DAC DIEM CUA DAY HOC THEO DU* AN PHANDdNG CHAU THUY Trudng Dai hpc Suphgm TP Hd Chi Minh Tom tit Khai niem "dy an" da di tii linh vyc kinh tl, xS hpi vao ITnh vyc giao due khdng chi vdi y nghia la cac[.]
DAC DIEM CUA DAY HOC THEO DU* AN PHANDdNG CHAU THUY Trudng Dai hpc Suphgm TP Hd Chi Minh Tom tit: Khai niem "dy an" da di tii linh vyc kinh tl, xS hpi vao ITnh vyc giao due khdng chi vdi y nghia la cac du an phat tnin giao due ma dugc su dyng nhu mot phuong phap, hinh thiic day hpc hay md hinh day hpc Ly thuylt vl Day hoc theo (Ur an (DHTDA) duoc xay dyng dya Uen nin tang kien thiic ve dy an ndi chung va ca sd khoa bpc giao due Vi vay, vin dl dit la mpt dy an dugc dimg day hpc cin cd nhiing dac dilm nao Bii vilt se giiip chiing ta hieu ro cac dSc dilm cua DHTDA vdi hy vpng gop phin giup cic thiy co thuc hien DHTDA co hieu qua l.GICil THIEU Dgy hpc theo dy in la mgt phuang phap dgy hgc dya tten dy an va liy hpc sinh lam tnmg tam Cae dy in dugc xiy dyng mang tinh thach thiic nhung diy hip din lien quan den ndi dung bai hoc va nhung vin dl thyc te - nhung logi vin dh hoc sinh cd thi gap tiong cudc sdng hing ngiy Hpc sinh lam viec theo nhdm v i cd sy ddng vai de giii quylt vin dg, quyet dinh hoac thuc hien dieu tra md phdng cic hoat ddng cd that tiong xa hpi Qua do, ngudi hpc cd ca hdi lim viec tuong ddi chu ddng tiong mot khoing thdi gian nhat dinh Thdng thudng, hpc sinh sg dugc lam viee vdi cac chuyen gia va nhiing thinh vien ttong cpng ddng dg giai quyet van dg hieu qui han, hieu siu ndi dung bai hpc han Kit qui cua vigc thuc hign du an la cac san phim thyc tl hoic cac bai thuyet trinh cd thi trinh bay v i gidi thieu Trong qui trinh thyc hien dy an, giio vign cd thg van dung nhieu cich dinh gii khic de giiip hgc sinh cd dinh hudng tdt tiong hpc tip, tao nhung sin phim dap img dupc cac muc tieu bii hpc v i hmh thinh nhung ky nang the ki 21 (ky nang sing tao va ddi mdi, tu ddc lip v i giii quylt vin dl, giao tilp va cdng tic, cac kj nang thdng tin, ttuygn thdng va cdng nghe, ky ning ddi sdng vi nghl nghiep: linh hogt, thich ling, chu ddng, tu dinh hudng, linh dgo ), ky nang tu bgc cao Vai tid ciia giio vign chi li hudng din, tu vin chur khdng phai la chi dgo, quin ly, cdng viec cua hpc sinh Q Viet Nam, tir rit liu, cac hinh thiic day hgc tuong ty DHTDA da dugc su dyng, vi dy nhu thyc hien dd in mdn hgc, in tdt nghiep d cic tradng ky thuit, kiln tnic; lim tigu luin, khda luin tdt nghiep d cic tradng dai hgc vi cao ding nhilu tradng phd thdng da thuc hi?n cic dy an trdng ciy, du an phit trien vudn tradng , Ueu day cd phii li nhirng hinh tiuic DHTDA? Tretten vi Zachariou (1997) da tiinh biy tiong bio cio nghien cuu cua hg ve DHTDA nhu sau: Trong cac phdng hpc da phuang tien, sy da dang cOa viec thyc hien cic dy in lam chiing ta khd dinh gia diu la DHTDA va diu khdng phii Ii DHTDA [5] T?p chi Khoa hpc va Giao due, Tnrdrng E)ai