TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Trgng Hodn MOT SO GIAI PHAP VE DAY DOC TRONG QUA TRINH DAY HOC NGtT VAN d TRlTOfNG PHO THONG NGUYEN TRONG HOAN'''' TOM TAT Doc Id mot trong so cdc hogt dong ddu mdi qua[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Trgng Hodn MOT SO GIAI PHAP VE DAY DOC TRONG QUA TRINH DAY HOC NGtT VAN d TRlTOfNG PHO THONG NGUYEN TRONG HOAN' TOM TAT Doc Id mot so cdc hogt dong ddu mdi quan cua tu tiip can, khdm phd vd chiim linh cude sdng Dgy doe ehinh la dgy chuyin kinh, chuyin md vd tgo nghia eho vdn bdn Di thuc hien nhiem vu hue thiet qud trinh dgy vd hoc Ngit vdn hiin nhdm dap ung mue tieu ciia ddi mai cdn bdn, todn diin gido due vd ddo tgo theo dinh hudng phdt triin ndng luc va phdm chdt ngudi hoc, viic dgy hoc sinh (HS) cdch hoc la vo ciing cdn thiet - yeu td then chdt vd trudc tiin la day HS phdt triin ndng luc doc theo mot quy trinh bdi bdn, chat che trin ca sd nhiing gidi phdp phii hap Tu khda: nang luc dpc hidu, day each hpc, dpc hidu van ban, day hpc Ngii van d trudng phd thdng ABSTRACT Some solutions to teaching reading in high schools' Literature classes Reading plays a substantial role in the development of student's cognitive thinking; and their ability to discover and control life Teaching reading is actually about switching channels and codes: adding meaning to text In order to accomplish the urgent mission in teaching and learning Literature nowadays so as to achieve the goal of fundamental and comprehensive renovation of education and training with a focus on the development of learner's competence and quality, teaching students to learn is of utmost importance, of which the first and core task is to teach students to develop their reading competence systematically on the foundation of proper solutions Keywords: reading comprehension, teaching to learn, text comprehension, teaching Literature in high schools Vdi muc tidu ddi mdi can ban, toan didn giao due va dao tao, Nghi quydt sd 29-NQ/TW 04/11/2013 cua Dang sau phan tich tinh hinh va nguydn nhan "chSt lugng, hidu qua ciia giao due va dao tao cdn thap so vdi yeu cau", phin nhidm vu va giai phap da chi rd; "Tidp tuc ddi mdi manh me phuong phap d^y va hgc theo hudng hidn dai; phat huy tinh tich cue, chu ddng, sang tao va van dung kidn thuc, kT nang ciia ngudi hpc; khac phuc ldi truydn thu ap dat mdt chidu, ghi nhd may mdc Tap trung dgy cdch hoc, cdeh nghT, khuyin khich tu hgc, tgo ea sd di ngudi hoc cap nhdt vd doi mov tri thiic, kT ndng, phdt triin ndng /«-c" Dd nang cao nhan thiic vd vai trd quydt dinh chat lugng giao due va dao tao ciia dgl ngu nha giao, bai vidt ndu mdt sd giai phap su pham vd day dgc, ' TS Vy GiSo dye Trung hpc, BO GiSo dye vS Dao tgo, Email: nthoan@moet edu TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM nham gdp phan thuc hidn nhidm vu "tap trung da\- each hoc, each nghT, khuyen khich tu hoc'" qua trinh day hgc Ngu van d trudng phd thdng Su bling nd vd cdng nghd thdng tin hidn da tao mdt the gidi phang, giiip ngudi cd the ciing liic va d mpi nai ddu cd co hdi tiep nhan va xii li nhidu ngudn thdng tin vdi mdt tdc dp vugt bac Dil mudn hay khdng, thuc tidn toan cau hda cung dang dat cac loai hinh dao tao dd cd nha trudng - trudc nhCmg thir thach