KHOA HQC jj |JfJ,!!tl!Ull!IH''''JJJItl>ffl DE XUAT PHUUNG PHAP XUTLY CHAT THAI RAN d THANH PHO HA NOI VIET NAM KS LY QUA^G V I £ T Dai hoc tong hgp Ghent (Blj Tdm tat Sa; bio nay de cap den cic phuong ph[.]
KHOA HQC jj.|JfJ,!!tl!Ull!IH'JJJItl>ffl DE XUAT PHUUNG PHAP XUTLY CHAT THAI RAN d THANH PHO HA NOI - VIET NAM KS LY QUA^G V I £ T Dai hoc tong hgp Ghent (Blj Tdm tat: Sa; bio de cap den cic phuong phip xif ly chat thai rin (CTR) Iren the gidi va d Viet Nam Dong thdi tic gia lua chon va de xuat phuang phap u Compost la mot cic phuang phap phu hap dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi b Hi Noi, Viet Nam Abstract: This research mentioned the measures treatment urban solid waste in the world and the Vietnam As well as, the author selected and proposed the incubated Compost measures is an appropriated measures in socio-economic conditions in Hanoi, Vietnam I.M0DAU Cung vdi su tang trudng d i n sd va dieu kien kmh te, chit thii ran ngiy cing trd mpt ndi lo dd'i vdi van de d nhiim ciia cic thinh phd Tuy vay, cdng nghe xd ly rie thai thay ddi tiiy thudc khdng ehi vao thinh phan cua r i c thai m i cdn vio mdc sd'ng va ldi sdng ciia cic ngudi dan khu vue Do su khic biet dd, khdng t h i ap dung cie edng nghe tuong tu eho mgi noi Trong bii bao nay, cdng nghe duoc de xuat de i p dyng tai H i Ndi - mpt nhung Idn nha't tai Viet Nam l i edng nghe u Compost, II PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CllTU - Hdi cdu cic tai lieu, phuong phip xd ly CTR va ngoii nudc - xui't phuong phip xd ly CTR phii hgp eho Hi Ndi Ml KET QUA NGHIEN CIJU 3.1 Hien trang moi trudng tai Ha Npi - Viet Nam a Ha Noi mot so die diem • L i thinh Idn thd hai ve kinh te Ha Npi ludn l i trung l i m quan ve van hda va chinh tri vdi d i n sd khoang 000 000 ngudi vdi ti le ting dan sd 3,5% m6l nim, Theo bing xep hang mdi day ciia Prieewaterhouse Coopers, Ha Npi se la phd cd tde dd phit then nhanh nhat I h l gidi td 2008 den 2025, Khi hiu CLJng gdp phan vao cic yeu td ehinh anh hudng den d nhiem mdi tn/dng Ha Ndi cd hiu ndng am can nhiet ddi vdl thdi gian bUc xa mat trdi cao, lugng mua ddi dio vdi tmng binh 680 mm moi nam va nhiet dp khoang SOX vao miia he va 15°C vao miia ddng Cac dac linh nhilt ddi am din den phin hiiy cac chat thai cao va thuc day 52 BAO HO LAO DONG 3/2013 su xam nhap eiia c i c chat thai v i o da't, nudc ngam b Cac van de CTR thi tai Ha Noi Trong nhdng nam gan day, loc dp dd thi hda nhanh l i yeu 16 tich cue ddi vdi su phit then cua kmh te - xa hpi Tuy nhien, ben canh nhOng loi I h l nay, tdc dp dd thi hda nhanh cung da tao ap lue tren nhieu phuong diln, co viec giam cha't luong mdi tn/dng CTR duoc tao tien quan den khu vuc dd thi va cdng nghiip ngiy cang nhieu va nhliu phan phdc lap Hien trang CTR d Ha Npi v i cic bien phap xd ly neu tren Bang 3.2 Cong nghe x d ly u Compost dUdc de xuat ap dung cho khu vUc Ha Npi So vdl mdt sd phuong phap xd ly khac nhu: dot, chon lap hop ve sinh u compost khdng ddi hoi edng nghe lien tii'n va mdt sd luong Idn eic l i i nguyen nhu than, dien de dot Ben canh do, nd cijng hOa hop vdi mdi tn/dng va c i c san pham than thiln bang eich sd dung kha nang phan hu^ sinh hpc, hoac