hoc Su pham Hui ISSN1859-I612,S603(19)/2011.tr, 132-137 DAC DIEM CUA DAY HOC THEO DU AN Sy CO mat hay khdng cd mat eua nhihig d|ic digm nao dg cho viee thyc hien mpt dy an nao ttong nha tradng cd the xem xet Ii DHTDA? DAC DIEM CUA DHTDA Theo Thomas (2000), DHTDA cd nim dac dilm sau: - Du i n phai tap trung vao nhirng muc tieu hpc tap quan trpng gin vdi cic chuan hgc t^p Theo dSc dilm thi du in phai cd myc tieu ro ring va gin vdi chuin hpc tip hay ndi each khac myc tieu dy an phii bam sit npi dung chuang tiinh hgc Trong mdt sd tiirdng hgp, dy an dugc thyc hi?n sau dgy hgc trayin thdng de liy vi dy cho kien thiic da hgc hogc tiiyc hanh, ung dyng cic ly thuylt giang day ban diu Theo Thomas, cic each tiiiic thyc hi?n dy in khdng dugc coi la DHTDA Hoac mgt sd dy in dugc xiy dung nhim giiip hgc smh tim hilu tiiem nhiing kiln tiuic ngoii bii bgc cung khdng dugc xem li cac vi dy vl DHTDA [4] De lam ro vin de ttgn, tdi xin liy mgt vii vi dy sau: Vi du 1: Trong bai Hgp kim cua sdt chuong ttinh Hda hpc ldp 12 nang cao, de dgy phin San xudt thip, giio vien cimg hgc sinh xay dyng dy in sau: "Gii sit, thep dang ting tiong nhu ciu xiy dyng tiong nude ngiy cang nhigu, cdng ty diu tu va kinh doanh thep Nhan Luat dang mudn tim ddi tic lam in - nha may sin xuit thep cd chit lugng, sin lugng Idn, gii phai chang dg diu tu Ddng vai la nhin vign Phdng Ky thugt cua nhi may sin xuit thep "ABC" (ten nhi may nhdm ty chgn), hay thigt kg bii trinh diln gidi thieu ve ca sd vat chat cua nhi may, cic phuong phip luyen thep hi?n dai nha may dang su dyng, quy ttinh, cdng ngh? sin xuat thep chat lugng nhim thuygt phyc edng ty Nhan Luat dau tu va hgp tie kinh doanh vdi nha miy." Vi du 2: Sau day xong phin ozon ttong bii Ozon vd hidro ^eroxit, chuang tiinh Idp 10 ning cao bing phuang phap trayin thdng, giio vign ygu cau hoc sinh thyc hign dy an sau: "Ozon cd vai ttd rit quan trpng ttong cugc sdng ciia chung ta Ddng vai la nhin vien eiia Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi tradng, thiet kl cic td roi vl ling dung vi vai tid cua ozon tiong cupc sdng dg kgu gpi mpi ngudi chung sue bio ve ting ozon" Vi dif 3: Sau dgy bii Vgt Hiu polime chuong trinh Idp 12 ning cao bing phuang phip trayen thdng, giao vien xiy dyng dy in sau: "Festival nghe truyen thdng 2011 sip td chiic tgi Phap Vi?t Nam la mdt tiong nhihig dit nude cd nen van hda bin sic din tpc lau ddi vdi nhilu nghg traygn thdng ndi tigng, tiong dd cd nghg san xuat to lya Ddng vai la nhin vien Bp Vin hda, Thi thao v i Du lich Viet Nam, hay thilt kl bai ttuih diln gidi thieu vl nghl san xuit to lya ciia Viet Nam vdi ban bg thi gidi" Trong ba vi du neu ti^n, chi cd vi dy I la DHTDA vi du in dugc xiy dyng bim sit ndi dung chuang trinh hpc va thdng qua qua trinh thyc hien dy in, hpc sinh se tigp thu dugc kign thiic bai hgc: nguygn li$u, quy trbh, cdng ngh?, eic phucmg phap sin xuit thep PHAN DONG