Ng6 Minh Diic - XS h^l hda ve mdi trudng tren co sd ddng trich nhifim, nhim khai thie, s i dung cd hieu qui cie ngudn luc cua xa hdi phiic vu eho edng tie bao ve mdi trudng dl dat duge mtie tifiu phit triin bin ving Theo Giio su Nguyin Viit Phi: Xa hOi hda cdng tie bao vd mdi trudng li vifie huy ddng su tham gia cia toin xa h0i vio sir nghifip bio vfi mdi trudng cia dit nude Hay ndi cich khie, xa hdi hda cdng tic bio vfi mdi trudng li phii biln chi truong bio vfi mdi trudng thinh nghia vu vi quyin Igi cua mgi ting ldp xa hdi t i nhfing nhi hoach dinh chi'nh sich, nhfing nhi quin ly tdi mgi ngudi din sdng mdt xa hdi Nhu viy, chua cd mdt khii nilm hoin chinh vl xa hdi hda cdng tie bio vfi mdi trudng nhimg eic quun diim diu eg bin thing nhit vdi vl mue dich, n0i dung vi bifin phip: Dd la xa hdi hda cdng tic bio vfi mdi trudng kfit hgp hii hda vai trd eua nhin din va su diu tu, quan ly cua nha nude, kit hgp lgi ieh edng ddng vdi lgi ieh cia cic phin kinh t l dl chia se bdt trich nhifim va ginh nang cia nha nude Xa hdi hda edng tic bao vfi mdi trudng cd thl ip dung d cic edng dong dd thi va ndng thdn Nd bao trim mdt pham vi rdng Idn nhu: trich nhifim vi quyin han cia nhin din; giao due; eung cip nang Iugng; nha &, giao thdng vin tai vi truyen thdng; cai thifin dieh vu cip nude va vfi sinh; tri cie dieh vu hd trg cudc sing vi bao tin da dang sinh hge; ndng, lim vi edng nghifip ndng thdn bin vfing, phue hdi eic mdi trudng bi suy thoii; phdng chIng thifin tai; tham gia vio cic quyit dinh; chuin bi kl hoach s i dung dit vi phit triin cia dia phuong va soan thio cic ehiln luge dja phucmg vl bao tin va phit triin bin vttng 1.2 Tinh t£it yeu ciia xa hdi hda cdng tic bao ve moi trirdng Mdi trudng cd vai trd rit quan trgng ddi vdi xa hdi loai ngudi Mdi trudng khdng ehi li khdng gian sdng cia ngudi vi cie loii sinh vit ma edn li noi eung cip tii nguyfin cin thiit eho cudc sdng vi hoat ddng san xuit cia ngudi Chinh vi thl dl dam bao su tdn vong vi phat triin eua loai ngudi thi eon ngudi phii ed nghia vu tich cue tham gia bio vfi vi cii thien mdi trudng Do viy, bio ve mdi Irudng ngiy cing trd nfin eip bich hon vi dd khdng phii li vin dl cia rifing quie gia nio mi li vin dl khu vue vi qudc tl Bfin canh dd, eic vin dl mdi trudng cd tinh lien nginh, tinh he thing, tinh da ving nen edng tic bio v4 mdi trudng duge xa hdi hda li m0t viec lim phi hgp 1.3 Lgi fch cua xa hdi hda cdng t^c bao vfi mdi trudng a) TU'p cdn theo quan diim phit triin ben vang Xa hgi hda cdng tie ve sinh mdi trudng giip thue hien cic mue tieu kinh tl, xa hdi, mdi trudng, giip dat mue tifiu phit triin bin vfing - Ve kinh ti: Huy ddng dugc cic nguin lue din eho cdng tic bio vfi mdi trudng, giam chi phi t i ngin sich nhi nude, tao cdng in vifie lim eho ngudi lao ddng, tao thfim co hdi phit triin eho cie doanh nghifip, gdp phin vio vifie thue hifin muc tifiu ting trudng In dinh vi hifiu qua - Ve xd hdi: + Xa hdi hda cdng tie vfi sinh mdi trudng tao vifie lim eho mdt bd phin lao ddng dia phucmg, gdp phin ting thu nhip, cii thifin ddi sdng (mue tifiu giam ddi nghIo); + Tao nhiiu co hdi vl vifie lam d dia phuong vi giam nhu ciu di cu bao gdm ca di eu ndi dia vao eic trung tim dd thi, giim ip luc Ifin cic vin dl xa hdi qui trinh dd thi hda d at; •f Xa hdi hda edng tic vfi sinh mdi trudng dat duge muc tifiu ning eao f thie, trich nhifim cua ngudi din vifie bao vfi mdi trudng se tao nfin mdt thdi quen, mdt nit vin hda tdt dep cdng ding; Giam thilu eic miu thuin xa hdi su phi vd mdi trudng - Ve mdi trudng: + Gdp phin bao tdn da dang sinh hge; + Xa hdi hda cdng tie vfi sinh mdi trudng tao ngudn vdn diu tu cho bio tin da dang sinh hgc; + Su tham gia cua edng ding vio vifie bao tin cac loai ddng thuc vit quy hilm