vi sinh vat, hoae giun di't a Phuong phap compost - Nguyen ly lam vide chinh cua phuong phap la "su phan huy sinh hoc ciia CTR dudi su kiem soil dieu kien chil ye'u l i hl^u de'n mpt mdc dd dii dn dinh d l luu trd va dam bao an toan cho viec sd dung ehung nong nghiip" (xem Hinh 2) Theo dinh nghTa nay, cae cym td "phin huy sinh hoc' cd the dugc hieu nhu phan hiiy thu duge thdng qua cic vi sinh vat hoac cu t h i la giun da't Tuy nhien, kha nang phan hu9 sinh hoc ciia cac sinh vat sdng phai dugc kiem soat dieu kidn sue d l trinh CH^, H^S tao mdi tardng yem Hon nda, c i c san pham trudc i p dyng cho ndng nghidp, can phai duoc "dD dn CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO Bing 1: Hien trang CTR va cac phifdng phip xitly tai Hi Noi STT Phan loai Khoi iUdng (tan/ng^y) Ciiat tiiai ran sinh hoat 5000 Conq Irinh xay danq 1000 Chat thai cong nghiep 250 Chat thai y te Chat thai tCr cac hp gia dinh Hinh thtfc xur iy Ch6n lap; 83% Tai ch6': 10%, chij yeu dira vao cac iang nghe San xuat ph§n bon 7% Ch6n iap XCr iy theo quy dinh QO 155/QD-TTg nam 16/7/1999 XCr iy theo conq nqhe Delmoneqo 200-itaiy 100% (ngudn; [http://www.urenco,com vn/] Hinh 1: Vong xoay cua rac compost dmh" de trinh mpt sd tae dung khdng mong muon mdi trudng dat, vidu nhanh ehdng lam giam lieu thy oxy dat, d i n den khdng du oxy hda tan eung cap cho cay va cic sinh v i t sd'ng khic - Vdng xoay ciia chu trinh xd ly rie theo phuong phip il compost duoc md ta Iren Hinh b Qui trinh compost Oiem quan eua phuong phip la cic hoat dpng ciia vi sinh vat Oe lieu hda eac chi't hdu co chi't thai, vi sinh vat san xui't exoenzyme Nhdng enzyme hda tan nguyen lieu ehii ydu la hdu eo td mim Tuy nhien, qui trtnh danh kha nhieu thdi gian de hoan thinh san pham eudi cimg O l cd dugc hiiu qua tdi uu, chi't thai sinh hoat can phai dugc xd ly so bd Oieu cd hai muc dich chinh' lich eac cha't hdu co td rie thai dau v i o v i chuan bi cho xd ly smh hpc Trong tnJdng hgp cda Ha Ndi, phan Idn ric thai deu cd I h l phan hi^y sinh hoc (chllm 60-70%), dd Hinh 2: Nguyen iy cua u compost viec xd ly so bp se dat hieu qua niu ric thai sinh hoat duge phan loai true tiip tai cic hp gia dinh Tuy nhien, diy vin la mdt thieh thdc khdng ehi dd'i vdi mdt nude dang phat then nhu Viet Nam ma edn d mpt sd nude phit trien Mat khic, mdt sd ye'u td khac eOng ean phii dugc quan tam la dp i'm, pH, chi't dinh dudng (ty le C/N), nhiet dp va dxy deu cd tic dpng tuong ddi d i n kha ning phan hu^ sinh hoc eiia vi sinh vat sdng Khdng phai ti't ca cie vi sinh vat se "tao ra" eie sin pham thich hgp d l sd dung ndng nghiep Do dd, chimg ta can phai cung cap cic dieu kiln td'i uu cho viec phat then ciia nhdng vi sinh vat cd ieh bang cieh dieu chmh mdi trudng, vi du dd'i vdl Eisenia foedia, nhiet dp thieh hgp khoang 15 de'n 25''C, Dua tren die tinh khic vdi nhiet dp cua vi sinh vit m i ehiing ta thie't ke cic "ludng" ii khae vdi nhilt dp thich hgp, Nhiet dp ii cao hon, cac vi khuan phin huy smh hpc khd ed the tdn tai Ngoai ra, nong dp Oxy cung ddng mdt vai trd quan 3/2013 BAO HO LAO DONG 53 KHOA HOC^ CONG N G H E - C H U Y E N GIAO Hinh 3: l^oi quan hi giifa pH va thdi gian qua trinh u Compost