KHOA HOC VA CfiNG NGHl MO dNG DUNG GIS DANH GIA 0 NHIEM MOI TRUfiNG NlUDTG MAT DO RNH HirdNG CUfl QUn TRINH KHni THflC MO KHU v y c CAM PHA QUANG NINH THS NGUYEN THI THU HlTaNG, THS NGUYEN THj LE HANG[.]
KHOA HOC VA CfiNG NGHl MO dNG DUNG GIS DANH GIA NHIEM MOI TRUfiNG NlUDTG MAT DO RNH HirdNG CUfl QUn TRINH KHni THflC MO KHU v y c CAM PHA-QUANG NINH THS NGUYEN THI THU HlTaNG, THS NGUYEN THj LE HANG Truvmg Dai hgc Mo-Dja chat ghien cuu ung dgng GIS danh gia d nhiem mdi tardng anh hudng qua trinh khai thac md \k yeu d u d p thilt, nhIm d l xult cae giai phap quan ly-ky thuat gop phln han ehl va khie phye d nhilm mdi trudng tien tdi dam bao su phat triln bin vung cua hoat dgng san xuat than tren dja ban tinh Quang Ninh ndi chung va Cim Pha ndi rieng Bai bao trinh bay cac kit qua nghien edu de minh chung kha nang ung dung GIS vi^c xac djnh, quan ly mdi trudng anh hudng cua qua trinh khai thac md khu vyc Cim Pha-Quang Ninh Tu dd dua dup-e cac dy bao muc dp d nhiem mdi trudng qua trinh khai thae md Ben egnh dd cung giup cho cac nha quan ly dua cac quylt djnh dung din cho khu vuc nghien cu-u N Tong quan Thanh Cim Pha-Quang Ninh cd nhilu Ip-i thi quan trpng phat triln kinh tl-xa hpi va trd mpt nhil-ng dia phuang cd sy phat tnIn nang dpng nhat d phia BIC Vdi nhij-ng tilm nang, triln vpng va tyu kinh t l da dat dup-c nhilu nam qua, Cim Pha cung dang ddi mat vdi nhung thaeh thu-c khdng nhd v l mdi trudng Tren mpt dja ban hep, nhilu hoat dpng kinh t l xa hpi dong thdi phat triln nhu khai thac than, san xult v^t lieu xay dyng, Ian biln xay dyng hp tang dd thj v^ khu edng nghiep, phat triln mgng lydi giao thdng thuy bg va cang biln, nudi trong-danh bit, ehl biln thuy san, du Ijch-djch vy da lam sinh nhilu xung ddt giua cac nganh kinh te vdi v^ cCing lam gia tSng sue ep len mdi trudng sinh thSi v^ e^c t^i nguyen thien nhien Chit lup-ng mdi trudng d tinh Quang Ninh ndi Chung v^ thSnh Cim Pha ndi rieng da bj tac dpng mgnh, da dgng sinh hgc suy giam nhanh, nhilu nguIn tdi nguydn mdi trudng da bj khai thac can kiet Diln hinh la hoat ddng khai thae than ton tai hang tram nam da lam mat di nhilu canh rung va gay bdi lip cae ddng sdng, sudi; cae hoat ddng v|n tai, sang tuyln than gay nhdng nguon d nhilm byi Idn, d nhilm ngudn nude tang sue ep len cac vung sinh thai nhay cam Hoat ddng da va dang la nguyen nhan lam suy thoai tai nguyen, mdi trudng, anh hudng true tilp din tilm nang phat triln kinh t l xa hgi va ddi sdng cua nhan dan Bi lam tdt du-^c edng tac bao v?, danh gia dup-c muc dg d nhilm mdi trudng ed hi^u qua cao nhlt, GIS la mpt cdng cu hi^n dpi va higu qua ITnh vyc quan ly, giam sat ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien Vdi uu thi la du lieu dug'c ehuIn hda, dugc can thiep va cgp nhat d l dang, nhanh ehdng, cd kha nang