thdng NgWSn ciiu Pfiif Wen bin vOng, s6 (37) - TTiing 12^012 r^nam Mann noa, fnan y VSn, Ng6 Minh DOc - Xa hdi hda qua viftc bao \t c^c khu bao t6n thi6n nhi6n, khai thdc va s& dung hap \^ cac ngu6n tai nguyfin ddng thuc vat; + Khai thac, sft dung hop ly ngu6n tai nguyen thien nhi6n; + Ngan chan va khac phuc nhiem mOi trucmg b) Tiip can theo nhom hu&ng loi Xa hfii hoa c6ng tac ve sinh m6i trudng mang lai led ich cho ca ba th^ ch^ tham gia vao viec xa h6i hoa d6 la nha nude, cdng ddng, doanh nghifip - Liyi ich nhd nUdc: Giam su bao cS[p cua nha nude linh vuc bao ve mOi trucmg, giam su phu thu6c vao ngu6n tai chmh ben ngoai vk cac h6 tro khdc, c6 th^ tdng v6n du trO: cho nha nude Xuc tie^n xa hCi h6a cOng tac bao vfi mdi tru6ng se cung c^p m6t so loi fch v^ quan 1;^ hanh chfnh, bao g6m: su hop tac lien b6 se t6t hem, va quan ly hanh chfnh cac dia phuong hieu qua hem - Lai ich cgng dong th^ hifin ch6: + Xa h6i hoa cdng tac bao vfi mdi trudng xay dung va tang cucmg tfnh tu luc cdng ddng Cac cong dong dugc giao quyen se hanh dong quyin lgi cua minh, tfch cue phat tridn mgi Idia nang, su khdn kheo vifie t6 chiic, tu diiu chinh va thuc thi cdng vifie + Xa hgi hoa cdng tac bao vfi mdi trucmg CO th^ tao co hgi m6i ve viec lam, huy ddng dugc luc lugng lao ddng nhan rdi, huy ddng cac ngu6n luc, chua dugc s& dung cua cdng dong, gdm ca tai nguyen nguM va tai nguyfin vat chSt + Trong cac cdng ddng dd thi cung nhu viing ndng thdn, xa hdi hoa cdng tdc bao ve mdi trucmg co tac dung n4ng cao trach nhifim ddi v6i mdi tnrcmg dia phucmg Vdi su dam bao an ninh quyin scf hffu, nhan dan cd th^ ch^p nhdn phuong hudng lau dai va td hgp cdc muc tifiu kinh t^ va mdi tnrdng - Lai ich doanh nghiep: + Cdng tdc xa hdi hoa bao vfi mdi trudng tao dich vu cho doanh nghifip thuc hien, qua tao cdng an viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng ldng 12/2012 + Cdng tdc xa hdi hoa bao ve mdi trudng tao lgi nhudn cho doanh nghifip tham gia + Cdng tac xa hdi hda bao vfi mdi trudng tao uy tfn xa hdi cho doanh nghifip la co sd vtJng manh cho doanh nghifip phat tri^n + Doanh nghifip c6 thl dugc mi6n giam thuff, phi va tifi'p can cac uu dai khdc tham gia xa hdi hda vifie bao vfi mdi trudng II THi;c TRANG C N G TAC XA H I H A BAO V $ M I TRirdNG 2.1 Cac quan diem, chinh sach, luat phap cua Viet Nam ve xS hdi hoa cdng tac bao ve mdi trirdng a) Cdc dinh hu&ng vd quy dinh vexdhqi hda ' Chu truong xa hdi hoa cdng tdc BVMT da dugc cu thl hoa thdng qua cac dinh hudng/quy dinh mdt sd van ban dudi day - Nghi quye't 41/NQ-TW 15/11/2004 cua Bd Chinh tri ve bdo ve moi tru&ng then ky ddy mgnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa Nghi quye't 41/NQ-TW da xdc dinh rd trach nhiem bao ve mdi trudng cua Nha nirdc, cd nhdn, td chiic va cdng ddng, dac biet de cao trdch nhifim cua cdc co sd san xudt dich vu Tao CO sd phap ly va co che, chinh sdch khuyfin khich ca nhdn, td chiic va cgng ddng tham gia cdng tac bao vfi mdi trudng Hinh cac loai hinh td chiic ddnh gid, tu vdn, gidm dinh, cdng nhdn, chiing nhan vl bao vfi mdi trudng Khuyfin khich cdc phdn kinh tfi tham gia cdc dich vu thu gom, tai sii dung, vdn chuyen, tdi chfi, x\i ly chdt thai va cdc dich vu khdc vl bao vfi mdi trudng Xdy dung cdc quy ude, huong ude, cam kit vl bao vfi mdi trudng, cac md hinh tu quan vl mdi trudng cua cdng ddng ddn cu Phdt trien cdc X^iong trao qudn chung tham gia~^ao ve mdi trucmg, khen thudng cdc diln hinh tifin tifin vl bao vfi mdi trudng - Ludt Bao vfi mdi trudng 2005 Ludt Bao vfi mdi tnrdng 2005 da khing dinh bao vfi mdi trudng la su nghifip cua toan xa hdi, la quyin va trach nhifim cua mgi td chiic, ca nhdn Nha nude khuyfi^n khfch va tao dieu kifin thudn lgi cho cac td chiic, cd nhdn th^nh ldp doanh