MQT SO BIEN PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA QUA TRINH D^Y HQC TIN HQC 11 NGUYEN TUONG TRI Trudng Dgi hoc Suphgm Dgi hoc Hui Tdm tit B l̂ dSu tir n5m hpc 2006 2007, Tin hpc trd thanh mpt mdn hpc chinh khda tton[.]
MQT SO BIEN PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA QUA TRINH D^Y HQC TIN HQC 11 NGUYEN TUONG TRI Trudng Dgi hoc Suphgm - Dgi hoc Hui Tdm tit: B^l dSu tir n5m hpc 2006 - 2007, Tin hpc trd mpt mdn hpc chinh khda ttong nha tnrdng phd thong [3] Tuy nhien, qua thdi gian giang dgy, chuorng trinh dang boc lo mot sd bit cSp doi vdi giao vien cung nhu hoc sinh Npi dung cua bai bao de cap den mpt so khd khSn, hgn che vdn cd chuong ttinh va sach giao khoa, dong thdi de xuat mpt sd bien phap giup giao vien lya chpn phuong phap day hpc phii hgp vdi dieu kien day hpc cy the nhim nang cao hieu qua qua ttinh day hpc Tin hpc 11 I MOT SO TON TAI TRONG CHUONG TRINH TIN HOC 11 Td chirc day hpc phan hda tten co sd phin ban la m^t su ddi mdi quan ttgng so vdi cich td chiic day hgc cu vdn da dugc chuan bi tir nh&ng nim cudi cua thap nien 80 cua the ki tiudc Chuong ttinh ttung hgc phd thdng dang tiiuc M$n theo xu hudng Tuy nMen, mdn Tin hgc d tiudng tinng hgc phd tiidng (THPT) vin td chiic da;/ ddng loat eho mgi ddi tuang bgc smb Dieu lam cho vi|c td chirc day hpc gap nMeu khd khin, ttong dd chuong trinh tm hgc 11 cang khd khin han vi bao gdm cic kien thiic ve thuit toin vi lip trinh tten ngdn ng& Pascal, ngdn ngft C Ddi CMIU vdi nhiing yeu cau da dugc cic tic gia sach giio khoa (SGK) THPT quan triet ttong qui trinh bien soan soan sach [4], [5], cd thi nhin thiy ring cd nhieu ndi dung trinh bay chua hgp li Thu nhat, ve yeu cau bam sat chuong trinh mdn hgc [3], sach giao khoa da thuc hien tdt nhung chua triet de, chua hoan thien phin sii dung ngdn ngii lip ttinh minh hga Vi dy: Ngdn ng& C chi minh hga cho chuong va chuong 2, tir chuang den chuang khdng xuit hi?n minh hpa nao tten ngdn ngft C n&a Thu hai, vl yeu cau dam bao tinh ke thira ttong qua trinh bien soan, cd nghTa la cin tham khao cip bpc dudi de bien soan cip bgc tten, nhung tten tbuc tl, chuang trinh tin hgc trung bgc co sd ddi sau chuong trinh tin hpc THPT Thii ba, yeu ciu dam bao cic tieu chuin co ban, tinh gian Men dai, sit thyc tiln Viet Nam, ti^m e|n tdi ttinh dp cua mpt sd nude tien tiln ttong khu vyc va tren tbi gidi, nhung SGK vin cdn chiia nhieu ldi khd chap nhan [4] Thii tu, yeu ciu tao dieu kien true tiep giiip hpc sinh tiep tyc ning cao nang lyc tu hgc vi ddi mdi phuong phip day hgc, nhung ndi dung SGK chua chgn lya cac cich ttinh biy ndi dung tbich hgp vdi ddi tugng (vi du phin khai ni6m lip, phin vi du lim viec vdi t?p ), chua tao dieu kien thuan lgi cbo hgc sinh nang cao ning lyc tir hgc va giup giao Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Tmong Dai hoc Su pham Hue ISSN 1859-1612 So 02(26)/2013:tr 119-123 NGLT^N TLr^ONG TRI vien ddi mdi phuong phip day hgc theo hudng td chiic, hudng din hgc sinh chu ddng, linh boat, sing tao qui trinh tim Meu, tiep nhan tri tbiic Thii nim, dam bao yeu cau ve phin hoa ddi vdi cac ddi tugng hgc sinh qua viec chpn lya cic npi dung, hinh tbiic trinh bay ciia SGK bien soan theo chuang trinh chuin, chuang trinh ning cao, nhung van cdn nMeu ndi dung dugc trinh bay chua thda dang (ching ban phin thuat toan, pbin cau tnic