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Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trUdng •^ NGHIEN CUtJ Sir DUNG CAY M U O N G NHAT (Syngonium podophyllum Sehott) Bt LOAI BO 6 NHIEM ASEN TRONG DAT Bill Van Nang'''', Trin Thi Ngoc Hai", Pham Thi Trang^ Ngu[.]
Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trUdng •^ NGHIEN CUtJ S i r DUNG CAY M U O N G NHAT (Syngonium podophyllum Sehott) Bt LOAI BO NHIEM ASEN TRONG DAT Bill Van Nang', Trin Thi Ngoc Hai", Pham Thi Trang^ Nguyin Thi Huong Ly" '77i5 Tru&ng Dgi hoc Ldm nghiep ^SV Khoa QLTNR&MT, Tru&ng Bai hgc Ldm nghiep TOM TAT Bai bao trinh bay V.k qua nghien cuu kha nSng loai bo Asen dit cua cSy Mirong nh|t (Syngonium podophyllum Sehott) dugc liy tai khuon vien truong Dai hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam Day la loai cSy co sinh khdi lon, phit triSn rit m^nh ngo4i t^r nhien, dugc nhin d§n nhieu noi sii dyng lam cSy canh NghiSn curu dugrc thyc hien bang cich trflng loii cly niy trfin dit dugc gay nhiim Asen ^ mice nflng d$ khic ohau (0,18 ppm, 100,18 ppm, 300,18 ppm, 1151,18 pptn va 1500,18 ppm), vol lan lap cho mflt miic nflng dfl K£t qui nghien cuu cbo thiy sau 90 ngiy a mirc nflng dfl diu cay ihi nghidm vin sinh truang phat nien binh thuong miic nflng d$ cao nhit (1500,18 ppm) ciy phat triSn rit cham v i sau 30 tin bj c h i t Kit qua phan tich him luong Asen cac bfl phan rl, than, li ciia ciy cr tit c i cic cflng thiic nghidm sau 90 thi nghiem cho thiy diu tfln t^ mfli quan h^ tuyen tinh gitta him lugng Asen cic bfl ph|ln ciia cay (re, thin v i la) vfli him luong Asen d i t miic nflng dfl thi nghifim cao nhit (1151,18 ppm) him lupng Asen r l dat 66,27 ± 0,61 mg/kg, thin d ^ 6,31 ± 0,85 mg/kg va li dat 2.65 ± 1,03 mg/kg Him lugng Asen r l diu chilm ti l§ cao nhit (til 65,11 din 88,1%), tilp la than (tir 8,38 din 16,6%) v i thip nhit l i (ttr 3,52 din 18,3%) Trong t^r nhifin, tren I m' dit sinh khfli ciia ciy (cr trang thii khfl ki|t) dupc l i 283,31 g.; vcri sinh khfli sau 90 ngiy ciy Muong iih|t c6 the loai bo dupc 2,61 mg Asen Tir khfla: Cdy Mudng nhdt (Syngonium podophyllum sehott}, nhiim Asen, tuyin dnh, xir tyd nhiim bdng thirc v$t I DAT VAN Bt nhiem moi trudng noi chung va nhiim Asen dit noi rieng dang co xu huong cing gia tang, die biet nhiim Asen dat hoat dgng sin xuit cong nghiep va khai thac khoing sin Trong dit Asen t6n tai d nhi^u dang hop chit vtji luu huynh nhu: AS4S4, AS2S3, FeAsS, hoic hgp kim voi dong hoic antimon [3] No giy nhung tic dgng nguy hai chit dgc niy b; rira troi vio nguon nuac ngim va nuac mat, die biet mgt so loii thuc vit song tren dit nhiim Asen co the tich liiy kim loai nang sinh kh6i NSu khong dugc kiem soat chung se di vao chuoi thuc an, gay tich luy sinh hgc va dk lai nhirng hau qua nghiem trgng cho ngucri va h& sinh thai Ciing chinh vi ly mgt s6 Ioai thuc vat CO the tich lily kim loai nang m i nguai da lua chgn va su dung chiing dS Ioai bo cac chit nhiem tir dit dieu