nghifip dich vu bao ve mdi trudng cdc Ph^m M^nh Hda, Phan Y VSn, Ngd Minn oac • linh vuc thu gom, tii ehi, x i If chit thii; quan trie, phin tieh mdi trudng, dinh gii tic ddng mdi trudng; phit triin, chuyin giao edng nghfi sin xuit thin thifin vdi mdi trudng, edng nghfi mdi trudng; tu vin, dio tao, cung cip thdng tin vl mdi trudng; giim dinh vl mdi trudng ddi vdi miy mdc, thiit hi, edng nghfi; giim dinh thiet hai vl mdi trudng vi eic dich vu khie vl bio ve mdi trudng - Quyit dinh sd 34/2005/QD-TTg ngiy 22 thing nim 2005 cia Thu tudng Chfnh phi vl vifie ban hinh Chuong trinh hinh ddng cia Chfnh phi thue hiln Nghi quyit s l 41-NQ/TW ngiy 15/11/2004 cia Bd Chi'nh tri vl bio ve mdi trudng thdi ky iiy manh cdng nghifip hda, hien dai hda dit nude, vdi nhiem vii thi nam li iiy manh xa hdi hda boat ddng bio ve mdi tru&ng Nhiem vu niy dugc cu thl hda vdi bin ndi dung ehinh sau: + Thl chi hda cic quy djnh vl trich nhiem, ngbia vu vi quyin han eua cic t l chic, doin thl, edng ding din cu, ei nhin tham gia edng tic bao ve mdi trudng, die biet qua trinh xiy dung, ban hanh vi thue hifin cic quyit dinh ed lifin quan vl bio vfi mdi trudng -(- Da dang hda cic loai hinh hoat ddng bao vfi mdi trudng, khuyin khich su tham gia cia khu vuc tu nhin, cd co ehi khuyin khich cic doanh nghifip thude mgi thinh phin kinh t l thue hifin eic djch vti bao vfi mdi trudng; khuyin kliich thinh lip cie tl chic dinh gii, tu vin, giam dinh, cdng nhin, ehihig nhin vl bao vfi mdi trudng •I- Xiy dung phong trio toin din bao vfi mdi trudng, xiy dung vi phit triin eic diln hinh tifin tiin hoat ddng bao vfi mdi trudng •^ Chi trgng xiy dung vi thuc hifin hucmg ude, quy dinh, cam kit bao vfi mdi trudng; phit triin cac md hinh cdng ddng din cu tu quin boat ddng bao vfi mdi trudng - Chiln luge Bao vfi mdi trudng qude gia din nim 2010, dinh hudng din 2020 (theo quyit dinh sd: 256/2003/QD-TTg cia Thi tudng Ciu'nh phu ngiy 02.12.2003) Oiien luge bao vfi mdi trudng qude gia din 2010 va dmh hudng din 2020 da xic dinh xa hOi hda BVMT li mdt giii phip trgng tim dl d?t dugc cic miie tilu vl mdi trudng Chiln luge nhJn manh cin thiit phii xic lip cie eo chi khuyin khleh, cic chi tii hinh ehfnh, hinh su vi thuc hiln m^t cich cdng bing hgp \f ddi vdi ci cic ddi tic Nhi nude cing nhu cic dii tie tu nhin Ichi tham gia boat dgng BVMT b) Chtnh sdch uu ddi ddu tU bdo vi mdi tru&ng Dl diy manh xa h$i hda, thu hit su tham gia r0ng rai hdn nia cia cic thinh phin kinh tl ngoii qude doanh vio bio vfi mdi trudng, Nhi nude ta eOng da vi dang tfch cue xiy dung vi ban hinh cie ehfnh sich tm dai, hd trg bio vfi mdi trudng - Luit Bio vfi mdi trudng Vifit Nam 2005 da quy dinh: boat ddng tii ehi, x i If, chdn lip chit thii, sin xuit ning lugng sach, ning Iugng tii tao duge miln hoic giim thui doanh thu, thui gii tri gia ting, thui mdi trudng, phi bio vfi mdi trudng Miy mdc, thiit bj, phuong tifin, dung cu nhip khiu dugc s i dung true tiip vifie thu gom, Itm giii, vin chuyin, tii chi, x i \f chit thii; quan trie vi phin tieh mdi trudng; san xuit ning Iugng sach, ning Iugng tii tao dugc mifin thui nhip ibiu Cic sin p h ^ tii chi t i chit thai, ning lugng thu duge t i vifie tifiu buy chit thai, eic sin ph&n thay thl nguyen lieu tu nhien ed Igi cho mdi tnrdng dugc Nha nude trg gii Ngoii ra, tl chic, ei nhin diu tu BVMT duge uu tien vay vin t i eic quy bio ve mdi trudng; trudng hgp vay vdn tai cie t l chic tin diing khic dl diu tu bdo vfi mdi trudng thi dugc xem xit hd trg lai suit sau diu tu hoic bao lanh tin dung diu tu theo diiu le cia quy bao vfi mdi trudng - Nghi djnh 69/2008/ND-CP ngiy 30 thing nim 2008 vl chinh sich khuyin khich xa hdi hda ddi vdi cic hoat ddng Dnh vue giio due, day nghi, y tl, vin hda thl thao, mdi trudng