ve vide dao tao ngudn nhan luc lao ddng canh tranh - cd kha nang thich iing vdi nhu cau sdng va lam vide mpt thd gidi ludn ludn thay ddi Ciing vdi tich luy kinh nghidm vide phat tridn nang luc xu li tinh hudng - phai chang cung nhu day ''cai" hay day "each", nhu Kant timg ndi: "Ta khdng thd hpc tridt hpc, ma chi cd thd hpc each tridt li" hoac nhu Albert Einstein due kdt: "Gia trj ciia mdt ndn giao due ( ) khdng phai la day va hpc dugc nhidu su kidn ma la dao luydn cho tinh than biet tu duy" la mdt xu hudng tat \eu thai dai Theo dd, vide day hpc theo each ghi nhd va kidm tra, danh gia su tai hidn kidn thirc dudng nhu khdng cdn phii hgp vdi nha trudng cua the ki XXI, ma mpi dudng bidn gidi \e xa hdi kinh td van hda da khdng cdn la van dd trd ngai Day each hpc (learning to learn) thuc su khdng cdn la khai nidm mdi me ddi vdi cac nudc cd ndn giao due phat tridn hien Nga\ tir ddn dlu thd ki XXI (thang 12/2000) tai Manila (Philippines), chuyen gia va lanh dao giao due nhidu nudc da tap trung ban Sd 11(77) nam 2015 thao kd hoach "Kdt ndi he thong tri thirc mpt the gidi hpc tap" (Knowledge networking in the world of learning) dd nang cao chat lugng va hidu qua day hpc cho mdt ki nguydn mdi cua lich sir Do dac thil ciia mon hpc Ngir van (dugc ban hanh theo Quydt dinh s6 16/2006/QD-BGDDT 05/5/2006 cua Bg trudng Bp Giao due va Dao tao), d bac trung hpc, mdn Ngir van dugc xac dinh bao gdm ba phan mdn dugc day theo nguyen tac tich hgp: Tieng Viet, Ldm vdn va Vdn hoe - dd phan mdn Vdn hoe (dgc hidu van ban) giu vai trd la dau mdi, ca sd ngir lieu then chot cho hai phan mdn cdn lai Xuat phat tii muc tidu ciia chucmg trinh, vide day HS each hgc mdn Ngir van hudng tdi giup HS cd kidn thiic, kT nang, thai dp theo timg Idp/cap hgc Theo dd, dd dap img muc tieu hinh va phat tridn cac nang luc Ngir van: nang luc sir dung tidng Viet thd hidn d kT nang ca ban (dgc, viet, nghe, ndi), nang luc tidp nhan van hgc, cam thu tham mT; nang luc tu hgc va nang lyc thyc hanh, ling dung trudc hdt cdn hlnh thdnh vd phdt trien ndng luc dgc cho HS Trong chuong trinh Ngir van hien hanh, phan mdn Van hpc khdng tridn khai theo each thiic phan tich tdc phdm van hgc (nhu d Trung hpc ca sd) va gidng vdn (nhu d Trung hpc thdng) trudc day, ma thay vao dd la doe hieu vdn bdn (reading comprehension) Dd cd thd day hgc theo each thiic nay, HS trudc hdt phai dugc hgc dd hieu thd nao la dgc, each dgc nhu thd nao cho dung, cho sang tao va sir dung thdng thao cac kT nang dgc va ydu TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM cau dgc timg ngir canh va muc dich dgc Mudn vay, HS phai xu4t phat tir cac mue dich cua doe, chang han: 1) Dgc dd giai tri don thuin: dpc ro timg chir, khdng can kl thuat gi dac bidt; 2) Dpc dd tim hieu mgt y tudng dan gian: ddi hdi kT nang dgc ludt; 3) Dgc dd nSm dugc thdng tin cu the: ddi hdi kT nang dgc cham; 4) Dpc dd di sau, tim hieu va danh gia mdt quan didm mdi: doi hdi nhiing kT nang dgc sau thdng qua mpt chudi cac hoat ddng keo cang hoac/va tha chiing dlu dc/su chii y; 5) Dpc de hpc mdt chu dd/khai nidm mdi; ddi hdi nhiing kT nang dpc sau (cd dp dirng can thidt) dd nhap tam va lam chii mdt he thdng cac nghTa/Idp nghTa va tirng budc dien giai Can phan biet doc thu dong va doc tich cue (miic dp cao ciia