lap, phin ming, xiu va tile) Thu sau, dam bio nhimg yeu ciu ve van phong dac tnmg, nhung sich Tin hgc 11 cdn bi inh hudng bdi each viet giio trinh dai hgc bon la giio khoa phd thdng va dac biet chiu anh hirdng cua ngdn ngu lap trinh Pascal kM giai tMch y ngMa cua cac cau lenh hay cau tnic dieu khien CACH TIEP CAN PHAN TICH CHUONG TRINH SGK TIN HOC THPT KM phin tich chuong trinh sach giao khoa, can pbii dya tren co sd khoa hgc, quan diera tich cue cd tinh phe phin \a linh xiy dyng nhim budng tdi muc tieu day tdt, bgc tet [5] Cu till: Budc I: Nghien cihi cu the chuan kien thuc, kT nang de nam ro yeu cau ciia timg chuang, tirag bai, timg myc cung nhu nam ndi dung trpng tam cua bii hgc; Budc 2: Dgc kT sich giao khoa, sich giao vien va xem xet bd eye ciia sach, ciia tirag ehucmg, tirag bai, tirag myc de xac djnh nhftng diera hgp H, chua hop li ve bd eye va ndi dung; Budc 3: NgMen cihi ndi dung bai hgc, ddi cMeu vdi muc tieu de cd nhung bd sung dieu chinh cin thiet nbira d ^ iing tdt rauc tieu dat ra; Budc 4: NgMen cuu, ri soit tirag phin cua ndi dung (de myc, gM chii, vi du, hinh anh minh hpa, bii dgc them, cau hdi, bai tap cudi bai hpc, cudi chuong, he thdng bai thyc hinh ); Tren co sd nhiing viec lam tten de xic dinh mdt budng di phii hgp cho bai day van dyng vao mdi trudng day hpc cy the (vdi su tac ddng da cMeu cua phuang tien day bgc, ning lyc bgc sinh, mdi trudng xa hdi ) M O T S O BIEN PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC TIN HOC 11 Qua qua trinh ngMen ciiu, xac djnh nhiing khd khan cua chuong trinh va tien binh phin tich chuang trinh, chiing tdi de xuat mdt sd bien phap cu the nham ho trg va ning cao hieu qua qua trinh day hgc d ttudng THPT \'di qua trinh phin tich chuong trinh, viec xac dinh Idin thiic trpng tim va nhiing khd khan timg bai bgc la bet siie cin tMet Lim Idt cdng \iec se giiip cho giio vien dinh hudng cic boat ddng \a cich giai quylt nhiing vudng mic ttong gid hpc va snip cho ket qui ciia hpc tap Men qui ban M O T S O B I E N P H A P N A K G CAO H E U QUA QUA TRINH DAY HOC TIN HOC 11 121 3.1 Bien phap 1: Ciu true lai noi dung bai hgc De khac phuc mdt sd bat cap ve ndi dimg, nMeu bai hpc can dugc ciu tnic lai ndi dung Vi du bdi I- Khdi niim lap trinh vd ngon ngir lap trinh "Khdng phdn muc rd rdng nin hgc sinh Idid nam bdt nhirng ndi dung chinh " Bai cd the phan thinh myc: Khai niem lip trinh; Ngdn ngu lip trinh Giio vien nen luu y bien dich, thdng dicb la nhftng dac tinb co bin cua ngdn ngft lap trinh va nen cd nh&ng cau bdi nbira khai thic dugc nhirng kien thuc da hgc d ldp 10, giiq) hgc sinh phan biet va Mlu tbera cae khii mem Ching ban nhu: Cd nhirng loai ngon ng& lap trinh nao? Phan biet ngdn ngu bic cao vdi cac ngdn ngu lap trinh khic d die diera nio? Bd cue cua bdi [I],[2] chua hgp li phan biet bilu thuc quan he vdi bieu thuc Idgic va trinh bay muc rieng Do dd, nen sip xep lai bd eye cua bai thinh rauc: Phep toan; Bieu thdc (bao gdm dang bieu thiic sd hpc va logic); Ciu lenh gan; Ham sd hgc chuin Trong muc nen dem vao mdt sd vi du ve cac phep toan, dac biet la mdt sd phep toin mdi doi vdi hpc smh nhu DIV, MOD, NOT, AND, OR Khi gidi thieu cic loai bieu thiic khdng nen tMen ve trinh bay dinh nghTa, nen rainh hga bang vi dy de Meu each viet bieu thirc ttong mdt ngdn ngii lip trinh tuong ung cich viet ttong toan bgc