eung quy dinh cu thl nhiiu vin dl quan trgng vl xa hdi hda bao vfi mdi trudng lien quan din viee cho thue, xiy dung cd sd vit chit, giao dit, cho thufi dit, thui cic loai, ehfnh sich uu dai vl tfn dung, huy ddng vdn, din bao hilm xa hdi, bao hilm y tl Diy diu la nhttng quy dinh thuc t l vl cic co chi NghiSn ciiu PhU trien lien vOng, s64 (37) - Tiling im Pham Manh Hoa, Phan Y VSn, Ngd Minh BtJc - Xa hdi hda khuyin khfch phit triin eic md hinh bao vfi mdi trudng, mac d i cdn chua diy di - Quyit dinh 1466/QD-TTg ngiy 10 thing 10 nim 2008 eia Thi tudng chfnh phi quy dinh danh miic chi tilt cic loai hinh, tifiu ehi quy md, tifiu chuin cia cic cd sd thiie hifin xa hdi hda linh vtre giio due - dio tao, day nghi, y tl, vin hda, thl thao, mdi trudng dlige hudng chinh sich khuyin khfch phit triin xa hdi hda theo quy dinh eia Nghi dinh sd 69/2008/ND-CP i^iy 30 thing nim 2008 cia Chfnh phi - Nghi dinh sd 04/2009/ND-CP vl uu dai, ho trg boat ddng bao vfi mdi trudng cd quy dinh cu thl vl uu dai, hd trg vl dit dai, vdn; mifin, giam thui, phf ddi vdi hoat ddng bio vfi mdi trudng; trg gii, hd trg tifiu thu san phim t i hoat ddng bao ve mdi trudng Nghi dinh quy dinh danh muc chi tilt cic boat ddng duge die bifit hd trg, uu dii vi danh mtic cic boat ddng duge uu dii, hd trg linh vuc bao ve mdi trudng; ddng thdi Nghi dinh eung quy dinh rd ddi tugng dugc hudng tm dai - Thdng tu 230/2009/rT-BTC eia Bd Tii chfnh vl hudng din uu dai thue ddi vdi boat ddng bao ve mdi trudng quy dinh tai Nghi dinh 04/2009/ND-CP vl uu dai, hd trg Thdng tu da quy dinh rd doanh nghifip, hgp tie xa thue hien du in diu tu BVMT, dip ing eac tifiu chf co sd thue hifin xa hdi hda linh vue mdi trudng duge ip dung thui suit 10% sudt thdi gian hoat ddng dii vdi phin thu nhip eia doanh nghifip cd dugc t i du in bao vfi mdi trudng Doanh nghifip lip mdi t i du in diu tu boat ddng Hnh vuc bao vfi mdi trudng thuc hifin tai dia ban cd diiu kien kinh t l - xa hdi khd khan hoac die biet khd khin theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd 124/2008/ND-CP, duge miln thui 04 nam kl t i ed thu nhip chiu thui vi dugc giam 50% sd thui phai ndp nam tiep theo; cae doanh nghifip thinh lip mdi khac dugc mifin thui nim Ikl t i Id thu nhip chiu thui vi duge giim :5e%-sd thui phai ndp nam tiip theo - Quyit dinh 1030/QD-TTg eia Thu tudng Chfnh phi phfi duyfit "Dl in phit triin nganh cdng nghifip mdi ttudng Vifit Nam din ling 12/2012 nim 2015, tim nhin din nim 2025" Theo Quyit dinh niy, Nhi nude se hd trg qua tfn dung nhi nude dl phit triin nginh cdng nghifip mdi trudng vi khuyin khfch cic tl chic, ci nhin vi ngoii nude diu tu phit triin nginh cdng nghifip niy Doanh nghiep hoat ddng Iinh vuc cdng nghifip mdi trudng dugc hudng cic chfnh sich iru dai eao nhit vl dit dai, vdn, thui theo quy dinh cia phip luit - Quyit dinh sd 249/QD-Trg vl vifie phfi duyfit Dl in phit triin dieh vu mdi trudng (DVMT) dfin nam 2020 Theo Quyit dinh niy, Nhi nude cung cd nhiiu ehfnh sich uu dai, hd ttg phat triin dieh vu mdi trudng Theo dd, cie tl chic, ei nhin tham gia cung ing dieh vu mdi trudng dugc hudng cie ehfnh sich hd trg vl dit dai, vdn; uu dai vl tfn dung; trg cip; mifin giam thui, phf d mic cao nhit theo quy dinh eia phap luit Quyit dinh 130/2007/QD-TTg vl mdt sd CO chi, ehfnh sich tii chfnh ddi vdi du in diu tu theo CO chi phat triin sich (CDM) Theo dd, du an diu tu theo co ehi phat ttiln sach CDM dugc mifin thui nhip khiu doi vdi hang hda nhip khiu de tao tai san ed dinh eia du an, hang hda nhip khiu la nguyfin lifiu, vit tu, ban thinh phim ttong nude chua sin xuit duge nhip khiu dl phue vu san xuit, 2.2 Thuc trang cdng tic xi hdi hda bao ve mdi truimg Trong thdi gian qua, edng tie xa hdi hda boat ddng bao vfi mdi ttudng