CHAU THUY CJ vi du 2, hgc sinh da cd dugc kign thirc bii hgc ve ung dung cua ozon giio vign cung cip Hgc sinh thyc hien du in chi dg minh hpa cho nhOng kien thuc da biit Do viy, ttong tmdng hgp du an ma giao vien xiy dyng khdng phii Ii du in ciia DHTDA Vi dy ciing khdng phai li DHTDA ttong bai Vat lieu polime khdng cd phin sin xuat ta lua, hgc sinh thyc hien du in nhim tim hilu them kiln thirc ngoii chuong trinh hgc - Hoc sinh sir d^ng bd Cau hoi dinh hudng de cd sy ty dinh hudng thyc hien d y an Trong DHTDA, du in dugc tap trung vio nhiing cau hdi hay nhftng vin dl djnh hudng cho ngudi hpc de tiep xuc vdi nhirag khii niem va nguyen ly trgng tam ciia mdn hpc Day la mgt tieu chi tinh tg DHTDA phai tao dugc mdi quan he giiia cac hogt dpng vdi cac kien thiie ca ban m i hgc sinh cd the chiem ITnh dugc [1] Dilu niy thudng dugc thyc hien vdi bp ciu hdi dinh hudng Trong qua trinh thyc hien dy an hpc smh phai bam sit bd cau hdi dinh hudng de cd sy ty dinh hudng va dam bio eic hogt ddng ciing nhu sin phim du an dap ung dugc myc tieu da de [2] Bg ciu hdi dinh hudng phii dugc sir dung xuygn sudt dy in Cic ciu hdi dinh hudng giup hpc sinh hdn ket nhung khii niem ca bin cimg mot mdn hpc hogc gitia cae mdn hpc vdi vdi kien thiic thyc tien Cac ciu hdi niy tao dieu kien de dinh hudng viee hgc tip cua hgc sinh thdng qua cae vin de mang tinh kich thich tu duy, giiip gin nhihig myc tigu dy in vdi muc tieu hgc tap v i chuan chuang trinh Bp ciu hdi dinh hudng bao gdm cic cau hdi khai quit, cau hdi bai hoc, va ciu hdi ndi dung Cdu hoi khdi qudt li nhung ciu hdi md cd pham vi rpng, kich thich sy suy nghT, thu hiit sy quan tim cua hgc sinh Ddi vdi ciu hdi khii quit, hpc sinh cd thg dua nhieu cau tra ldi Cic cdu hdi bdi hpc Ugn quan true tiep vdi dy an, hd tig vigc tim kiem Idi giii cho ciu hdi khai quit Cdu hdi npi dung la cic ciu hdi "ddng", giiip hgc sinh xic dinh "ai", "cai gi", "d dau", va "khi nio", hd trg cho ciu hdi khii quit va ciu hdi bii hpc bing cich nhin mgnh vio viec higu cic chi tiet ttong bai Cac ciu hdi niy giup hgc sinh tap trung vio nhung thdng tin xac thuc cin phai tim higu de dip inig cae tieu chi vg ndi dung vi nhiing myc tieu hpc tap - Hoat dong hoc tap ciia hoc sinh phai la boat dpng nghien cuu Dy in thu hiit hpc sinh bing cic hogt dpng va cic hogt dpng niy phii li boat ddng nghign eiiu Nghign cuu li mdt qua trinh cd dinh hudng myc tigu, cd lien quan ddn ygu ciu thdng tin, xiy dyng kiln thuc, giai quygt vin de Nghign ciiu cd thg la mdt thiet kg, quyet djnh, tim hilu vin dl, phit hien va giii quylt vin dl hay cic quy trinh xay dyng md hinh Tuy nhien, dg dugc xem xet nhu mpt du an cua DHTDA, cic boat ddng tnmg tim ciia dy an phai lien quan din sy xay dyng kien thiic mdi (theo dinh nghia: sy higu bigt mdi, ky nang mdi) cua ngudi hgc Neu cac hogt ddng trang tim ciia dy in khdng khd khin ddi vdi hpc sinh hoac cd thi thyc Men dugc