trong qua trinh phin hiiy, Ne'u qua trinh la thie'u oxy, dieu kien hieu se chuyen sang dieu kien yem Cac khiCH^, H^S nhude cap d tren se duoc tao ra, dd, se gay cac vi'n de ve sdc khoe cho ngudi van hanh, Su trdn lan cua chi't thai smh hoe vdi dam gd duge ap dung nhu bien phap giam thieu Oieu se tao dd xop ca'u true ciia rac thai nay, sau do, cung cap oxy day dii yeu cau cho cac vJ sinh vat phit tnen, Nong dp Oxy thich hop cho toan bp qua trinh dao dpng td den 15% Od am cung la mdt tieu chi quan trgng Dp am can thiet cho qua trinh trao doi chi't eiia vi smh vat, dd, nd bao gom mdi qui trinh trao doi cha't dinh dudng eiia VI smh vit Theo cac giai doan cu the, dp am se duoc dieu chmh khoang 40% de'n 60%, Ngoai ra, pH va ti le cha't dinh dudng (xem hinh 3) cung tic dpng de'n toe dd cua qua trinh, Pham vi td'i uu ciia pH la khoang den nhOng dau lien, dp pH se giam su hien dien ciia su hinh acid hdu co bang each hoat dpng cua vi sinh vat Do dd, pH ludn can dieu chinh de nam pham vi cho phep T^ le chi't dmh dudng (C/N) cung la ye'u to quan trgng quyet dinh 1^ 11 phan huy smh hoc Thuc le, ty le C / N thuOng nam khoang tU 20:01 di'n 25*1 Tuy nhiln, nd cd ve l i khd khan de CO duge t^ le niy mpt loai chi't thai nhi't, do, bang each trdn chat thai v i phe lieu khae vOi mdt 1^ le phii hop, chung ta cd the dat duoc t^ le loi uu ciia C/N, Vidu'trdn bun hoat tinh (C/N 6:1) vdi romra (C/N; 128.1) c Uieu ta he thong dinh luong irng dung vio khu vuc Hi NOI Viec i p dung phuong phap danh ludng cd the dugc thuc hien tren quy md rpng dua vao chl phi hop ly, dieu kien ky thuit v i ky ning eua ngudi cdng nhin van hinh may da cd san, Co ehi hoat dpng cCia hd thdng dugc t h i hien d hinh 54 BAO HO LAO DONG 3/2013 Hinh 4: Giun dat (Eisenia foetida) He thdng nen dugc bd sung cac khung thep vOi hai cap mai che de giam thieu anh hudng ciia mua Tuy nhien, no van dugc eoi la he thong ngoai trdi su tiep xiic eiia ludng phan hdu coddi vdi mdi tn/dng ben ngoai Can cd vao dae diem ciia dng dung nay, no cd Ihl lam giam nhung tae dpng eua luong mua ed I h l giy tinh trang yem khi, hem nda cd the thdng thoang duoc khd chiu Mae dii chi phi von ban d i u l i tuong ddi eao, nhimg mi?c luong tuong ddi tha'p ciia lao ddng Viel Nam cd the dugc coi l i lgi the quan trgng, dan den giam chi phi san xui't Cac bio c i o da ehi rang ehi phi vd'n ban dau se phu thupe vao cdng suat ciia nha may xd ly ric thai, vdi gidi han td'i thieu cua phuong phip se xd ly la 10.000 ti'n moi nam Nhu vay, chi phi vdn se nim khoang i^ 400.000 - 600,000 USD, dd bao gdm chi phi xay dung, miy mdc, lao ddng d Nhifng thuan iai vi bat lgi cua d phan tai Ha Npi - L/u dilm: Phan Idn chi't thai cua phd cd the dupc coi nhu ! i ehat hdu co vdi t'^ le 60 de'n 70% ciia tdng khoi lugng Vi vay, thay vi phan huy sinh hoc bang each li/ nhiln, ed the gay hdi thdi v i cie vi'n de sde khoe nhu la ngudn eiia benh tat nhu sot ret, thuong han, dieh ta, d nhiem nudc ngam, nudc thai tham ri vao da't Phudng phip se kiem soat eie van d l mdi trudng neu Iren va cd the lam giam dang kd ehat thai thai mdi tardng, niiat la giai quyi't dugc vi'n de qua tai d cac bai chdn lap Vi vay, nd lam giam eie ydu td ed