nhu the nao De hpc sinh nam vimg hon ve lenh gan, giao vien pbii nhan manb ben ttai lenh gan la ten bien, ben phii la bieu thuc da xic dinh Giio vien cd the neu mdt vai vi du minh hga ve i§nh gin khdng hgp le nhu ve ttii khdng la ten bien hoac ve phai chua xac dinh dugc gii tri 3.2 Bien phip 2: Hieu chinh mgt sd npi dung ciia bai Vai ndi dung bdi 3, chuang - Ciu tnic chuang trinh, hgc sinh lim quen vdi ngdn ng& lap trinh C-H- v i Pascal, nhung xuyen sudt ndi dung cic bai cdn lai SGK khdng de cap den ngdn ngu lap trinh C-M- ma cM de cap den ngdn ngft lap trinh Pascal Di xudt bien phdp: CM nen cho hgc sinh tim Men ngdn ngu lap trinh Pascal hoac C++ ttong sudt chuong Vi ttong mgt chimg myc nao do, hgc ngdn ngft ciing phin nao di ddi vdi ren luyen tu giai thuat Do dd, kM bpc sinh cd dieu kien khai thic sau ban vl ngdn ngft tM ciing ddng ngMa vdi hgc sinh hgc dugc them ve giai thuit, dam me lap trinh va yeu tiiich mdn hgc bon Va nhu thi, myc tieu eua chuang trinh tin hgc 11 dat dugc dap img mdt cich de dang han Kiin thdc phdn phep so sdnh xdu (bdi 12) cdc vi du chua bao qudt Bien phap thuc Men: Giao vien nen bd sung pbin khai niem xiu, kieu xau Trong cic vi dy phep so sinh xiu, dua rapt sd vi dy khac, ching ban nhu: 'May Tinh' < 'May tinh' (vi 'T'< "t' theo thu tu ASCII), liic niy hgc sinh mdi thiy dugc bin chit ciia so sinh xau li so sinh ma ASCII cua tCmg cap ki tu d hai xiu NGUYEN TLi^ONG TRI Pbin cac ham va tbu tuc thao tic vdi xau, nen trinh bay lai tbeo mdt bo cue hgp ly v i rd ring hon giup hgc sinh nira bai tdt ban, ta cd the trinh bay tbeo bd cue: Neu cu phip, \ ngMa va cudi ciing li dua vi du cu the Ddi vdi phan kien thirc chung ta nen xay dung pMeu hgc tip, lip bing phu tM bai giing se Meu qua han 3 Bien phap 3: Bo sung them cac >i dn, bai tap Pbin din dat van de cua bai 10 (ciu tnic lap) khdng thuc su dl Meu ddi vdi hgc sinh Cac vi dy sich giio khoa cd miic khd cao hon so vdi chuin kiln thuc Id nang yeu cau Ben canh cd radt sd cbu y bai khdng thyc sy can tMit Bh din dit vin de trudc bet nen liy mdt vai vi du ve cac boat ddng lap ttong cudc sdng, sau li cac vi (M dan giin de hgc sinh thiy dugc nhu ciu cua ciu tnic lap ttong thuit toan Tuong ty nhu kM day ve ciu lenh re nhinh, ddi vdi cic lenh for-do bay while-do giao vien can lam rd cic y chinh la cu phdp, y nghia vd vi du Cic vi du ttong sach giao khoa cd miic khd cao hon so vdi chuin kien thirc kT ning yeu ciu, vi die giao vien cd tbi linh ddng tiiy thudc vao nang lyc hoc sinh de dua cac vi dy phu hgp Vai ttd cua chuang la rat quan trpng ddi vdi viec dip iing myc tieu day hpc Tin hpc 11 - Day tu giai thuit, phit trien nang lyc lap trinh, giai bai toin tren miy tinM Tuy nMen vdi tiet ly Ihuyet, tiet ihuc hinh va I tiet bai tip la qui it, cin bd sung them pbin bai tap, luyen tip Cich dat van de d muc I (Bai 11 - kieu mang) li kha hay my nMen ttong doan chuang trinh gidi tMeu ve each giii quyet bii toin lai gap phii mdt sd van de nhd: TMeu sy thdng nhit giiia viec dat ten bien vi du \e kieu ming va vi du trudc: d vi du tnrdc l i / ; , t2, t7- i5 vi du \ e sii dung kieu mang lanhieldo Chung tanen iha.y hiennhietdo bang biln / de dl so sinh, Uen be vdi vi dy tnrdc 3.4 Bien phap 4: Giao vien ddi mdi phmmg phap day hgc Can cu vao muc tieu bai hgc va tinh hinh trang tiiiet bj co so vit chit ciia nhi trudng