truy vin, phan tich, xu ly thdng tin, hiln thj va cap nhat du lieu gin lien vdi vj tri khdng gian cua cac ddi tup'ng tren Trai dIt Chinh vi thi GIS dugc ung dyng rpng rai nhilu ITnh vuc eua nen kinh t l , xa hgi, an ninh, quoc phdng D$e biet, GIS ho trg cho viec quan ly tai nguyen, bag ve mdi trudng, tieu bilu ia nganh khai thac md Khai thac md va mot sd v i n d l v l mdi trudng khu vuc Cam Pha-Quang Ninh 2.1 Cong ngh^ khai thac than Hogt dgng khai thac than dup-c thyc hien theo nhilu phuang phap khac nhu: khai thae Id thien, khai thac him Id, phli hgp khai thac Id thien (phan tren) vdi ham Id (phIn dudi), khai thae hda than nglm, Tuy vao dgc dilm dja hinh, dja chit, vj tri cua tang chua than (via than) d cac khu vyc ma thyc hien khai thac theo cac phuang phap khac d khu vyc Quang Ninh ndi chung va Cam Pha ndi rieng, vdi dgc diem dja hinh doi nui, dja chat kha CONGNGHI$PMOS65-2014 KHOA HOC V A C O N G NGHE MO tiln hdnh lai rCrng Dac biet, vdi hi^ tug-ng lu bun da gdy nguy hilm eho cuge sdng cua ddn cu vung Ben canh do, hogt dgng khdi thac than hdm Id cung gay anh hudng dang k l den 2.2 Tac dgng cua hoat dgng khai thac than b l mat ddt bdng cac hien tup-ng sut lun, nut ne ^ den moi tnromg 7ac dong den dja chat thuy van: y l u t l dil Nhu da ndi d tren, hoat ddng khai thae than chdt thuy van bao gdm hai phdn la nu-oc mang lai ngudn Igi kinh t l cho dIt nude nhung nd mat va nude nglm Qua trinh khai thae than d l cung la nganh cdng nghiep ed sue pha huy tai tdc dgng manh len ca hai thdnh phdn D§ nguyen mdi tardng di> dpi nhlt Hoat dgng khai vdi nude nglm, cae thdnh phdn hda hoc thac tac dgng true tilp vao cae ylu t l dIt, nude, nude bj thay ddi, chit luo-ng nude khdng edn df khdng va thyc vat, gay khdng it nhijng biln dilu kien dap ung cho sinh hogt eua ngudi di' ddng mdi trudng manh me, lam d nhiem khdng vung Ngudn nude bi d nhilm, cdc thani va nude, lam suy thoai va tin thIt tai nguyen dIt phIn bj biln ddi va rung Nd din din rung bj pha huy, mdi trudng Viec khai thac than, dac biet la viec dao bdi \ik sinh thaibi pha vd, khdng bi nhiem bui, ngudn thai bua bai, kem theg viec ehgt cay pha rung la nude bj can kiet, cac ddng suli bj bdi lip, hien nguyen nhdn dSn din viec axit hda vd tang cudng tup'ng trugt Id, ddng lu bOn da thudng hay xay dg due cua nude sdng, sudi vung True quan Sy biln ddng mdi trudng cd anh hudng true tilp vd d l thdy nhlt Id tdc ddng Idm thay ddi ddng chay din ddi sdng, sue khde eua edng nhan md va cdng cdc hien tupng nhu truot Id, xdi mdn, trdi lip ddng dan cu khu vuc cua cae bai thai rln gay Qua trinh bdi lip dons: Tie dgng cua hoat dong khai thic than din tai sudi gay nen hien tup'ng u dpng tgm thdi, nirw nguydn rung: vung Cim Pha ed dien tich rdng rlt dang len mua lu keo ddi, gdy ngdp lut cac viing Idn, thuge