dgc tich cyc la dgc cd su so sanh, suy luan theo tinh than phan bidn), ma cap cao nhat ciia dpc tich cue la dpc sau - mdt hoat dgng ciia tu nhan thiic cd tinh kidn tao cao Theo Richard Paul, Linda Elder [4], tiiy theo muc dich dpc, cd thd chpn dd sir dung mdt hoac mdt sd cap phii hgp dpc; d p dp I: Diin dgt lgi va phat'bieu y nghTa timg cau van ban da dpc d p dp 2: Gidi thich luan dd ciia mdt doan van (Phat bieu y chinh cua doan van bing mdt hoac hai cau; Lam ro y dya trdn ndi dung da didn dat; Dua thdm nhiing vi du cho nghTa dd vao nhimg tinh hudng cu thd; Tao cac an du, hinh anh hay bidu dd ciia luan dd ndi nghia vdi nghTa khac) d p dp 3; Phdn tich logic ciia nhimg gi da dpc Cd thd dya trdn cac cau Nguyen Trgng Hodn hdi: Tac gia dang tra Idi cau hdi nao? Muc dich ca ban ciia tac gia la gi? Gdc nhin cua tac gia? Gia dinh cua tac gia? Dau la ham y ciia tac gia? Tac gia dimg thdng tin nao dd lap luan? Kdt luan nao la quan trgng thdng tin cua tac gia? Khai nidm tac gia dat la gi? Cap 4: Ddnh gid logic nhiing gi da dgc Tinh ro rang thdng tin? Su diing dan thdng tin? Tinh chinh xac ciia nhung chi tiet? Nhiing gdc nhin lien quan? Dp sau sac? Tinh nhat quan cua thdng tin? Tinh he thdng? Tinh da chidu, khach quan thdng tin ciia tac gia? Cap dp 5: Dong vai/diin dgt bdng giong tdc gid Ddng vai ngdi thii nhat sd it de suy nghT, hanh ddng va dien dat bang each ciia chinh tac gia Cimg vdi each hidu ve cap dp dpc tren, cdn cd nhiing each hidu va gpi ten khac ve cac miic dp dpc Chang han: cac mite dp doc tren dong, doc giQ-a dong va dpc VU0 dong ma chiing tdi da cd dip trinh bay [1] Trong day hgc Ngii van, dgc la ydu to giii vai trd then chdt, nen vide hudng dan HS each dpc diing (Ii tudng la dgc sang tao) mgt doan van, each dpc sach giao khoa, each dpc mdt bai bao, each dpc mpt bai tha, mot truydn ngan hay tidu thuyet, each dpc theo dac tnmg thd loai la rat quan trpng Ve thii thuat, luu y viec hudng dan each thirc danh dau dpc (khoanh trdn, gach dudi, dau cam, dau hdi cham, ghi tat ngoai Id, gap gdc trang ) theo quy udc rieng cua mdi ca nhan (khoanh trdn: dinh nghTa cua khai nidm, dau cam than; kdt luan quan trgng, dau hdi cham: van de cdn chua hidu rd hoac can kidm tra Iai ) TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM dd luu vao bd nhd theo he thdng, tidp tuc suy ngam hoac dd ngd nhiing each giai ma khac Mdi dang tai lieu/the loai van ban phii hgp vdi mdt/nhiing each dgc khac mdi each dgc se dem lai hidu qua khac - kd ca ciing mgt tai lieu nhung khdng phai liic nao dgc cung dem lai hidu qua nhu Nhu trdn da ndi tir nam hgc 20022003 vide day hgc phan Van hgc dugc tidn hanh theo phuang thiic doc hieu vdn bdn dd HS hinh kien thiic ihdng qua bai dgc ddng thdi phat tridn nang lyc dgc hidu Van dd dat d day la: dgc hidu theo dac trung thd loai la mgt ydu cau cd tinh tidn quydt Dac tnmg the loai quy dinh nguydn tac cau tao hinh tugng, cho ndn HS phai xac lap bdi canh sang tao van ban dd lua chgn each dgc, gigng dpc phil hgp vdi each tiep can va li giai cac binh didn nghd thuat Bdn canh dd, phan Van hgc khdng chi gdm van ban nghd thuat ma cdn cd van ban nhat dung (cdn gpi la van ban thdng tin), cho ndn ydu cau vd ndi dung dpc hieu cung dugc md rdng bdi cac binh didn: xac dinh dd tai, thd loai: xac dinh chu dd (hay y chinh) ciia van ban (tac pham trgn ven hoac doan trich); chi phuong thiic bidu dat, phong each ngdn ngir van ban; nhdn didn nhan \ at sy kien/chi tidt/hinh anh ndi bat cua van ban; Iam rd nghTa \ a chi hidu qua ciia nghd thuat su dung tir ngii, cii phap, thao tac lap luan: hidu dugc va nhan xet/danh gia vd quan didm/tu tudng'tmh cam/thai dp ciia tac gia; tir van ban nit bai hgc/gia di sdng cho ban than hoac ban luan/van dung giai quyet mdt van de thyc tidn ddi sdng 36 So 11(77) ndm 2015 Tir thang 12/2009, OECD chinh thiic chap nhan Viet Nam tham gia danh gia PISA, va tir nam 2012 chiing ta co them mdt kenh danh gia kha nang dpc hieu (reading literacy) cimg vdi nSng luc Toan hpc va nang lyc Khoa hpc Vdi muc dich tgo y thuc ve dgng ca hoe tap vd cdeh hoe; dd tao kha nSng bidt dpc, co trinh dp dgc hidu, cac van ban dpc hilu cua PISA vdi dd tai da dang phong phii gdm cac the loai: ty sy, giai thich, midu ta, lap iuan, hudng dan, ghi chdp, bang bidu va ma tran, sa do, ban dd, thdng bao va quang cao, hda dan chiing tir, van bang chiing chi hudng vao ydu cdu: neu thdng tin ca ban va each hidu vd thong tin do, phat tridn kha nang binh luan thdng qua phan bidt cac mdi lien he, phat trien kT nang binh luan bai dpc giiia vide kdt hgp thdng tin va dpc bidu dd, giai thich II lya chgn ciia tac gia, y nghTa phia sau bai dgc, phat trien kT nang phan tich, lidn he kidn thiic bai dpc vdi von kidn thiic cua ban than, tir each hidu ve hinh thiic nhan thd loai bai dpc Nhu vay, each danh gia md rdng cac linh vuc chidu kich va binh didn cua dgc; tir dgc kenh chu, kenh hinh md cac suy luan, phan hdi, lien he va iing dung vide dgc vao thuc tidn Vide day dgc da dugc tidn hanh tir cap Tieu hpc; song d Trung hpc, vide dav dgc van la mdt sy tidp ndi theo nguyen tic chuyen kenh, chuyen he de dap iing nhimg nhiem vu hgc tap mdi cua HS Tir ggi y ciia Richard Paul, Linda Elder, de ren luyen kl nang \a phat tridn nang luc dgc, giai doan cd thd thyc hanh cac dang bai tap thidt ydu: TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM 1) D^ng bai t£ip luydn tap cac muc dich dgc khac nhau; 2) D ^ g bai tap nhan bidt ngir canh va thd hidn gigng dgc/ngii cam dpc theo thd lo^i; 3) Dang bai tap lya chpn d p dp dpc; 4) Dang bai tap van dung cac miic dgc; 5) Dang bai tap rdn luydn kT nang dgc hidu van ban; 6) D ^ g bai tap tucmg tac tich hgp va lien mdn; 7) Dang bai tSp kidn tap nghTa tir bai dgc; 8) Dang bai tap ren luypn tu phan bidn; 9) Dang bai tap vSn dung each thiic danh gia dgc hidu cua PISA Didu dang luu y d day la: cac dang bai tgp phai dugc xay dung nhim the hien cac miic dp ydu cau ciia khung danh gia theo ma tran, kdm theo nhidm vu thuydt minh/li giai, dd xuat hoac ty nhan xet/danh gia phan hdi cda HS vd hoat dpng thyc hanh dpc Ddng thdi, dd dap ling ydu cau "md" cua hoat ddng ren luydn thyc hanh dpc hidu van ban, vide lya chpn van ban cho cac dang bai tap can md rdng den cac ITnh vyc tich hgp va lidn mdn, gdp phin giao due kT nang sdng phil hgp vdi ddi tugng Dgc la mdt sd cac hoat dgng dlu mdi quan trpng cua tu tidp can, kham pha va chidm ITnh cupc sdng De khuydn khich HS ty hpc, img vdi mdi myc dich ydu cau cua dgc, giao vidn giiip HS xay dyng kd hoach dpc tai lieu va bao cao tidn dp, thu