kien co kiem soat C6ng- nghe duac bi6t din la cong nghe xii ly nhiim bang thuc vat Tuy 82 nhien, den tin nhimg nim 1990 cong nghfi raoi dugc nhac den nhu mgt loai cong nghe moi dimg d6 xir iy moi trucmg dit va nuoc bi nhiem boi kim loai nang, cac hgp chat hiiu co, thuoc Sling va cac chit phong xa [2] Xii ly kim Ioai nang dit bing th\rc vit co uu diera la ton rat it kinh phi, die biet khong ^ thay doi ciu tnic dit, khong gay nhiem thii sinh, thin thien voi moi truong Viet Nam den d i co mgt s6 nha khoa hgc lua chgn huong nghien ciiu niy dfi tim ld6m cac loai thuc vat tu nhien co k h i ning Ioai bo kim Ioai ning dit, difin hinh nhu Dang Dinh Kun, Difip Thi My Hanh, Biii Thi Kim Anh [1,2] , Cac t i c gii d i tim dugc mgt so Ioai ciy nhu Ducmg xi (P.vittata), co Vertiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), cay Thom 6i (Lantana camara) co nang hip thu rat t6t mgt so kim loai nang dit Tuy nhifin vcri su da dang cic loai thuc vit ciia Viet Nam, viec tim -kilm cac loii thuc vat ngoai tieu chi CO kha ning hip thu kim loai ning t6t m i TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM N G H I f P SQ - 2013 ^^j^jyjahjguyen rimg & Moi tn/dng phai dam bio tieu chi dl tim kifim, de trdng, song dugc nhilu dilu kien moi truong khac va khong xim hai dfin cic loai ciy khac, luon l i mgt vin dfi co tinh thai sir cin dugc su quan tam nghien ciiu nhieu han nua Ciy Mu6ng nhat (Syngonium podophyllum Sehott) khong nhung co diy du nhung tinh chat trfin ma no dugc sii dung nhu mgt loai cay canh dl Iim dep khong gian n h i Cling nhu tai cic khuon vien noi cong cgng Chinh vi nhirng ly do m i nghien cuu da lua chgn loai ciy dl thii nghifim k h i ning hap thu Asen dit, tir co thfi dl xuit giai phip quy hoach, giy trSng dl loai bo Asen dit tai mgt so khu vuc bi nhifim EV4TLl£UVAPHUmGFHAPNGfflENCUtJ 2.L Vat lieu nghien cihi •I* Chuin bi cay thi nghiem: Trong nghien Cliu niy, ciy thi nghiem la ciy Muong nhit dugc Iiy tir khuon vien truong Dai hgc Lam ngiufip Lira chgn nhihig cay c6 dii tieu chuan nhu khong bi sau benh, co chilu dai thin tir 15 - 20 cm, ducmg kinh thin tu 2,5 - 3,0 cm de nghien ciiu Qui trinh thu mau ciy ngoai tu nhien chuyen vfi phong tbi nghiem dam bio giir nguyen dugc bg re Sau nia sach bg re cua cay dugc bang nuac miy • Mau dit dimg thi nghiem: miu dit dugc liy tai chinh nai cay phan bo, dua ve phong thi nghiem de loai bo vat chat 1h6, d i soi va dap nho de dong nhit miu Riit mgt Iugng m i u dit tir miu ds dong nhit trfin de kilm tra ham lugng Asen v i i m sin co miu dit thi nghiem Phan lai dugc dimg dfi thi nghiem ciy • Hoa chit Asen: Asen dugc b6 sung vao dit thi nghiem duai dang dung dich dugc pha tir mudi NaAs02 2.2 Phuong phap nghien eihi 2.2.1 Phirffng phdp bd tri thi nghiim - Buac Can lan lugt 2,4 kg dit da chuin bi a muc 2.1 di cho vio cac chau thi nghiem Tiln hanh b6 sung Asen diroi dang dung dida NaAsO? CO n6ng khac vao cac chiu dat thi nghiem de dugc nong Asen dit (kho kiet) tucmg