loai rung phdng hd diu ngudn va rung ddn cu dang sdng ,^ san xult lam nghiep, Hien nay, rung da va dang bi Tic dong cua hoat dQng khai thic than d ^ suy giam nghiem trpng khai thae than Rung khong khi: tae ddng cua hoat ddng khai thde than nguyen sinh gin nhu khdng edn, thay vao dd la din khdng thyc chit Id tdc ddng cua bui va kill cac rung trdng lai thai Dd la mdt san phdm khdng mong muln diipfi* Trong qua trinh khai thac, viec lap cac cong san sinh hlu hit cdc khau cua qud trinh trudng khai thac qua cudng do, khai thac non, chat khai thae md Qua trinh khoan nd min, dao bdi, v|ro g l d l lly gd chlng Id va ea ky thuat khai thac tai, sang tuyln da san sinh lup'ng bui khdng W trIng da lam thu hep dien tich rung tu nhien Rung gdp phdn vdo qua trinh axit hda rung vd hd, de dga khdng dugc bao ve ma bj pha trui, san lip, gin ddn den sy thay ddi hdu vung md ndi ndng vd nhu pha huy hit mdi trudng vung, nhlt la tai hau Trdi ddt ndi chung cac khai trudng khai thac than Do tdc ddng eua gid, nhiet va dp suit khong Tai cdng trudng khai thac cua eac md Deo Nai, cue bd va cdc y l u td khac md byi phat tan Cpe Sau, Cao San ed tdi 25 km^ rung bj pha trui xa khu vyc xung quanh, lam cho khdng hoan toan O khu vuc Khe Sim mdt vai manh rung cac dilm ddn cu g i n khu vuc khai thae than diu bj bi pha huy hoan toan cd dien tieh la 1-^1,2 km^ d nhilm bui d eac muc khac Day | Hogt ddng khai thac xam hai nghiem trgng tai nguyen nhan gay benh nghi nghiep hdng dlu$ nguyen rung va la nguyen nhan din din cac hien e l m Pha, benh bui phli tugng hoat dgng ngoai sinh, dja chat ddng lye va Anh huang den chit iuang nu-ac mat phan tai biln mdi trudng dien tieh ddt dai ed hoat ddng khoang san thi Hoat dong khai thic than inh huang din tai dia hinh ddi nui cac bai thai, khai trudng khai nguyen dat: cac hien tupng xdi, trupt, sut Id va xen Idn doi nui trge, khdng giu dugc nude ndn ddng lu bun da tuang ddi phat triln manh tren cac mua mua thudng xult hien lu taluy dudng giao thdng, bd moong khai thac than, Vi vay, nhilu sdng sudi bi trdi lap rlt nhi cac sudn ddi bj khai pha khac Nguyen nhan chinh nhdt Id d nhdng md ed cac hoat dpng khai la qua trinh md moong khai thac, lam dudng, than phia thuo'ng luu Trai lai, vao mua khd, hi c^e hogt dgng khac da chat pha rung va cdng tac hit sdng suli diu cgn, luu lup-ng nude thap V^ ddo pha, elt xen cac Idp dIt phu mua mua, suli Lg Phgng vdn bi anh hudng c^ Cae hien tug-ng tren gdp phIn lam biln dli nude thai md gdy nude dye, ed nhieu bCin dat nhanh ehdng b l m|t dja hinh, rua trdi phan dIt than rua trdi gay boi lap ddng chay Ham liiC"i9 mau, giam dp phi nhieu cua dIt phu, gay khd khSn TSS tgi suli Lg Phong vao mua mua vugt TCCP I n djnh ndn hoat ddng khai thae than tai dSy duQ-e thuc hien theo liai hinh thue chinh la khai thae him