hai phd bien vdi cie chat thai hdu CO, chang han nhu mui hdi, nudc ri rac, moi va eic loai gam nham, va phit thai me-tan hoac tham ehi bur nude thai sau nha may xdiy Hon nda, bang cieh sd dung kha nang phin hu? sinh hoc cua vi sinh vat, c i e san pham eudi eiing chu yeu la mun, cd the dugc sd dung ndng nghiep Hien tai, ndng nghiep van ddng gdp mpt phan Idn long san pham nudc (GDP) tai Viet Nam, Vi vay, nd ri't hdu ich eho ndng dan v i cQng thin thien vdi mdi trudng so vdi phan bdn vd CO cd the gay mdt sd tie ddng tieu cue nhu hidn tugng phii dudng hoae d nhiem ngudn nude dudi da't, v i eung cd the d i n den giam khai thac tai nguyen Phuong phip cung chi ring vdn v i ehi phi hoat dpng thap hon so vdi eic edng nghe khic, nhu ii ky hay dimg Id dot Ngoai ra, u compost cung l i phuong phip die biet khdng phu thudc nhieu vao edng nghe thuc te la qui Irinh quan ly khdng can phai rat nghiem ngat nhu ddi vdi u ky v i sd dyng nhieu lao ddng, dd, tao edng an viec lam, - Nhugc diem Nhu da ndi d tren, rac thii dd thi l i mpt id hop gom nhieu phan, nen nd khdng ehi ehda c i c cha't cd the phin hiiy smh hoc ma chda cie chat khdng the phin huy Oilu cd the lim giam hieu qua xd ly Vi vay, trudc xd ly, dieu quan trgng nhat l i chat thai phai dugc phan loai lai ngudn (hd gia dinh), thay vi lai noi tip kel ric Day dudng nhu la nhiem vu khd khan nha't cin phai xd ly niu mudn ap dung phuong phip niy van de ve mat nhin thdc cCia ngudi dan cdn han ehe Khi hau cung ed anh hudng lieu cue ldi ii compost khi hau d Ha Ndi la ndng am, dac trung bdi gid mua, vdi ri't nhieu mua v i thdi gian ed i n h nang mat trdi Ngoai ra, dp am khdng ludn ludn la khoang 80% den 90% Cac dieu kien se l i m giam hieu qua cua u compost (khi mua se lam giam he sd rong ket ca'u ciia rac thai), Ngoai ra, viec giim s i t phai duoc lien tuc d l dam bao dilu kien hied ludng de tri cac dieu kien thuan lgi cho su phat trien cua vi smh vat hoac giun da't CJ cac nudc phat thin, moi y i u 16 ed the duoc theo ddi, dilu khien tu ddng thdng qua mang ludi thdng tin de cd duoe dieu kien loi uu Ngugc lai, H i Ndi ehua thich dng dugc vdi yeu cau niy m i phai hoat ddng thii cdng Oilu dd ed nghla hidu qui chii yeu phu thudc vio kinh nghiem ciia ngudi van hanh Hon nda, niem tin cOa ngudi dan cac san pham cudi cimg ri't quan trgng Cae san pham phai thich dng ViS cie yeu eau ciia ndng dan d l bd sung phSn compost eho ddng rudng Do dd, cac ky han eua san pham la dilu quan trgng can phai duge quan tam bdi cac nha khai thac Thdi gian ii cung dugc coi la bat lgi cua phuong phap Hinh 5: It/Id ta u compost ngoai trdi tren, Sau phan hiiy sinh hge, phan hUu co phai dugc dat du dp dn dmh Phan hdu co da dn dinh se it tilu thu nito va oxy va tao ft COj hoae nhiet Thdng thudng, phan trpn duge luu trd td 30 den 120 de phan compost tie'p tuc dn dinh Vdi mdc dd rie thai Idn hien tai ciia Ha Npi thi day se la mat han che ciia phuong phap n i y IV KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH) 4.1 Ket luan: Oe cddugc hieu qua td'i uu, tatea cac giai doan nhu; phin loai, thu gom, giam kich thudc phai duoc cai Ihien ddng thdi lo'i da hda luong chat thai de'n compositing Ngoai ra, nhan thdc