da cd nhfing edng ding kl Cho din nay, da ed nhieu loai hinh dugc cac tl chic vi ci nhin tham gia diu tu phit triin vao linh vue mdi trudng t i nliilu ngudn vin, bude diu hinh thinh dieh vu mdi ttudng ngoai edng fch Mdt sd Hnh vue phit triin manh nhu: thu gom, vin chuyin, x i 1^ rac thai; thu gom, vin ehuyin chit thai rin nguy hai (kl ci chit thai y te); x i ly nude thai sinh boat tip ttung; x i ly nude thii quy md nhd phin tin, Tai TP Hd Chf Minh, ty lfi tham gia vio edng tae thu gom, vin chuyin ehit thai rin sinh boat giia eic thinh phin tu nhin vi nhi nude la 40% vi 60% d Hi Ndi, hifin ngoii edng ty IIRENCO eon cd cie don vi ngoai quic Pham Manh Hda, Phan Y VSn, Ngd Minh BOc -XSht^lhda doanh tham gia thu gom chit thii rin nhu edng ty cl phin Thing Long, Cdng ty cl phin Xanh, Hgp tic xa Thinh Cdng Nhiiu dia phucmg khic eung di cd cic don vi tu nhin thuc hifin nhu Cdng ty thi chfnh Kiln An vi Cdng ty cdng trinh cdng cgng Dl Son b Hai Phdng, Cdng ty el phin cdng nghilp Cim Phi vi Cdng ty TNHH An Lae Vifin Quing Ninh, Cdng ty TNHH Huy Hoing ft Lang Scm, Trong linh vuc x i \f chit thii rin cung da ed su tham gia cua khdi tu nhin nhu cdng ty SERAPHIN, Cdng ty Tim Sinh Nghia Trong linh vue tu vin, thifit kl, xiy dung cae edng trinh x i I;^ chit thai, cDng da cd nhiiu cdng ty, doanh nghifip ngoii quie doanh tham gia Nhiiu vifin nghifin ciu, trung tim tu vin tu nhin quy tu nhfing chuyfin gia mdi uudng, dang li luc lugng chfnh vifie tu vin, thue hifin cie bio cio dinh gii tic ddng mdi trudng cho cic doanh nghifip, dinh gii mdi trudng ehiln luge cho eic du in chiln luge, quy hoach, kl hoach eia nhiiu qd quan quan Iy Xa hdi hda cdng tic BVMT edn duge md rdng khdng ehi d cae ITnh vue dieh vu edng mi cdn d Iinh vuc quin ly nha nude Bd Tii nguyfin va Mdi tru&ng phii hgp vdi iy ban Trung uong Mat ttin Tl qude Viet Nam vi cic doin thl chinh tri; cie tl chic ehinh tti, xa hdi, nghi nghiep, xiy dung eic Nghi quyit lien tjch phdi hgp triin khai siu rdng cic ndi dung xi hdi hda tdi cic ting ldp xa hdi Ddng thdi phii hgp vdi Bd Kl hoach vi Diu tu, Bd Tii chfnh b l ttf kinh phf cho cic tl chic niy t i ngudn su nghiep mdi ttudng dl eic thinh vien he thing chfnh tti tham gia tuyen truyin, phi biln giio due phip luit, giim sit viec thuc thi phip luit vl bao ve mdi tru&ng eia eic tl chic vi ci nhin Nhiiu tinh da xiy dimg tilu chi bao vfi mdi tru&ng ttong viee blnh xit thi dua, binh xit danh hiiu vin hda Tai nhiiu dia phucmg ttong ea nude da xiy dung duge nhiiu md hinh vi phit ddng phong trio, chuong trinh bao ve mdi tru&ng nhu: Md hinh gia dinh thin thien vdi mdi trudng; thf diim phin loai-rie tai ngudn; cdng ttinh nien bio ve mdi ttudng; thinh lip cie nhdm tinh nguyfin xanh; nhdm e^ng ddng tu quin; eiu lac bd sinh thii; xiy dung mang ludi thdng tin, tuyin truyin t i tinh din co s6 Cdng tie phi biln, thuc diy bio vfi mdi trudng eic ting ldp nhin din cung di dugc hinh thinh vi budc diu thuc hiln ed hieu qui Viet Nam da xuit hien nhiiu ml hinh quin ehing tham gia bio vfi mdi trudng thu hit ddng dio ting Idp nhin din vdi nhing hoat dgng thiit thue Diln hinh nhu md hinh xiy dimg cic ling sinh thii trfin hfi sinh thii kim bin vttng nhu ving ddi Ba Vl - Hi Ndi, ving cit ven biln; huong ude bao ve mdi tru&ng d Chilt Bi - Thia Thifin Hui, xiy dung ling vin hda d Phing Xi - Thach Thit - Hi N^i; c$ng ddng tham gia bio ve mdi tru&ng eic khu bio tin thifin nhifin b Cim My, Cim Xuyfin, Hi Tinh; md hinh quan ly chit thii rin thinh phi Di Ning; md hinh cdng ding bao vfi mdi tru&ng phu&ng Hing Hai - Ha Ixng - Quang Ninh; cic md hinh lim him biogas x i \f chit thii, hgp tic xa vl cung cip nude sach vi vfi sinh mdi tru&ng Bic Giang, Thinh cdng cua nhihig md hinh boat ddng niy li da bilt dua