vdi su ttg giiip cua cdng nghe thdng tin hay cac ky ning da dugc hpc thi viec thyc hien dy an dd khdng phai Ii DAC DIEM CUA D.AY HOC THEO DU AN DHTDA Tieu chi niy ed nghTa la vifc thuc hi?n mdt dy in djch vu dan giin nhu ttdng mpt khu vudn hoic lim sach mdt dudng la nhflng dy in nhirag khdng phii li DHTDA [4] Vi cdng viec cua cac du in dd qui dl, khdng mang linh thach thirc Hpc sinh khdng cin tu duy, sang tgo, khdng can thuc hign hogt dpng nghien cuu ciing cd thg thuc hien dugc dy an - Dy an tao ca hgi cho ngudi hgc dugc ty giai quyet van de va t u doc lap Hgc tip theo dy an cd nghia la hgc sinh phii ty mmh tun kilm tiidng tm, phan tich dO' lieu dl dua each giii quylt vin de phu hgp Die biet, hgc sinh phai tu ddc lap, ed sy sing tao tiong edng vice chii khdng phai thuc hi?n cdng viec dudi sy ttg giiip, hudng din cua giao vien hay cic tii lieu cd sin [4] DHTDA phii phit huy dugc quyen tu chu, tu ttong cdng viee, thdi gian lim viec Ididng cd giam sit va trach nhiem so vdi day hgc traygn thdng - Dy an phai mang tinh thyc te Dy an phai mang tinh thuc tl, khdng mang tinh ly thuylt, giio dilu [4] Dy an phai gin vdi ddi sdng thyc ciia hpc sinh Hpc sinh cd thg thg hign viec hgc ciia minh trade nhihig ddi tugng thuc te, lien he vdi eic ngudn luc cdng ddng, tham khao y kign cic chuygn gia ttong ITnh vuc nghien ciiu, hoic ttao ddi thdng tin thdng qua cdng ngh? hien dgi Die digm eiia du in dem lgi cho ngudi hpc su hirng thii ttong hpc tip Ngoai eac die digm tten, mpt sd tai lieu cdn neu them eic die digm eiia DHTDA nhu sau [3]: - Dy i n doi hdi cic hinh thii-c dinh gii da dang v^ thudng xuySn Ngay tir trien khai dy in, cac ket qua dy kien cin phii dugc lam ro va phii ludn dugc r i soit nhieu lan dg kigm chiing miic dp ITnh hpi bang cac phuang phip danh gia khac Hpc sinh se dugc xem mau, xem cic tigu chi danh gia dl ty dinh hudng, ty dinh gia nhdm v i bin thin ttong qua trinh thuc hi§n dy an dg thyc hien cdng vi?c cd chit lupng nhit v i dinh gii sy tiln bp ciia bin thin Giio vign cin phai tao ea hdi dl hpc sinh phin hdi, chia se thdng tin hay ty dieu chinh ttong sudt qua trinh thyc hien dy an thdng qua eac phuang tien danh gia da dgng - Hoc sinh the hien sy hieu biet cua minh thong qua san pham Mpt ttong nhung die diem die tiarng dung dg nhan biit DHTDA li san phim cd thi tnmg bay, gidi thieu dudi mgi hinh thiic du an ket thiie Dd la kit qui cua ci mdt qua ttinh nd lyc, hgp tic giOa cac thinh vien tiong nhdm dl vugt qua thach thiic ma dy an dit Sin phim dy an li sy kit tinh ciia kiln thiic bii hgc lien quan din thyc tl ma cac em ty chiem ITnh dugc va cac kj nang tu bic cao cung nhu cic ky ning thi ki 21 ma cic em da hinh thinh thdng qua qui ttinh hoat ddng thyc hien dy in San phim dy an sg dugc giao vien va tip the hgc sinh dinh gii dya vio cac tigu chi dinh gia kgt thiie du in - Ky nang tu bic cao va cic liy nang the Id 21 Ii khong