Nguyen Minh Tan Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 71(9) 3 7 VAN DUNG CAC QUAN DIEM HIEN DAI CUA LY LUAN DAY HOC THIET KE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC TICH CUC HOA Nguyen Minh Tan'''' Truang Dai hpc )'''' Duac Dgi hpc Tha[.]
Nguyen Minh Tan Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 71(9): 3-7 VAN DUNG CAC QUAN DIEM HIEN DAI CUA LY LUAN DAY HOC THIET KE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC TICH CUC HOA Nguyen Minh Tan' Truang Dai hpc )'-Duac - Dgi hpc Thai Nguyen T6MTAT_ Dua tren ca sd li luan giao due hoc hien dai, tren ca sd trinh bay nhung quan diem khac viec phan loai cac phuong phap day hoc va phan tich cac xu hudng ddi mdi hoat dgng day va hoc cac trudng phd thdng, bai viet tham khao, tdng hgp va trinh bay nhung quan niem, nhan thirc mdi viec thiet ke phuang phap day hoc, nham phat huy tinh tich cue, tu luc va sang tao ciia hpc sinh boat ddng hoc va tu hoc Tac gia cQng trao ddi va chia se nhung trai nghiem thuc te ciia cac nha giao due, cac thay cd giao viec td chiic qua trinh day hoc theo hudng tich cue hda, lay ngudi hge lam trung lam, bgc thdng qua viec giai quyet tinh hudng va bang boat dgng tu lire ciia ngud'i hoc, dudi sir hudng dan va trg giiip ciia thay giao va cac tai lieu, phuong tien hoc tap thich hgp Til' khoa: Phuang phdp gido due mai khdi niem dgy thiet ke XU HUONG DOI MOI PPDH TRONG CAC TRU'6NG PHO THONG Ca SO' Ii luan ciia viec ddi mdi PPDH PPDH la each thirc boat ddng ciia ngudi thay, dugc thuc hien qua trinh day hge de tac ddng den ngud'i hge va viec bgc ciia hg, nham hudng dan hg bgc tap va giiip hg dat muc lieu bgc tap PPDH tdn tai hien thuc tren Idp bgc, d mdi bai hge, su tuong tac giua ngudi thay va bgc trd, giua bgc trd vdi va vdi mdi trud'ng hge tap Cac quan diem hien dai ve li luan day hge deu khang djnh ban chcit ciia cac PPDH lien tien ma chiing ta dang tiep can la su thay ddi vai lid ciia thay va trd boat ddng day va bgc Irong dd, lid la chii the chir khdng phai "ngudi ngoai cude" cdn thay se la ngud'i td chiic, dan dat, ed van va tdng hgp y kien de gid bgc dien dimg hudng, dat miie tieu Thay vi chi lap trung ngdi nghe thay thuyet trinh d day, trd se dugc tang cudng tinh tu chu va tu Icip, phat trien kha nang tu duy, ky nang trinh bay, himg bien chia se hgp tac, tdng hgp tai lieu , thay neu van de, cdn viec giai quyet van de dd nhu the nao la viec ciia trd chinh trd lu minh lim each giai quyet van de va qua dd nit cho minh nhirng tri thirc minh can, chir khdng phai thu dgng tiep thu nhting kien thirc ma thay ap dat • Tel 0913 005 415 Email: lannm'altnu.edu.vn Trong hoat ddng day - bgc mdi, thdi lugng se danh nhieu hon eho thao luan, lam viec nhdm va tir dgc sach Trong gid bgc, trd se chii ddng phat bieu, trao ddi, gdp y hg cung cd co' hdi dua chinh kien ciia minh ve van de dugc neu ra, dugc bdc Id quan diem, dugc tranh luan, bao ve cho quan diem cua ban than Tuy nhien, PPDH khdng thap yeu can ddi vdi ngudi