ung la: 0,18 ppm (NTl), 100,18 ppm (NT2), 500,18 ppm (NT3), 1151,18 ppm (NT4) va 1500,18 ppm (NT5) Trong miic nong 0,18 ppm (NTl) la miic nong Asen cua miu dit nen (ham lugng Asen san co dit) Bo sung nuoc cit vio tit c i cic chiu thi nghifim den am bao hoa dfi dam bio dung dich Asen dugc thim deu vao toan bg miu dit thi nghiem Sau de tit c i cic chiu dit thi nghiem kho tu nhien khong den i m truoe dugc bo sung dimg dich Asen - Buoc 2: Liy nhirng Iugng sinh khoi cay CO trgng Iugng 170 ± 10 g dfi vio moi chiu dit thi nghiem da chuan bi buoc Theo doi tinh hinh sinh trucmg va phat trifin ciia cic ciy cac chiu thi nghiem hen tuc 90 ngiy Moi miic nong thi nghifim deu dugc b6 tri lin lap lai (3 chau cay) - Buoc 3: Sau 90 trong, tien liy ciy khoi chiu thi nghifim dim bao khong dfi mit rfi Riia that sach bing nuac may sau tring lai bang nuoc cat, de kho tu nhifin khong roi tach rieng cac phin re, than v i la khoi nhau, xac dinh trgng Iugng bang can ky thuit sai so ± 0,01 g - Buac 4: Phiu tich ham lugng Asen cac miu rfi, than va li bang phuang phip quang hip thu nguyen tii (AAS) 2.2.1 PbiTong pbap phan ticb As va xir ly sd Biu - Phuong phip phan ti'ch Asen: miu dit v i miu rl, thin, la ciia ciy Muong nhat dugc tro hoa uat bing axit HNO3 de chuyfin As ve trang thai hoa tan dung dich, sau dugc phiu tich tren may Quang hip thu nguyen tu AA600 - Phuang phip xu iy so heu: + N6ng Asen re, thin, l i tai mdi nghiem thirc dugc ttnh theo cong thiic: x = J = ! ^ i S D (1) Trong do: x l i nong Asen rfi (than, la), mg/kg; TAP c m KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO - 2013 83 Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & MoJ tnfdn Xl Ii n6ng Asen miu lap thii i, li nao bi gia heo Tuy nhien ddi vai cay chiu dit CO miic ndng 1500,18 ppm thi mg/kg; khdng phat trifin, ciy heo din vi chet sau 30 SD la lech chuin giua nghiem trdng So sinh vai ket qua nghien cuu thiic Gia tri SD dugc tinh tren phan mem kha nang chdng chiu va hip thu Asen ciia mot excel, mg/kg sd loai cay dugc coi li "sieu" tich luy Asen + Ti le phin tram Asen re (than hoac la) nhu ciy Duang xi thi cay Mudng nhat cimg doi vai ci ciy dugc tinh theo cong thiic: dugc coi la cay c6 nang chdng chju rat tot, *100(%) (2) H= CO thi phat triin binh thudng trfin dat bi Trong do: H Ii ti Ie phin tram Asen tirong nhiim Asen mirc ndng dg tuang ddi cao (1151,18 ppm) rl (than hoac li) so vai ci ciy, % X la ning Asen rfi (thin hoac 32, Kha nang tich luy Asen cua ciy Mu6ng nhit la), mg/kg, 3.2J Ning dp Asen cdc bp phfin cua a la kh6i Iugng re (thin hoac li) cua ci cay sau 90 ngdy thi nghiem cay trang thii kho kiet, g; Sau 90 trdng tren dit dugc gay w khoi lugng cua ci ciy trang thai kho kiet, g, nhiim Asen, tien hanh thu miu va phin tich + Lugng Asen ciy co nang liy dugc tir dit ndng dd Asen cac b0 phan ciia ciy Ket tirong 90 dugc tinh theo cong thuc; qui dugc the hien bang 01 niAs = Xi*Wi+X2*W2 + X3*W3, m g (3) Trong do: m./^ Ia kh6i Iugng Asen (As) mi ciy