vio din, cimg din bin bac vi dua giii phip tdt nhit dl vi2a dam bio ning cao ddi sing nhin din vdi bio vfi mdi tru&ng (phit triin kinh t l gin vdi bio vfi mdi trudng) T i bii hgc kinh nghiim cia nhttng md hinh nay, cic dia phuang, tl chic xa hdi, quin ching cd thl xiy dung cic md hinh XHH bao vfi mdi trudng b dd thi, ndng thdn, b cic don vi san xuit, xf nghifip nhi miy, bit diu t i nhttng nhifim vu ndi dung don gian thiit thue gin vdi quyin Igi eua cdng ding, phit ttiln, md rdng, vugn Ifin nhiing vin dl mdi ttudng phic tap mang lai lgi fch rOng hdn 2.3 Mdt sd' han ch^ cdng tic xi hdi hda bao vl mdi trudng Vifie xa hdi hda, huy ddng, khuyin khieh su tham gia cia cic t l chic, ci nhin vi cdng ding ttong cdng tie bao vfi mdi trudng dang dugc thuc hifin tucmg ddi ddng bd Die bifit, su tham gia eia Mit ttin Tl qudc Vifit Nam vi cie doin thl nhin din vio boat ddng bao vfi mdi tru&ng dugc ting cu&ng Vai ttd ciia NgW«n aiu Phit trien i)6i vOng, sS (37) - Thing 12/2012 fnam Mann HOa, Phan Y Van, Ngd Minh Bile - XS hdi hda cae t l ehic chfnh tri - xa hdi, eic tl chic quin ehing, cdng ding din eu vifie tham gia va giim sit cdng tie bio vfi mdi tru&ng bude diu da duge phit huy Cae loai hinh boat ddng bao vfi mdi ttudng da dugc da dang hda, budc diu di ed eo ehi khuyin khfch cie doanh nghifip thude nigi thinh phin kinh t l thue hifin cic dieh vu bio ve mdi ttudng; khuyin khfch thinh lip cie tl ehic dinh gii, tu vin, giim dinh vl bao ve mdi trudng Tuy nhifin, xi hdi hda bio vfi mdittu&ngeung dang cd nhiiu bit cip + Chua xiy dung duge cac quy dinh phip \f dl khuyfi'n khfch khii tu nhin tham gia siu rdng bdn nfia vio bio vfi mdi ttu&ng •f Nguin nhin lue, nhit la nhin lue ed ttinh dd vi kiln thie vl bao vfi mdi tru&ng ludn thilu vi yiu di can trd hifiu qua cia hoat ddng tuyfin ttuyin, ning eao nhin thie cdng ding + Thilu CO ehi khuyin khfch diu tu linh vue bao vfi mdi trudng Hifin nay, ed qua ft CO chi khuyin khfch, hd trg doanh nghiep diu tu vio linh vue niy, ea vl ngudn vdn va cdng nghfi Tdm lai, xa hdi hda boat dgng bao ve mdi tru&ng va quan ly tii nguyen ehua thue su hifiu qua, chua buy ddng dugc sic manh loan din tham gia bao vfi mdi ttu&ng Chua cd su phin cdng cu thl va diu tu nguin luc eho mdt tl chic ed ehic ning quan \f nhi.nude theo doi toan difin vl xa hdi hda boat ddng bao vfi mdi ttudng in MOT sd KBSN NGHI VA GIAI PHAP 3.1 Xiy dung cic CO che chinh sach quan ly xa hdi hda bao ve mdi trudng Dl xa hdi hda edng tie BVMT triin khai cd hifiu qua, cin cd eO chi ehfnh sich thfch hgp, tao diiu kien thuin Igi dl khuyin khfch cic doanh nghiep, eic thinh phin kinh te tham gia giai quyit eic vin de vfi sinh mdi tru&ng Bfin canh dd, Nha nude ein bao dam' CO ehi thu phf mdi tru&ng va toin lai eho nha diu tu, diiu niy se gdp phin thu hit dang kl lugng vdn diu tu tu nhin vio linh vue edng nghe vi thiit bi x i ly mdi ttudng ' _• ^^- '• • ; • 'iing(2'20)2 VI viy, cin nghifin ciu cac co chi, chfnh sach tai chfnh nhim cing cd va ning eao hifiu qui quin \f eia eic doanh nghifip nhi nude hoat ddng cdng feh, dong vai ttd ehu dao ttong cdng tic quan 1^ XHH bao vfi mdi ttudng va tao diiu kifin khuyin khfch cic thinh phin kinh t l khie tham gia, dl tang thfim sic canh ttanh nhim lam tit edng tic bio vfi mdi trudng Khdng nging ning eao ning lue quan \f nhi nude eua cic nganh cie cip vl edng tic niy Xiy dung cae eo ehi ehfnh sich lifin quan din cic ndi dung sau: + Quan ly nhi nude va quan ly chuyen nginh -I- Quan \f tii chi'nh; quan \f vdn kinh doanh; quan ly vdn diu tu + Cie loai thui, ehinh sich thui, phf vi mic thu le phf -(- Phin phii lgi nhuin, tiin luong va cac chi dd khac •I- Cic hinh thie huy dgng vdn diu tu + Chinh sich dam bao an toin lao ddng •f Chfnh sach khuyen khfch