thg thilu DHTDA PHAN DONG CHAU THUY Lam viee tiieo dy an sg bd trg phit trien cic k^ nang tu bic cao cho hpc sinh nhu hgp tac, ty giam sit, phan ti'ch du Ueu, v i danh gia thdng tin Trong sudt qui trinh thyc hien dy an, eic ciu hdi dinh hudng sg kich thich hpc sinh tu va lien he vdi cac khai niem mang y nghia thyc tien cao Ngoii ra, thuc hien du in, hpc sinh cdn cd ca hdi hinh vi ren luyen cac ky nang the Id 21 Dd la nhiing ky ning thilt ylu dl ngudi cd the thinh edng ttong the ki 21 - Cdng nghe hien dai ho trg va thiic day vi€c hoc ciia hgc sinh Hgc sinh dugc tiep can vdi nhilu cdng ng^g khac se dugc hd ttg dl phit ttiln ky nang tu duy, tao san phim dy an Vdi su trg giiip ciia cdng nghe, hpc smh ty chii han ttong viec thyc Men dy in, cd ca hdi "ca nhan hoi sin phim" Hgc smh cd thi "vuan" khdi bdn hue tudng Idp hpc bing cich cdng tic vdi cic Idp hpc hi xa qua email vi cic trang web ty tao, hogc trinh bay viec hpc cua minh qua cic chuang trinh da phuang tien KET LUAN Nhu vay, theo thdng ke tu cac tii Ueu, DHTDA cd chin die digm nhu da ngu d tren Tuy nMen, khdng phai mpi dy an diu the Men rd net tit ca cac dgc digm dd Tiiy thudc vao muc dp quan trpng cua cac die digm ma ta cd thg xem xet nhung die diem nio cin phai cd hoac khdng nhit tMet phai cd DHTDA Cdng n ^ g thdng tin cd tic dung hd trg va ting tinh Mgu qua cua DHTDA Tuy nhign, thuc t£ cho thiy, d mpt sd trudng khdng cd dieu kien ea sd vit chit Men dgi, hgc sinh va giao vign khdng cd digu kien su dung edng nghe thdng tin nhung DHTDA van cd thg thyc Men dugc nhien Men qua khdng cao Dieu dd chung td ring die diem cdng nghe thdng tin li cin thigt ddi vdi DHTDA nhung khdng phii la die digm bat budc phii cd tiong DHTDA Bg cau hdi dinh hudng la mdt ttong nhihig dac digm quan tipng cua DHTDA Bd cau hdi djnh hudng khdng nhiing cd tic dyng kich thich thii hpc tip ciia hgc sinh, giiip hgc sinh nam dugc ndi dung bai hgc ma nd cdn cd mpt vai tid het sue quan trpng: giiip hpc sinh cd sy ty dinh hudng ttong sudt qua trinh thyc Men dy in v i kich tMch hpc sinh tu Vdi phuang phap dgy hgc trayen thdng, mgi sy chu dpng deu thupc ve giio vien: tir xic dinh muc tigu, dinh hudng cic hogt ddng cimg nhu thyc Men eac hogt ddng dgy hgc Nhung ddi vdi DHTDA, hpc sinh cd dugc mpi sy chu ddng, dan chu hpc tip Hgc sinh cd till ty quylt djnh, lya chgii vin de va giii quyet van de, lya chpn cic hinh thiic boat dpng dg dgt dugc myc tigu dg theo cich ciia cac em Trong tiudng hgp nay, neu khdng cd bd ciu hdi dinh hudng, hpc smh kM tim kigm thdng tin se sa da vao mdt kMa canh nao dd khdng thugc myc tieu da dit hay xiy dung sin phim khdng diing vdi tigu chi ciia dy an Liy lai vi dy d phin Du an phdi tgp trung vdo nhiing muc tiiu hgc tap quan trgng gdn v&i cdc chudn hoc tap, ngu khdng cd bp cau hdi dinh hudng, san phim ciia hgc sinh cd the tMgn qua nMgu ve phin rnaketing cho nha miy sin xuit thep chu khdng