Id va khai thae Ig thidn GONG NGHllP MO SO - 2014 KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO llffll di> lieu vdi eac thudc tinh chuyen de tuo-ng ung Trong nhiing ndm ddu thap Ky 90, ngudi ta su dung AUTOCAD cung vdi DBMS (Database Management System - He thing quan trj du lieu) d l giai quylt nhiJng bdi todn danh gid ed tinh chit dja phuang Khi quy md bdi todn ngdy cang Idn, ta cd thi phat triln them chdc nang cho phdn mIm bd tra hoac khai ttiae su dung nhung phIn mIm chuyen dung cho qui hoach vT md (vi du ARC/INFO) Su da dang eua cdc bai toan dja ly va eac phdn mIm cua GIS ddi hdi tinh linh hoat ung dyng, phu hop vdi eac yeu clu thyc t l Tich hap tw lieu vlSn tham xay dyng ca sa dif lieu GIS: Khi ndi v l tich hg-p tu lieu vien tham va GIS, ngudi ta dung viln tham nhu mdt phuong tien cung d p thdng tin, su dyng anh viln tham mdi nhlt d l cap nhat cdc ddi tugng dja ly mdi xult hien, sau chdng ndi dung chuyen de len nIn ban dd nhu mdt ca sd d l djnh vi va djnh luang Cac thdng tin v l biln dgng eua ddi tugng ty nhien vd mdi trudng dugc ghi nhan lai theo thdi gian va khdng gian mdt each lien tuc vd ddy du Sau dd, thdng tin dugc sap dat lai theo yeu d u , dua vao ca sd du ligu GIS va xu ly tilp Khi cdng vigc cy t h i dupe tiln hanh cho lanh thd Idn, cac thdng tin viln tham d dang raster chilm nhilu bO nhd gay anh hudng cho filn hanh ddnh gid vd lam cae bat toan dja ly tilp theo Yeu d u vector hda dwac dat ra, cd t h i bdng may theo ehuang trinh lap sin hoac khoanh tryc tilp tren man hinh Nhilu edng nghe giai doan bdng mat dugc Nghien cOu lua chpn giai phap xay dung ung dyng phd cap vd cae thdng tin thu nhdn dugc ca s d du* lifu danh gia d nhilm moi trudng sd hda Igi d l nhap vao HTTDL, dd Id phuang phap Ddnh gid d nhilm mdi trudng ddi hdi phai tong dugc ung dyng kha nhilu thuc te cae dan vj hgp, phdn tich mdt lugng thdng tin Idn, da dang va san xudt hien todn di§n Nlu khdng khai thde, phat triln vd su O'ng dung GIS danh gia d nhilm moi idyng cdng ngh§ mdi, vipe ting hpp vd phdn tich sd (lidu gdp rlt nhilu khd khdn, tham chi cd nh&ng bdi trudng nude mat anh hudng cua qua trinh todn thyc t l khdng t h i giai dugc bdng phuong khai thac md khu vu-c Cdm Pha-Quang Ninh phdp truyin thing 4.1 Thu thap va xay dyng ca sa du> lieu i Mdt nhiem vy thyc t l hit sue cd y nghla la tiln D l phye vu xay dung he ca sd du lieu phuc vy (hdnh chlng xIp vd phdn tich ban do, kit hgp ddi isdnh edc td ban dd khdc vdi cdc chuyen d l , ddnh gia tae dgng d nhilm mdi trudng khu vyc tty 1$ vd thdi gian khdc Dilu chi cd thi e l m Pha, cac du lieu dja tin hgc sau ddy da duoc thyc hi0n dugc bdng edng nghe GIS Ld mdt cdng thu thap vd cap nhat: eac ban dd dja hinh ban dd cy hO-u hi$u luu tru, quan ty va phdn tieh dja chinh thdnh phd Cam Pha, so lieu GPS, du