sang tie cic tic phim vin hda nghe thuit giio due ngudi din y thie bao ve mdi trudng + Chfnh sach khen thu&ng, x i phat hinh chfnh vi pham eic qui dinh ve bao ve mdi ttu&ng 3.2 Cac giai phap thuc hien xa hdi hda bao ve mdi tru&ng a) Tuyen truyen, gido due j? thitc bdo ve moi tru&ng Xa hdi hda BVMT ehfnh la vifie dua edng tic bao ve mdi ttudng ttd thinh edng viec ehung cua toin xi hdi Trong diiu kifin din trf nhu hien nay, lai ttai qua nhieu nam hu6ng thu che dd bao cip, thdi quen, nip sdng f lai vao Nhi nude, y vio xa hdi cdn nang nl Chi'nh vi viy, cdng tic tuyfin ttuyin giio due ed vi tri quan ttgng Cin nfiu rd muc dfch, y nghia cua vifie xa hdi hda BVMT, lim cho cie cip, eic nganh vi mgi ngudi din nam vfing dl thue hifin, giao due f thie tu giic ddng gdp phf dich vu bao ve mdi trudng, Ndi dung cia cdng tie tuyfin truyin, giio due y thie bao vfi mdi trudng bao gdm: D Pham Manh Hda, Phan Y VSn, Ngd Minh Btlc -XSht^hda - Tiin hinh thudng xuyfin tuyfin truyin giio due, cung cip mdt s l thdng tin mdi ttudng eho nhin din phu&ng, xa vdi cic •ndi dung: phi biln eie ehi ttuong, ehfnh sich, luit phip qui dinh bio vfi mdi tru&ng; tinh hinh d nhilm vi ngudn giy d nhilm; m^t sd bien phip gii gin vfi sinh mdi ttu&ng; nfiu guong tit vl bio vfi mdi tru&ng vi phfi phin cie hinh vi vi pham; xiy dung nip sdng vin minh, gifi gin vfi sinh sach dep, tilt kifim s i dung nang Iugng vdi nhiiu hinh thie, s i dung loa phit cia phu&ng, xa thdng tin hing - Tip hufii, dio tao, hdi thio vl mdi tru&ng vdi cie ndi dung; Bii dudng kiln thie cho cin bd thdn phu&ng, xa; phuang phip, ky thuit vi kinh nghifim vl tuyfin truyin giio due cho cdng ding, vifie theo doi giim sit vl mdi ttu&ng, cic giii phip cin thiit gitt gin mdi tru&ng cdng ddng - Tai cic ttu&ng hgc, dua vin dl bio vfi mdi tru&ng vio cic cip dl giio due eho cie chiu tre miu giio dfi'n hgc sinh cic ttu&ng phi thdng qua mdt s l hoat ddng: xiy dung chim sdc vudn tru&ng, nhin mdt khu vuc quanh trudng (vu&n hoa nhd, di tich, hi, doan du&ng dl chim sdc, bao vfi, tl ehic bull giao luu gifia cie tru&ng ve bao vfi mdi truang, triin lim nho, bang video vl mdi truftng; tl ehic eho hge sinh thi hit, viit, ve vl chi dl mdi tru&ng; tl ehic tham quan mdt sd nai lifin quan din bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien va mdi tru&ng, tl chic "ttai sinh thii", "cim trai sach", Diy cing li luc lugng huy ddng dl cl ddng vl bao ve mdi trudng tai co sd (thdn, xdm ip, xa, phudng, thi trin) - Giio due gia dinh: vai ttd gia dinh rit quan trgng, nhin thie gia dinh la gii tti ca ban cLia cdng ding Die bifit chi ttgng din vai trd eua phu nfi, vi hg li ngudi cd ttich nhiem bao ban eon chau vl vifie gii sach mdi trudng, vi xem phu n i la ddi tugng ehu yiu ttong vifie giio due ning eao nhin thie vl mdi ttudng - To ehic cie bull ndi chuyfin vl mdi tru&ng thdn, xa vao mdt s l dip ky nifim quan trgng nhu Mdi trudng thl gidi, Din sd thl gidi, nham giip thfim su m hiiu bilt, cung cip thdng tin mdi tru&ng cho c^ng ding, dl ngudi din thiy duge nhttng bic xic, su ein thiit gitt gin mdi trudng eho cuOc sing cia minh vi cho tuong lai thdng qua cic hinh vi hoat dOng bio vfi mdi ttirdng cua minh b) Xdy dttng md hinh tS chiic qudn ly thich htfp l\if vio ting diiu kifin kinh t l xa hdi, diiu kifin tu nhifin vi hifin trang mdi tru&ng ting dia phucmg dl lua chgn md hinh tl chic quin \f thfeh hgp nham thile hifin cdng tic bao vfi mdi tru&ng mdt cich cd hifiu qui nhit Hifin cd mdt s l md hinh nhu: Tl hgp tic xi, hgp tic x3 vfi sinh mdi tru&ng, Cdng ty el phin, edng ty tu nhin, cic Ufin doanh, cic cdng ty nhi nude, tl din Iip hay ling sinh thii, ling vin hda mdi, gia dinh vin hda mdi Vifie xiy dung dugc mdt md hinh quin \f mdi tru&ng thfeh hgp se quyit dinh