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Pathways to Literature Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu A Introduction: I Types of literature: Poetry Concept (văn xuôi) Poetry is any kind of written text Prose is any kind of written text Drama is literature that is are written in lines and stanzas common types of prose are performed A work that is (sets of lines) The syllables and that isn't poetry The most novels and short stories, while (Kịch) written in order to be meant to be performed in the words in a poem are put together other types include biographies, theater is called a play Plays in a specific way, giving it a memoirs, diaries, and journals – though there are poems that sentences and organized in particular rhythm called a meter are free of form and may not have a regular meter Prose is written in complete consists mainly of dialogue with some stage directions paragraphs and focuses on plot and characters Sonnet 18; Robinson Crusoe; Romeo and Juliet; Ulysses Pride and Prejudice; As You Like It; She Walks in Beauty; Works Drama (thơ) that focuses on sound Poems Definition Prose Gulliver’s Travels; Frankenstein; Wuthering Heights; Moby Disk; Great Expectations; Hamlet; Doctor Faustus; The Importance of Being Earnest Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; The picture of Dorian Gray; The Time Machine; The Hound of the Baskervilles II Literary elements: Poetry - A foot is a group of stressed and unstressed syllables that a line of poetry can be divided into unstressed syllable iamb Gives a natural sound to the poem stressed syllable spondee Often used for emphasis trochee Gives a sing-song rhythm to the poem anapest Often used in longer poems dactyl Often used in classical Greek or Latin texts to create a pulse in a poem Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Ex: relax, unfair, to be, Shall I, etc Ex: well-loved, blood Ex: hoping, darkness, Ex: incomplete, boil, There goes, There Go now, And the, etc lies, etc misinformed, On the way, Twas the night, etc Ex: marmalade, criminal, Under the, Cannon to, etc Figurative language - Figurative language is a word or phrase used in a non-literal (nghĩa bóng) sense for rhetorical or vivid effect Ex: Simile (Phép so sánh) A comparison of two things, often using the words • My love is like a red, red rose • Oliver ran like the wind like or as • My love for Clinton is like the foliage in the woods [Wuthering Heights] Ex: Metaphor (Phép ẩn dụ/ So sánh ngầm) A strong comparison made by stating one thing is another, without using like or as • The city is a jungle • The lash of his words (lash: a hit with a whip) • But thy eternal summer shall not fade (Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare) (-> Your beauty will never fade.) Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu • "Sea of troubles” (Hamlet by William Shakespeare) is used as a metaphor in the soliloquy to compare Hamlet's sufferings with the endless and huge sea Ex: Personification (Nhân hóa/ Nhân cách hóa) • Lightning attacked the ground from an angry sky Giving human characteristics to objects and • The house was alive with soft, phenomena quick steps and running voices • Little faint winds were playing chase (The Garden Party by Katherine Mansfield) Ex: Onomatopoeia (Từ tượng thanh) • Clap! Clap! • Stomp! Stomp! The use of words that imitate the sounds they • Swish! Swish! describe • The bees buzzed from flower to flower and the birds chirped in the trees Hyperbole (Ngoa dụ/Nói quá) Exaggeration in order to draw attention to something, or for humorous effect Ex: • You are as strong as buffalo Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu • He is dull as a cow • These books weigh a ton! Ex: Irony (Châm biếm/ Mỉa mai/Tình trớ trêu) Where the true meaning behind a statement is • "Lovely weather," said Kate, looking out of the window at the intentionally quite the opposite of its literal pouring rain meaning • The irony of her reply, “How nice!” when I said I had to work all weekend Ex: Alliteration (Điệp âm/Sự lặp lại âm đầu) • The soldier stood silent and still • Suzy saw a silly seal The repetition of the same sounds at the beginning • I baked brownies for Ben ’s of words or in a stressed syllable birthday • For the first time in forever, there’ll be music there’ll be light Ex: Assonance (Sự trùng âm) The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words • We light fire on the mountain • I feel depressed and restless • Go and mow the lawn • Johnny went here and there and everywhere Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Ex: Consonance (Sự đồng âm) The repetition of the same consonants in a • Mike likes his new bike • Norm, the worm, took the sequence of words garden by a storm this morn • The back sack is in the back Ex: Pun (Sự chơi chữ) • Broken pencils are pointless pointless: having no point pointless: useless The humorous or rhetorical effect achieved due to the resemblance in sound between two words • Is Life worth living? Yes, it depends on the liver • She told the child to try not to be so trying Ex: Oxymoron (Phép nghịch hợp/Sự mâu thuẫn từ ngữ • love hate; awfully good; big baby; open secret A phrase which contains words that seem to contradict one another • Romeo utters a series of oxymoron when he complains about his "loving hate", his" heavy cụm từ) lightness", "serious vanity", "cold fire", “sick health”', “cold passion” Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu The use of words or pictures to describe ideas or actions in poems, books, films, etc • Visual imagery (Thị giác) → pertaining to sight (1) • Auditory imagery (Thính giác) → pertaining to sound (2 ) Ex: (1) bright sunshine, gloomy, foggy, vibrant (2) a booming voice, boom!, squeaky, buzz, whisper (3) acrid smoke, rotten, pungent, • Olfactory imagery (Khứu giác) → pertaining stinky Imagery to smell (3) (4) sweet grapes, juicy, spicy, bitter taste (4) gritty • Gustatory imagery (Vị giác) → pertaining to • Tactile imagery (Xúc giác) → pertaining to touch (5) • Kinesthetic imagery → pertaining to movement (6) • Organic/Subjective imagery → pertaining to internal bodily sensations, including hunger, thirst, and fatigue (7) (5) soft skin, stickt, slimy, woolly, (6) bobbing boats (7) an exhausted sigh Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Point of view & narrator - The point of view (Quan điểm) of a story refers to who tells the story or how the story is told It can sometimes show the author's intentions - The narrator (Người kể chuyện) is the person telling the story The narrator may or may not be a character in the story Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Types of narrator Ex: First-person The narrator participates in the action, telling it from • When I saw his face I realized that something was wrong their point of view, but sometimes has limited • Last night I dreamt I went to knowledge Manderley again (Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier) Ex: • You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like Second-person this at this time of the The narrator addresses the reader directly, as though morning But here you are the reader were part