va nang luc hgc sinh de de xuat giao in phu hgp, tbeo hudng uu tien boat dgng cua hpc sinh, khai thic tdi da cic trang tMet bj Men cd, su dung phan mem md phdng de giiip hgc sinh nam bii mgt each tdt nhat Khai tiiac phin mem rad phdng, lam pMeu hpc tip, bang phu, tang cudng boat ddng nhdm, bio cao nhdm, lien be tbuc tien vao bai hgc de giiip hgc sinh nhd liu vi van dung tot hon Quan tam din ren luyen tu giai tiiuit, b6i dudng nang luc van dung thuit toan vao giai quyet cac bai tap, tinh hudng dat KET LUAN Day hgc tin hgc odi chung va mdn tin hpc d trudng THPT ndi rieng vin cdn gap nMeu khd khan ve nMeu mat (chu quan va khach quan) Y tbuc cua hgc sinh ve radn hpc "phu", tMeu thdn ve co sd vat chit, miy tinh phuc vu gid tbuc hanh, tic bai ciia ttd choi tten may tinh, va khdng it nhiing cim dd tu cic trang thdng tm tMeu lanh manh tren intemet phan nao Ii rao cin ddi vdi mdn hpc Ben canh dd, ban che ciia chuang MOT SO B E N PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA QUA TRINH DAY HOC TIN HOC 11 trinh se la khd khan ldn ddi vdi giao vien vi hpc smh de cd thi hoan lot nMem vu day hpc Trong bai bai chung tdi mdi cM mdt sd it vin de cin quan tam de cMa se mdt sd khd khan cung nhu bien phap thao gd khd khin de chuang tiinh cd tinh uyen chuyen hon, dl ding dip irag dugc muc tieu dao tao dat Vdi nhiing bai tdi, chiing tdi se trinh bay cu thi hon vl mdt sd bien phap giii quyei thdng qua cac tinh hudng day hgc cu the TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] [2] [3] [4] [5] Hd Sy Dam (chu bien) va nhdm lac gia (2011), Tin hoc 11 (Tai ban), NXB Giao due H6 Sy Dam (chii bien) va nhdm tac gia (2007), Sdch gido vien Tin hpc 11, NXB Giao dye H6 Sy Dam (chii bien) (2007), Hudng ddn ihuc hien chuang trinh, sach gido khoa lap 11 mdn Tin hgc, NXB Giao due Nguyin Tuong Tri (2010), Su dung hieu qud SGK Tin hgc THPT theo chudn kiin thirc ky Tidng, Tai lieu Boi dudng giao vien Nguyin Tuong Tri (2011), Sa/g/ong/'/idn lich chuang trinh Tin hoc THPT, Dai hpc Su pham Hue Title: SOME SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TEACHING PROCESS OF INFORMATICS SUBJECT AT GRADE 11 Abstract: Starting from the school year 2006-2007, Informatics become a formal subject in h i ^ schools [3] However, over-time instmctional programs are exposed some shortcomings for teachers as well as students The content of the article refers to some difHculties and limitations m programs and textbooks, and proposed a number of solutions to help teachers select appropriate teaching methods for teaching specific conditions to improve the efficiency of the teaching process of Informatics subject at grade II ThS NGUYEN TUONG TRI Khoa Tin hgc, Trudng Dai hgc Su pham - Dai hpc Hui ... [5] Hd Sy Dam (chu bien) va nhdm lac gia (2 011) , Tin hoc 11 (Tai ban), NXB Giao due H6 Sy Dam (chii bien) va nhdm tac gia (2007), Sdch gido vien Tin hpc 11, NXB Giao dye H6 Sy Dam (chii bien) (2007),... gido khoa lap 11 mdn Tin hgc, NXB Giao due Nguyin Tuong Tri (2010), Su dung hieu qud SGK Tin hgc THPT theo chudn kiin thirc ky Tidng, Tai lieu Boi dudng giao vien Nguyin Tuong Tri (2 011) , Sa/g/ong/''/idn... rat quan trpng ddi vdi viec dip iing myc tieu day hpc Tin hpc 11 - Day tu giai thuit, phit trien nang lyc lap trinh, giai bai toin tren miy tinM Tuy nMen vdi tiet ly Ihuyet, tiet ihuc hinh va I