din hifiu qui cua edng tic bio vfi mdi tru&ng c) Phdt ddng phong trdo thi dua bdo vi mdi tru&ng - Soan thao k l hoaeh va ndi dung phit ddng thi dua via kit hgp vdi cac dgt phit ddng ehung ttfin pham vi toin quic, cd thl gin vio nhihig dgt phit ddng ky nifim die bifit, cic ngiy II, chi nhit ting vfi smh, tuin lfi nude sach vfi smh mdi trudng, hdi thao khoa hgc, viit bii vdi cic thl lfi vin hda nghfi thuit tham du dang kich ban - Lua chgn eic loai hinh phit ddng phong trio phi hgp vdi trinh dd, kha ning tham gia cua tiimg loai ddi tugng nhu t l din phd, co quan,ttu&nghgc, co sd san xuit, ngudi din - Xiy dung chi tifiu dinh gii thi dua, lip ban khen thudng cho eie dgt phit ddng phong ttio bio vfi mdi tru&ng - Xiy dung eie md hinh thf diim, eie diln hinh tien tiin vl cdng tic mdi tru&ng nhu ling, xa, phi phu&ng phit ttiln bin vttng theo hudng sinh thii; hucmg ude bao vt mdi ttu&ng; gia dinh vin hda mdi; don vi san xuit sach; san phim dat ehSft lugng mdi trudng, IV K^T L U M Khdng chi d Vifit Nam ma ttfin quy md toin ciu, mdi tru&ng sdng dang ngiy cing hi Nghiin cCru Phit trien bSn vOng, so (37) • Thing 12/2012 Pham Manh Hda, Phan Y VSn, Ngd Minh BOc -Xa hdi hda d nhilm nfin viee bao vfi mdi tru&ng sinh thii li yfiu ciu cip thiit ttong giai doan hifin Ttt die thi li viee bio ve mdittu&ngsinh thii tin rit nhiiu nguin luc, ttai dai ttfin difin tfch ldn, cd thl thirc hifin bing nhttng hinh ddng d i li nhd eia ting ei nhin nfin vifie xa hdi hda edng tic bao vfi mdi ttudng la bifin phip quan trgng dl bao vfi mdi ttu&ng Qui trinh xa hdi hda da vi dang difin ra, d i da ed hinh lang phip \f hoin ehinh nhutig thuc su hifiu qua ehua eao, eu thl d die diim tfnh ttai rdng vi ttinh dd cdng nghfi ttong cie boat ddng xa hdi hda cdn rit han chi, cu thl la pham vi xi bdi hda chua trai rdng, mdi ehi tham gia eie khiu, eie cdng vifie don gian ttong chudi hanh vi bao vfi mdi ttudng Vdi thuc t l edng tie xa hdi hda nhu hien thi kit qui dat dugc cdn khiem tin, hifin tugng nhifim se khdng dugc giam bdt mi vin cd chilu hudng ian rdng vi ttim trgng hon Dl ngan chin cd hifiu qua bifin tugng niy thl bfin canh eie yiu t l khac nhu nghifin ciu cdng nghe bao vfi mdi tru&ng, nd luc cua Nha nude, dii mdi edng nghfi sin xuit giy d nhilm thi ddi hoi phii diy manh hon nua edng tie xa hdi hda edng tic bao ve mdi ttudng./ TAI LifiU THAM BfflAO Trin Thanh Lim (2003): Tap chi Bao vfi Mdi midng- Hgc vien Hinh chfnh Qu6c gia Nguyen Viit Phi: Xahdi hoa cdng tdc bdo vi mdi trudng - mdt yiu cdu bite xuc cita phdt trien bin vSng Nghi quytt 41/NQ-TW ngiy 15/11/2004 ciia Bg Chfnh tn ve bdo vi mdi trudng thdi ky ddy manh cdng nghiep hoa, hiin dgi hoa Luit Bao vfi mdi truimg 2005 Quytt dinh stf 34/2005/QD-Trg ngiy 22/2 /2005 cua Thii tudng Chi'nh phu Chinh Phi (2003): Chiin luac Bdo ve mdi trudng qud'c gia den nam 2010, dinh hudng den 1010 Nghi dinh 69/2008/ND-CP ngiy 30/5/ 2008 vl chinli sdch khuyen khich xd hoi hda ddi vdi cdc hoat ddng tinh vuc gido due, day nghe, y te, vdn hoa the thao, mdi IrUdng Quyft dinh sd 249/QE)-Trg ve viic phe duyet Dean phat trien dich vumdi trudlig {DVMT) den ndm 1010 .ing12a012 ED ... lue quan \f nhi nude eua cic nganh cie cip vl edng tic niy Xiy dung cae eo ehi ehfnh sich lifin quan din cic ndi dung sau: + Quan ly nhi nude va quan ly chuyen nginh -I- Quan \f tii chi''nh; quan. .. nghi, y tl, vin hda thl thao, mdi trudng eung quy dinh cu thl nhiiu vin dl quan trgng vl xa hdi hda bao vfi mdi trudng lien quan din viee cho thue, xiy dung cd sd vit chit, giao dit, cho thufi dit,... Cdng ty TNHH Huy Hoing ft Lang Scm, Trong linh vuc x i \f chit thii rin cung da ed su tham gia cua khdi tu nhin nhu cdng ty SERAPHIN, Cdng ty Tim Sinh Nghia Trong linh vue tu vin, thifit kl, xiy