lieu tjthdng tin, vi0c su dyng linh hogt viec danh tdi nguyen, kit qua quan trie mdi trudng md 'gid d nhilm mdi trudng Id mpt nhiing hudng Cae du lieu mdi trudng khu vuc khu vuc Cim #)hdt triln cua GIS Pha dugc thu thdp qua cdc bdo cao kit qua quan jl Cdc dgng phIn mIm cd the chgn lya cgng sinh trie mdi trudng cua tung md Quy trinh quan trie ,ydi nhau, ung dyng theo nhi>ng uu vi$t rieng, m|t da thyc hien theo dung cde quy djnh eua Bd Tai ,o6n Id CO sd dO- li§u khdng gian, mdt ben Id co sd nguyen vd Mdi trydng vd cua ngdnh than 5.35 Ian, BOD vtrcrt 2.48 lln NguIn nude m$t cua suli Suli Lgi chju anh hudng eua qud trinh khai thde than eua Xi nghiep than 917, Xi nghiep than Cao Thing, nude mua rua trdi ttr eac bai thai eua edng ty than Nui Beo, Cdng ty than Ha Tu, nude suli Suli Lai dd vao sdng Dien Vpng Nude thai md than ham Id ed t h i mang tinh axit hode trung tinh, da phIn nude cd chua Fe, Mn vd TSS khd cao Nhu vdy, cd t h i dy bao duac ring qua trinh khai thde, cac dudng Id ed tilp xuc nhilu vdi than nhd Id xuyeh via Id di than thi kha ndng nude thai tgi cdc dudng Id ndy se mang tinh axit nude thai ed dilu kien tilp xijc vdi lu-u huynh than d l sinh axit T^i eac dudng Id dao da, nlu it lien he vdi eac dudng Id than thi nude thai d day la trung tinh, nhung chua nhilu Fe, Mn tilp xuc vdi ddt, dd Nude thai tu hdm Id, nhd den diu duac thodt suli Sudi Lgi Ddng sudi ndy khdng chf tilp nhan mpt phIn nude thai tu cdc edng ty, xi nghiep khai thde than ndi tren ma edn tilp nhan mdt phdn nydc thai sinh hoat cua mdt sd hO ddn bSn bd sudi Nude thai md ngodi dac tinh cd dg pH thIp, ham lugng can la lung cao vd cde kim loai dpc hai, nu-dc thai edn chda bun ddt va than Khi thoat, nu-dc md bCin dIt vd than dupe bam cOng nu-dc ngodi mo, chay vdo cdc suli khu vuc, lip din Idng suli, lam thay ddi tie dp va luu lu-gng ddng chay cdc suli Cung vdi cdc chit thai khdc nliudlu md, bun dat vd than gay d nhiem cac ngudn nude mgt t CONGNGWiPMOStisau KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO vd Mdi trudng Cae ban dd dja hinh dgng sd ty le 1:5000 khu vuc Cam Pha, ngudn dO lieu ducrc lly tLF cde md than Ban quy hoach md cua Tap doan Cdng nghiep Than-Khoang san Viet Nam Kit qua khao sat du lieu thu thap eho thdy cdc ban dd cu thudng dugc thdnh tap tren he HN-72 Vi vay, d n thue hien chuyen ban dd v l he VN-2000 d mui chilu 3°, kinh tuyln trung uang 108° Viec chuyen ban dd dup'c thue hien bing phdn mIm MapTrans cua Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng Cae du lieu dd hpa dup'o khao sat tren phdn mIm Autoead dudi djnh dang file Id DWG, MIcrostation vdi djnh dang file DGN Cac ddi tup'ng sau dup'c khao sat, chinh sua vd gop nhdm dup'c dua vdo Geodatabase da dug'c thilt k l trudc dd 4.2 Ket qua xay dyng ca s& nin dja ly HI Thong tin