lay khoi dit, mg; xi,2,3 ii ning Asen re, than, la, mg/kg; wi,2,3 la kh6i lugng rfi, than, la cua ciy, kg HI K£T QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Kha nang sinh trirong, phat trien ciia cay Mu6ng nhat tren dat nhiem Asen Theo doi su sinh truong va phat trien ciia cay suot 90 cho thiy miic nong diu tien ti Ie cay song dat 100% Li vi thin phit trifin xanh tdt, xuit hifin li non, khdng co Hinh 01 C^ sau trdng trin dit thi nghidm Bang 01 Hdm lupng Asen cdc bdphdn c&a cdy Nghiem thirc Bo phan ticb luy 84 4,59 ±1,66 NT3 fn=3) 33,62 ±1,58 NT4 (n = 3) 66,27 ± 0,61 0,21 ±0,06 1,17 ±0,95 5,01 ±2,46 6,31 ±0,85 0,93 ± 0,35 1,29 ±0,66 2,16 ±0,54- 2,65 ± 1,03 NTl (n = 3) (mau dat nen) NT2 (11 = 3) RS 0,59 ± 0,24 Than La T ^ c m KHOA HOC VA C N G N G H | ; L A M NGHIfP S6 - 2013 Quan ly Tai nguyen rimg & Moi trudng Qua bang 01 cho thiy ndng Asen cac bd phan cua ciy tren dit d nhiim Asen a cic mirc ndng khic thi khac Xet mdi quan he giiia ndng Asen S- 80 — : dat va ndng Asen cac bd phan khac ciia ciy deu thay tdn tai ham tuang quan theo phuong trinh bic nhit = 0.0053x*0 851 R'=0.8737 — o ^n ^— y = 0.0581x + 0.818 X R' = 0.9927 ;l"^f:_ :^ :_ ' S - ^ : •• 500 1000 1500 Nong a§ As Mt j3pm) Hinh 02 Mdi quan hi giira ndng dp Asen dat vd ndng dp Asen ri Vol cic he sd tucmg quan R lan lugt la Hinh 03 Mdi quan hi giira nong dp Asen ddi vd ndng Asen than Asen dit Ien tai tren 1000 ppm (dudi 0,99; 0,87 va 0,91 diy la quan he rit chat Nd 1500 ppm) Khi vugt qua ndng dd 1500 ppm phan anh kha nang hap thu Asen phu thugc rit ciy khdng the chdng chiu dugc v i bi ehfit sau lan vio ndng ciia nd dit Tuy nhien thing trdng thi nghifim Diy dugc coi la gidi mdi quan he chi tdn tai khoing ndng han chiu dung ciia ciy y = 0.0014x4-1.1244, R' = 0.9168 ^ tronf c •c? S • ^^'^ ^^^.'-: _-^- M Đã 500 1000 1500 ãong d9 As d^t (ppm) Hinh 04 Mdi quan hi giira ndng dp Asen ddt vd ndng dp Asen Id 3.2.2 Tili P^^" '™'" ^^"^ ItrpmgAsen cdc bd phan cua cdy Oua difiu tra va tinh toin ti le khdi lugng sinh khdi khd kiet giua cac bg phan rfi: thin: l i cua ciy ta cdtilfi sau: 7,9: 43,9: 48,3 K^t hgp T^ voi ndng Asen tich liiy re, thin, l i (bang 01), dfi tai thih toan dugc ti lfi ham lugng phin tram Asen tich luy cic bg phin ciia cay theo cac miic ndng Asen dit dugc mieu t i qua Hinh 08 sau C H i KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGfflEP S - 2013 85 Quan ly Tai ngcysn rimg & Mol tn/dng 100.18 500,13 tihng 6g As d i t (ppm) Hmh 05 Hdm lupmg Asen cdc re, than, Id Qua bieu dd hinh 08 tren nhin thiy co su thay ddi ding ke ve ham lugng Asen rfi, thin, li cua ciy Mudng nhit miic ndng nen (khdng bd sung Asen vao dit) thi ham lugng Asen l i cao nhit (76,43%), thip nhit rfi (7,89%) Khi ndi^ Asen tirong dit tang din thi ham lugng Asen rfi cimg tang din theo va dat ti le cao nhit (56,26%), gip lan thin v i lin la mac dii ti ie khdi lugng rl; than: la la khdng ddi Nhu viy cd thfi thiy rang d nhiim Asen dit d miic cao (trfin 500 ppm) thi