thay, ngugc lai, ngud'i thay van nhat thiet phai la ngudi "cam can mirc", sang sudt viec dieu khien, djnh hudng cho Idp bgc cung nhu eac cugc thao luan, ddng thdi ca cac hinh thiic kiem tra va danh gia Ngudi thay khdng nhfrng phai dap img ve kien thirc ma cdn ve phuong phap lanh dao td chirc, dieu hanh , ldm lai ngudi thay can phai toan dien hon nang ddng hon, sang tao ban Qua trinh day - hge la qua trinh nhan tluic nd khdng chi coi trgng ndi dung kien thirc ma cdn phai chii trgng phuong phap day ciia thay va hge ciia trd, dd, ddi mdi ndi dung ludn ket hgp chat che vdi ddi mdi phuong phap, phii hgp vdi sir ddi mdi mue tieu, nhiem vu day ligc tirng giai doan phat trien ciia xa hdi Hoat ddng day - hge la mdt qua trinh tac ddng qua lai giua viee giang day ciia ihay va boat ddng nhan thirc ctia trd, quci trinh Uciy la thdng nhcit va khdng tach riii, chinh vi vay, viec ddi mdi day hge can tien hanh ddng thdi tren cac Ngu\cn Minh Tan Tap clii KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE mat: quan niem nhan thirc, ngi dung tri thirc va phuang phap day - hge ciia ca tha>' va trd Tdm lai cac quan diem hien dai li luan da\ hge deu thdng nhat a mgt diem Ia: can tirng bude bien qua trinh dao tao tu dao tao chuyen ddi dan vai trd la> ngudi thl\ la tnmg tam sang viec lay hge trd lam trung tam Cdng cugc ddi mdi giao due cai tien ngi dung chuong trinh sach giao khoa chi thuc su cdng ma cac quan mem nlian thirc va nhirng phuong phap day hge dugc ddi mdi theo djnh hudng phat huy tinh tich circ tu lap va sang tao cua trd Phan tich cac xu huong doi mdi Phdn logi cdc phuong phdp dgy hoc: Vice phan loai cac PPDH thudng dugc dua vao dac tnrng hoat ddng da> cua tha> va bgc cua trd Cd nhieu quan diem khac vc each phan loai chang ban: - Phuang phap thdng bao - thu nhan; - Phuong phap tai hicn; - Phuong phap neu van dc; - Phuong phap tim kicm tirng phan; - Phuong phap nghien ciru Quan diem khac lai phan loai theo nhdm vdi cac dau hieu dac tnrng nhu: dac trung kiln thirc; dac tnrng boat ddng cua tha>' va dac tnrng boat ddng cua trd tir dd chia cac PPDH vat ly cac nhdm chang ban: - Nhdm cac phuang phap thuylt trinh; - Nhdm cac phuong phap trirc quan; - Nhom cac phuang phap thuc hanh Tat nhien can khang dinh ring, sc khdng cd mgt phuang phap da\ bgc nao la van nang va\ thuc tc ngudi tha> can ap dung mgt each Imh boat tin theo dieu kien va nang luc thuc tc qua dd mdi thuc su dem lai hieu qua phat hu\ dugc tinh tich cue va tir luc hgat ddng nhan thirc cua ngudi bgc Xu hu'dng ddi mdi PPDH a tnrdng phd thdng: Xu hudng doi mdi PPDH da dugc xac djnh Nghj quyet tning uong khda VII ( 1/1993) Nghi qu\'ct tning uang khda VIII (12/1996) va dugc the che hda Luat Giao due 2005 dd dilu 28 khoan da 71(9): 3-7 chi rd: '" PPGD thong phai phat hu\ tinh tich cue tu giac, chu dgng va sang tao cua hge sinh; phii hgp vdi dac diem cua tirng lop hge, mdn hoc; boi dudng phuong phap tu bgc rdn luyen kT nang van dung kien thirc vao thuc ticn tac dgng den