ca sa dw lieu nin nhom lap Dia giai ffpiij'^^'ji;^''""" r"^^-^^^^ H.2 Thong tin CSDL nin nhom lap Dan cu H.6 Cac nhom iirp thong tin CSDL nSn ^M CfiNG NGHIEP no sfi 5-2014 _^[^ KHOA HOC VA CdNG NGHE MO 4.3 Kit qui xay dyng co* s& dir li$u GIS ve 31 nguySn•moi truvng din mdi tnrdng nude lam phd huy canh quan, phd vd can bang sinh thai, gdy cac hien tug-ng tai bien cue bd nhu sut Idn, tarp't Iddlt'dd, Danh gid tdc dgng d nhilm mdi trudng anh hudng cua qud trinh khai thac than Id mot ndi dun^ quan trpng, the hidn hanh dpng ro rang va cu the no luc bao ve mdi tardng cua Nhd nude vd eac ea quan, ban ngdnh, dac biet vdi khu vuc tinh Quang Ninh Co sd dir lieu GIS la cdng cu ky thuat quan trpng hd trg hieu qud cho cdng tae quan IJ mdi trudng yd danh gid dugc mue dp d nhilm GIS cung d p kjp thdi nhung thdng tin quan trgng v l sy bien doi cdc thdnh phan tai nguyen vd mdi trudng; cap nhgt, luu tru, chia se vd phan tieh khdng gian, giai cdc bai toan toi uu quan ly mdi trudng, giup cdc nhd lanh dao, cdc nhd quan ly cd nhung quylt djnh dung dan vd kjp thdi.Q TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bg Tdi nguyen va Mdi trudng (2008), Quylt djnh 06/07/QD-BTNMT ve viec ban hanh Quy djnh dp dyng chuIn thdng tin dja ly ea sd quoc gia Hd Ndi Nguyin Ngge Dung (2008), Quan ly tdi nguyen vd mdi trudng, NXB Xdy dyng Ha Ndi Ho Sy Giao, Bui Xudn Nam, Mai Xudn Toan (2010) Bao ve mdi trudng khai thde md thien NXB Tu diln Bdch khoa Hd Npi Vd Chi My (1992), "Khao sat cae biln ddng mdi trudng anh hudng eua qua trinh khai thde md", Tgp chi Cdng nghiep Md Hd Npi Nguvyi bien t$p: V6 Trgng Hung *> ™ „ " • ^ ^ ^ ^ • • • • • • P ^ " ^ ^ •• • ™ • • ^ „ >•"-,— M taHM.H.1 ~" I r- " I I H Kit qui xiy dyng co sa dO Ii0u GIS vi tdi nguySn-mdi truing; a - Bin di ndng conform: b - Bin nhiem asen khu vyc dm Phi Kit lu$n Hogt dOng khai thde than tgi khu vyc Cam Pha ang Idm biln d l i cde thdnh phIn mdi tardng khu irc mOt cdeh m^nh me Sy tdc dpng eua hogt ^ng khai thde din mdi trudng Id todn di^n, tic dO hanh vd trdn phgm vi r$ng, bao gom edc tdc dpng • saucing the* jstainable c Inti In generS The pape litcomes to IS to deterna ie environmc ^lutlonin^ u CfiNG NGHIEP MO sfi 5-2014 ... I I H Kit qui xiy dyng co sa dO Ii0u GIS vi tdi nguySn-mdi truing; a - Bin di ndng conform: b - Bin nhiem asen khu vyc dm Phi Kit lu$n Hogt dOng khai thde than tgi khu vyc Cam Pha ang Idm biln... ddng khoang san thi Hoat dong khai thic than inh huang din tai dia hinh ddi nui cac bai thai, khai trudng khai nguyen dat: cac hien tupng xdi, trupt, sut Id va xen Idn doi nui trge, khdng giu... khdng mong muln diipfi* Trong qua trinh khai thac, viec lap cac cong san sinh hlu hit cdc khau cua qud trinh trudng khai thac qua cudng do, khai thac non, chat khai thae md Qua trinh khoan nd min,