ti lfi phin tram Asen rl so vdi ci ciy ludn cao nhit va hong la Iudn dat gii tri t h ^ nhit 3.3 De xuat sir dung cay Muong nhat de Ioai bo Asen dat Ciy Mudng nhit la loai cay mgc rdng khip ngoii tu nhien, than trdn map co nhifiu re sinh Thin co the bd dii tren mat dit hoac leo bira vao than cay khic Cay cd thfi mgc kin ehe -phii hoan toin mat dit, xanh tdt quanh nim, rit it rung l i va cho sinh khdi ldn Diy li mdt die diem hfit siic thuin lgi de co thS sii dung loai ciy loai bd Asen irong dit Vi viy vdi cic vimg d ntiiem Asen cd ndng dd dudi 1500 mg/kg tai cac khu md khai thac 86 khoang sin cd thfi trdng loai cay naytirfinkhap mat dit d^ loai bd Asen Vdi nhiing vimg nhiem d miic cao hon cin dieu chinh vfi miic ndng duai 1500 mg/kg sau mdi dua loai ciy niy vio de trdng Trong dieu kifin ngoai tu nhien, tren mdt met vudng dit, sinh khdi ciy Mudng nhat trang thai kho kiet tinh dugc la 283,31 g Trong r l 22,26 g, thin 124,25 g va la 136,8 g Theo cdng thiic 3, vdi khoi lugng sinh khoi nay, ciy Mudng nhit cd thfi liy di tir m" dit 2,61 mg Asen sau 90 Sau thu hoach cay Mudng nhat da sii dung dfi loai bd Asen dat c ^ cd bien phap kiem soat va xii ly chit chfi ddi vdi sinh khdi Cich kiem soat tdi uu la nen phoi khd, dk giam the tich sinh khdi sau ddt cd kiem soat de khdng phit tan tro biji v i mdi trucmg Phin tro sau ddt xong can dugc dem chdn lap hgp ve sinh hoic cd the phdi trdn vao mdt sd loai vat Ufiu xay dung phii hgp IV KET LU^N - Ciy Mudng nhat cd ning sinh trudng va phat trifin tdt tiren dit d nhiem asen d ndng tai 1151,18 ppm Cay bi ehfit d ndng 1500,18 ppm sau 30 r^iy - Khi trdng cay trfin dit d nhifim Asen d TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHlEP SQ - 2013 ^^2jyja[nguyen rimg & Moi tn/dng m u c n d n g d § c a o dfin 1151,18 p p m thi r l l i bd - C i n cd bifin phap kifim s c a t sinh k h d i c a y p h a n h a p t h u A s e n tdt n h i t , n d n g dat dfin M u d n g n h i t sau kfai tirdng ti-en d i t d nhifim asen 0D,_ / m g / k g s a u dd d e n t h a n (6,31 m g / k g ) v a cuoi c u n g la la ( , m g / k g ) L u g n g A s e n tich p h d i t r d n v d i m g t so loai v a t tieu x i y d u n g m y t r o n g rfi (so v d i t r o n g t h i n , la) c u n g cd ti Ie phan tram cao nhit n h u thieu d d t v a d e m c h d n lap h g p v e sinh h o a c TAI LIEU THAM KHAO - T n tai m d i tiiong q u a n tiieo h i m tiiyfin '" ^ " ' T^i KJm Anh (2011), Nghiin ciu sir dung tinh v o i h e sd t u o n g q u a n k h a chat ( l i n l u a t ' ^ "^ ^'^^ ^^ di ^ ly a nhiim Asen ddt hSnP OQQ- n S ,,x r\r\f i i.- / •=- ^ ' vung khai thdc khoang sdn Ln^ji an tiin si ng^nh m6i bang , 9 , 0,87 v a 0,91) k h i x e t m o i tiiong ^ i , „ Truong Dai hoc KHTN Ha Noi quan giua nong d^ Asen dat va ndng Asen re, than va la cua ciy Muong nhit - T r o n g m g t m e t v u o n g d i t , sau 90 n g a y , ^e Van Khoa va imk (2010), o'lOiilni moi tmcmg ^ va bien phap xii ly Nha xuii ban Giao dye, Ha N6i Chao Yang Wei et