hoach sau dpc va dd xult thao luan {dh chia sd, trao ddi kdt Nguyen Trgng Hoan qua dgc theo timg nhdm va timg ca nhan) kd hoach hpc tap phii hgp vdi ydu cau timg bai, timg ehuang, timg phan, timg hgc ki va timg nam hgc Vi du; Phan cdng nhidm vu ca nhan hoac nhiem vu phdi hgp thyc hanh dpc cac Ioai tai lieu dd dap ling nhidm vy timg bai hpc, tidn trinh va each thiic hpc tap (hpc trdn ldp, hpc theo dy an, hgc tap tai di san, hoat ddng trai nghidm sang tao, hinh thiic hpc tap theo chuyen dd tich hgp va lien mdn ) Lich sir phat tridn xa hpi cho thay: mdt sd nhiing nguyen nhan chinh dan ddn kim ham hoac can trd sy tidn bp thudng la khd khan vd vide thay ddi thdi quen - hay ndi each khac, khd khan nhat dd vugt ldn chinh minh thudng la su am anh, Id thupc vao dinh dang ciia ldi mdn tu da trd "tham can cd dd" Vi vay, nhirng giai phap ve day dpc cung chinh la chuyen giao nhidm vu hpc tap vao tay HS, didu dat thir thach lua chpn dd ddi mdi tu nghd nghidp ma bat dau tir vide nhan thiic mdt each day du, tir dd xay dyng kd hoach va each thiic tridn khai phii hgp Sinh thdi, cd Thu tudng Pham Van Ddng da timg ndi: "HS nhd nhidu, hgc nhidu la didu dang khuyen khich nhung dd quydt khdng phai la didu chii ydu Didu chu ydu la day HS each suy nghT sang tao Chiing ta phai xem lai each giang day van tnrdng thdng cua chiing ta, khdng nen day nhu cu bdi vi day nhu cii thi khdng nhiing vide day van khdng hay ma vide dao tao ngudi cung khdng cd ket qua Vi vay dut khoat chiing ta phai cd each day khac, phai day 37 TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM cho HS biSt suy nghi, suy nghl bang tri 6c ciia minh thi nao cho t6t nhdt" [I] ThiSt nghl, cung la muc tieu giao due, nhiem vu biic thiSt cua m6i thiy co giao va HS qua trinh day va hpc NgO vSn hien nay, ngo hau dap ling muc tieu i SS 11(77) nam 2015 cua doi mdi can ban, toan dien giao dye va dao tao theo dinh hucmg "chuy6n manh qua trinh giao dye tir chu y6u trang bi kiSn thiic sang phat trien toan dien nang luc va pham chat nguoi hoc" TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Pham Van Dong (1996), Tuyen tdp, Nxb Van hgc Nguyen Trong Hoan (2002), Tiep can vdn hgc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi Richard Paul, Linda Elder (-2015), Cdm nang lu phdn bien, Nxb Tong hc^p Thanh Ho Chi Minh Richard Paul, Linda Elder (2015), Cdm nang tu dgc, Nxb Tong hpp Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh Tsunesaburo (1994), Ren luyen lu vi cuoc song sdng Igo, Nxb Tre (Ngiy Tda soan nhin dugc bii: 02-10-2015: ngiy phin biin dinh gii: 20-10-2015: ngiy chip nhin dang: 24-11-2015) ... hgc va nang lyc thyc hanh, ling dung trudc hdt cdn hlnh thdnh vd phdt trien ndng luc dgc cho HS Trong chuong trinh Ngir van hien hanh, phan mdn Van hpc khdng tridn khai theo each thiic phan tich... cac mite dp doc tren dong, doc giQ-a dong va dpc VU0 dong ma chiing tdi da cd dip trinh bay [1] Trong day hgc Ngii van, dgc la ydu to giii vai trd then chdt, nen vide hudng dan HS each dpc diing... va pham chat nguoi hoc" TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Pham Van Dong (1996), Tuyen tdp, Nxb Van hgc Nguyen Trong Hoan (2002), Tiep can vdn hgc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi Richard Paul, Linda Elder (-2015), Cdm