cua ngudi d i n eung can duge nang cao Kien thdc, nhan thdc ve bao ve mdi trudng nen duoe phd cap td cap lieu hoc Ve mat lau d i i ap dyng phuang phap u compost nen duoc xem nhu la mdt nhung phuang phap chinh de xd ly CTR Nd co the dugc xem khdng chi la phuong lien bao ve mdi trudng ma edn tdi da hda gii tn vit chat bang each giam khai thac tai nguyen, Co the ndi rang, ii phan compost dip Ung nhu cau ve phat tridn ben vOng cho hien tai va tuong lai, 4.2 Kie'n nghj O l giam thieu nhdng nhugc diem eiia ii compost, mdt loat cae de xua't nen ap dung - Nguyen tac 3R(Giam thiiu - T i i sd dyng - Tii che)' nguyen t i c niy dang duoc Ihuc hien bdi Ureneo va dugc ho trg bdi du i n JICA, Vide phin loai chat thai til'n hinh tai cic hp gia dinh hai thung rieng bill, mpt cho kim loai, nhua va thung carton dung udng (PMD) v i mpt cho chi't thai sinh hoe Cung ed t h i ndi, vdi khdi lugng ric thai tao moi ngiy, ne'u vdi ehi mpt phuong phip xd ly se khdng the dat dugc hieu qua nhu mong muon Viec kit hgp nhieu phuong phap se lim giam thieu mUe dp phu thupc vao mdt phuong phip xd ly rac thai eu the, vi dy: 3/2013 BAO HO LAO DONG 55 l i l i W a i W V c O N G NGHg - CHUYEN GIAO ngoii u compost, cd I h l i p dyng Id dd'i, chdn lap, - Nguyen tac "ngudi gay d nhiem phii tra tidn" can phai dugc ap dung, Cic nha s i n xui't lao ric thai ein phai tra thud mdi trudng, Tao cha't thii nhieu hon, phai t r i nhieu lien hon, dac biet la ddi vdi eie chi't ddc hai Bang eich thue hien qui dmh niy, ngudi la tin rang nhin thdc cua ngudi d i n se duoe nang len Tdi lieu ttiam khdo: - URENCO Hanoi website http'//www.urenco.com.v • Professor Pons Doms, (2011-2012), theory lectur notes ofblo-solid and solid waste treatment - United Nation Environment Programme (2005) VW ume I: Solid Waste management and Volume II: Region Oven/iews and Information Sources • Official government of Japan (March 2001), See - Thiet kd phii hop hd thdng thdng gid v i thoit nudc, dilu "Minamata Disease • The History and Measures, ch2 kien bao hda cd t h i duge kiem soil, cd nghia la bang cieh ' " "Vietnam's Population Soars", balita.ph h\tp:l th&m mil Irgn ddng phSn ii nhu da de cap d trdn, Trong dd, balHaph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8chl phi lao ddng gia re cung cd t h i dugc eoi l i loi the so vdi c i e lion/ nudc phit tnen va nd eung tao mdt so cdng vile, l i m giam t j - hanoimoi article (31/10/2011): http://hanoimoi.com le that nghiep newsdetail/Kho3-hoc/528650/chat-th3i-do-thi-xu-ty-bang - Cudi ciing nhung khdng kem phan quan trgng la cdng cong-nghe-nao htm t i c dao tao ky nang eo bin, giio due v l mdi trudng phai duoc - PaulTWilliams,(2005): "Waste treatment and dispos giang day khdng chi cho can bp mdi trudng m i cdn cho ti't ca - Council of Canada Composting 'Composting pro cess technology" http://www.compost org/pafi mgi ngudi, die biet la the he tuong lai, nhdng ngudi cd the compostjirocJech_eng.pdf • nhanh chdng nhin va hieu duoc nhdng t i c ddng ciia d nhiem QUY TRiNH PHAN HUY Tai lieu tham khao TS Le Van Thien, Hien trang quan lyvi sddung thuoc bao ve (Tiep theo trang 51) vat tham canh hoa tai xa Tay Tuu, Huyen TULiem, Ha Noi De i 