tap tnmg vao giii quylt vin de la tim Meu quy trinh, cdng nghe sin xuit thep Ngoai ra, mdt du in tdt phai dg dugc nMem vu ngMgn ciiu cho hpc sinh, tao ca hdi cho hpc sinh dugc ty giai quylt vin de DAC DIEM CUA D^Y HOC THEO DU AN tu dpc lip va ket qua lam vi?c ciia hgc sinh phai dugc thi Men qua sin phim cd tiie gidi thieu dugc Nim dugc cac dac dilm cdt ylu eua DHTDA, giio vign sg linh dpng ttong viec xay dung cic du an dgy hpc mdt each Meu qui tiiy vao dac thii eiia timg bd mdn, ddi tugng hpc stnh va dilu kien ca sd vat chit sin cd TAX LIEL THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Barron, B J S., Schwartz, D L., Vye, N J., Moore, A , Pettosmo, A., Zech, L., Bransford, J D., & The Cognition and Technology Group at VanderbiU (1998) Doing with understanding: Lessons from research on problem- and project-based leaming The Journal oflhe Learning Sciences Blumenfeld, P., Soloway, E., Marx, R., Krajcik, J., Guzdial, M., & Palincsar, A (1991) Motivating project-based leaming: Sustaining the doing, supporting the leaming Educational Psychologist Intel (2011) Designing Effective Projects: Characteristics of Projects Benefits of Project-Based Leaming Intel Corporation, http://download.intel.com/education/ /projectdesign/DEP_pbl_research.pdf, 4/2011 Thomas, J W (2000) A review ofreseach on Project-based leaming San Rafael, CA: The Autodesk Foundation Tretten, R & Zachariou, P (1997) Learning about project-based learning: Assessment of project-based leaming in Tinkerlech schools San Rafael, CA: The Autodesk Foundation Title: SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING Abstract: "Project" concept has been moved from business and social science to education It is not only education project but also used as a teaching or training method The theory of projectbased leaming (PBL) was built on the knowledge of general project management and educational science foundation; therefore, not all projects which are implemented in the campus are projects of PBL Therefore, the problem is what are characteristics of a project used in teaching? This article will clarify and help us to understand characteristics of PBL which guide teachers' implementation effectively ThS PHAN DONG CHAU THUY Khoa Hda hpc, Tmdng Dai hpc Su pham TP H6 Chi Minh ... DIEM CUA DAY HOC THEO DU AN Sy CO mat hay khdng cd mat eua nhihig d|ic digm nao dg cho viee thyc hien mpt dy an nao ttong nha tradng cd the xem xet Ii DHTDA? DAC DIEM CUA DHTDA Theo Thomas (2000),... dilm sau: - Du i n phai tap trung vao nhirng muc tieu hpc tap quan trpng gin vdi cic chuan hgc t^p Theo dSc dilm thi du in phai cd myc tieu ro ring va gin vdi chuin hpc tip hay ndi each khac myc... thdng de liy vi dy cho kien thiic da hgc hogc tiiyc hanh, ung dyng cic ly thuylt giang day ban diu Theo Thomas, cic each tiiiic thyc hi?n dy in khdng dugc coi la DHTDA Hoac mgt sd dy in dugc xiy