of the story (Bright Lights, Big City by Jay Mclnerney) • You walk into your bedroom You see clutter everywhere and Third-person The narrator is not known and does not participate in the story, telling it from another person's or other people's point of view Ex: • He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu eighty-four days now without taking a fish (The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway) Ex: The narrator knows what each character is thinking, Omniscient • Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is feeling, and doing throughout the story An omniscient unhappy in its own way narrator has multiple perspectives and may follow one Everything was in confusion character for a few chapters, and then follow another in the Oblonskys' house The character for a few chapters, etc wife had discovered (Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy) Ex: The narrator knows only part of the whole truth, and Limited may learn as the reader does, make mistakes or draw wrong conclusions that confuse the reader, or even set out to purposely mislead the reader • There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something down-right detestable I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why 10 Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu (Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson) Setting & plot - The setting (Bối cảnh) is the time and place in which the story takes place For example, the novel Gone With the Wind takes place in and around Atlanta, Georgia, during and after the American Civil War - The plot (Cốt truyện) is what happens in a story For example, a fisherman's fight with a giant fish is the plot of Ernest Hemingway's allegorical novel The Old Man and the Sea - There are many different plots, but they usually follow the same pattern This is called the story arc, and it is depicted in the diagram below 11 Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu c d b e a Characters Protagonist Antagonist Major character (Nhân vật diện) (Nhân vật phản diện) The main character in The character in The important protagonist complex characters main character, a story conflict with the (Nhân vật chính) Foil character people in a story, that grow, change, and react (Nhân vật cản trở) Characters with opposite traits to a appearing to give emphasis to the main character's traits 12 Minor character (Nhân vật phụ) The flat or one-sided characters in a story, who remain undeveloped Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Literary techniques Ex: In John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, where Candy's Foreshadowing (Báo trước/Báo hiệu) The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in a story It is used to create suspense and a sense of the inevitable ancient dog is shot in the back of the head to prevent its suffering This foreshadows both the manner of and reason for Lennie's death at the hands of his best friend George Ex: Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Flashback/Flashforward (Hồi tưởng/Chuyển tiếp) A narrative passage that takes the reader backwards/forwards in time Aureliano Buendia was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice (One Hundred Years of Soh'tude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez) 13 Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Motif (Chủ đề quán xuyến/ Yếu tố lặp lặp lại) A recognizable feature within a book or a genre A key quality of a motif is that it is repeated Ex: The wicked stepmother and sets of three are common motifs in fairy tales Ex: In William Golding's Lord of the Flies, the boys use the Symbolism (Biểu tượng) Using an object or something else to stand for an idea This may be a stock symbol such as the dove as a symbol of peace, or it may be something that appears in a story and gains its own significance sound of the conch shell to call meetings The conch shell comes to symbolize community, and when it is broken, the reader understands that society has completely broken down on the island Ex: Allusion (Ám chỉ) When James Joyce named one Referencing another literary text or source of the main characters in Ulysses Stephen Dedalus, it was an allusion to Daedalus, designer of the Labyrinth and 14 Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu father of Icarus in ancient Greek mythology Ex: The Henry story The Gift of the Magi, which depicts a young husband and wife who are very much in love but so poor that they can't afford to Situational irony When the result of a situation is at odds with the (Sự châm biếm tình huống) audience's or reader's expectation buy each other Christmas presents The woman cuts off her beautiful long hair to sell it to a wig-maker, and uses the money to buy her husband a chain for his pocket watch On Christmas Day she discovers her husband has sold his watch to buy her combs for her hair Dramatic irony (Sự châm biếm kịch tính) When the audience knows more than a character in a story The character's words and actions have an extra significance that the character is ignorant of 15 Ex: In the final act of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo finds Juliet in Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu her family tomb and kills himself, believing her to be dead The audience, however, knows she is not dead, and has simply taken a drug that makes it appear that she is, in order to avoid marrying Paris Ex: The two main locations in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Mirroring (Phản chiếu) Parallels in characters, events, and so on that force the reader to compare them Mirroring can also be achieved through opposites Heights use this technique; Wuthering Heights is a dark forbidding house high in the wild moors, whereas Thmshcross Grange is a bright, spacious mansion set in beautiful grounds in the green valley Conflict (Xung đột) The disagreement, discord, or contradiction that creates the need for change in a story Conflict can be internal (within the protagonist) or external 16 Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu (between the protagonist and some other character or entity) • Man versus self (internal) → the struggle between the protagonist and their conscience • Man versus nature (external) → the struggle between the character and some element of nature • Man versus man (external) → the struggle between two characters in a story • Man versus society (external) → the struggle between a character and the rules or laws that govern the society where they live 17 ... (7) an exhausted sigh Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Point of view & narrator - The point of view (Quan điểm) of a story refers to who tells the story or how the story is told It can sometimes... narrator (Người kể chuyện) is the person telling the story The narrator may or may not be a character in the story Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu Types of narrator Ex: First-person The narrator... passion” Pathways to Literature – Anh Thu The use of words or pictures to describe ideas or actions in poems, books, films, etc • Visual imagery (Thị giác) → pertaining to sight (1) • Auditory imagery