2007 Trung tam Ho trg Nghien cUu Chau i tai tra it so vdi d che tai thi'p hon (0,57 kgCOD/ Nguyen Huy Phu, NguySn Hong Phuang Nghien cUu xirly nu m'ngd) nhung dat ldi g i i tri dn dinh vdi hieu suit thai det nhuom bkng phuang phap oxy hda n^ng cao 2010, Vien Khoa giam COD khoang 90%, cdng nghe va Quan ly moi trudng, DH cong nghiep TP Ho Chi Minh - Chit luong nude sau xd ly bang Ige smh Van phdng tian chi dao 33 www office33 gov hoc dat yeu cau ciia quy chuan QCVN 24 2009/ Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Maria Zioitek Jacek Nawrocki Ca lytic ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions BTNMT cot B water treatment Applied Catalysis B- Environmental 46 (2003) 639-6 IV KET LUAN C Gottschalk J A Libra, A Saupe Ozonation of Water and W Water A Practical Guide to Understanding Ozone and its/^plication W TU nhdng sd lieu da d i n ra, cd the ap dung VCH 2000 quy trinh sau de phin hiiy thuoc BVTV tdn dgng; Flaherty, K A and Huang, C P., 'Continuous Flow Applicati - Phan hiiy thudc BVTV tdn dgng bang kiem Fenton's Reagent for the Treatment of Refractory Wastewaters,' Prondng cd xiic tic; ceedings of the Second International Symposium Tennessee U.S.A - Xu ly cic phan manh hdu cd v i hoat cha't f^992j thud'c BVTV cdn du hon hgp phin hiiy bang Ingo GUdeke Treatment of pesticides without using inciner phuong phip oxy hda nang cao; technologies Propose for guidelines, regulations and BAT requirement Trong trudng hop can lieu hiiy nhiiu thude V Kav/(ha,K Palanivelu, Destruction of cresols by Fenton oxida BVTV, nude lU q u i trinh xd ly bing phuong phap process Water Research 39 (2005) 3062-3072 oxy hda ning eao duoc l i i sd dyng cho qua trinh Mark E lappi Beth C Fleming, and M John Cullinane, "Tre ment of Contaminated Groundwater Using Chemical Oxidation.', USC phan hiiy tiep theo O l thai bd nudc sau xd ly oxy Watenf/ays Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg M hda nang cao mdi trudng, can tie'p tuc xd ly sippi, 39180-6199 COD cua nudc thii bang bd Igc sinh hoc 10 Rupa Lamsal, Margaret E V\/alsh, Graham A- Gagnon, Co - Xd ly COD ciia nude sau xd ly oxy hda nang son of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of natural organic cao bang bd loe smh hoc hieu khi; ter Water Research Volume 45, Issue 10, May 2011 Pages 3263-3 - Chat lugng nugc sau xd ly bang Ige sinh 11 ZhouH andSmithD W (2002) Advanced technologies in wa hoc dat yeu cau ciia quy chui'n QCVN 24 2009/ and wastewater treatment Journal Environmental Engineenng Scienc BTNMT cdt 247-264 • 56 B A O ' H O L A O DONG 3/2013 ... pH ludn can dieu chinh de nam pham vi cho phep T^ le chi''t dmh dudng (C/N) cung la ye''u to quan trgng quyet dinh 1^ 11 phan huy smh hoc Thuc le, ty le C / N thuOng nam khoang tU 20:01 di''n 25*1... thdng thdng gid v i thoit nudc, dilu "Minamata Disease • The History and Measures, ch2 kien bao hda cd t h i duge kiem soil, cd nghia la bang cieh '' " "Vietnam''s Population Soars", balita.ph h\tp:l... chij yeu dira vao cac iang nghe San xuat ph§n bon 7% Ch6n iap XCr iy theo quy dinh QO 155/QD-TTg nam 16/7/1999 XCr iy theo conq nqhe Delmoneqo 200-itaiy 100% (ngudn; [http://www.urenco,com vn/]