tinh cam dem lai niem vui thii hoc tap cho hoc sinh" Nham dat dugc cac muc ticu tren xu hudng ddi mdi PPDH can tap tnmg nghien ciru va phat trien theo cac hudng sau: Nang cao kT nang ky xao van dung va phdi hgp cac PPDH theo hudng tich cue hda boat dgng day va hge thong qua vice phat hicn nhirng van dc nhirng tinh huong thuc tl khuN en khich qua trinh tu hge tir nghien ciru Chii trgng viec da> kien thirc gan lien vdi vice da> phuang phap tu phat hu\ cao nhat tinh tir lire, sang tao hoat dgng nhan thirc cua hge sinh Da\ kien thuc gan lien vdi kT nang thuc hanh ket hgp giua cac bai thuc hanh thirc tap trgng PTN vdi nhirng phan mem thuc hanh ao vdi su hd trg cua cac thict bj ky thuat so va cac phan mem chuyen dung (PTN ao) Su dung tdi da cac phuang ticn da> bgc dac bict la cac tiru cua CNTT nhu ma> tinh mang giao trinh va thu vien dien tu cac phan mem irng dung ho trg da> hge Ddi mdi quy trinh va phuong phap kiem tra danh gia dd chii trgng vice tu kicm tra va lugng gia ciia hge sinh qua cac bai thuc tap thuc hanh hoac cac phan mem trie nghiem THIET KE PHLTONG P H A P DAY HOC THEO HirdNG TICH CUC HOA Thiet kc PPDH la chirc nang va cdng vice chuyen mdn ciia ngudi tha>' dira vao li luan va nhirng qu\ tac kT thuat nhat dinh dong thdi van dung kinh nghiem nghe nghiep ca nhan Ve mat ly luan moi PPDH luon cau tir phan: Phuong phap luan da\ hge tiic la li thu\ It PPDH md hinh li thuyet cua PPDH trilt li ha\ ngu>'cn tac li luan nao dd dugc md ta giai thich sach bao khoa hpc vi du: li thuNct vc cac mo hinh thao luan li thu\ct da\ hoc kien tao li thu\ct da\ hoc chuang trinh Nguyen Minh Tan Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE hda Day la md hinh li huin cua PPDH nd xac djnh ban chat cua PPDl I lam cho PPDH Uciy khac PPDH He thdng ky nang phii hgp de thuc hien phuong phap luan Irong bai bgc vdi ndi dung kien thirc dac trung ciia mdn bgc chiuig chi bang each nao thay giao cd the bien phuong phap liuin da chgn phuong tluic lac ddng llicil sir den ngudi bgc va den qua trinh bgc tap Nhirng kT thuat cdng cu phirong tien Day la hinh tluic vat chat cua PPDH chang ban Id'i ndi, chir viet tranh anh tai lieu media, tranh luan, hgi thao nhdm, thi nghiem, thuc hanh (thuc Vci ao) vv cluing dugc sir dung va duge td chirc theo phuong phap luan da chgn Ba phan can dugc td chirc hai hda va ihdng nhat tu va boat ddng de giiip iigu'(7i thay thiel ke nen mdt PPDH cii the hieu qua Ndi each khac thilt kl PPDH phai thich hgp hai hda vdi thiet ke tdng the cua bai bgc Cac thiinh phan thiet ke bai hoc Cjdiii: thict ke muc lieu, thiet ke ndi dung, thiel ke ciic boat ddng cua iiguiri bgc, thiel ke ngudn luc vii phuong lien, thict ke mdi tniinig bgc Icip, dcic biet quan Irgng la ihiel ke boat ddng ciia thay cung nhu ciia trd, Irong dd, chii trgng den vice khuyen khich hocit ddng ctia trd Khi dill Irong Ihiet ke chung cd loai boat ddng ca ban ma hge trd phai thuc hien: Hoat deing phat hieii-tim tdi, gitip ngudi hge sinh pliiil hicn sir kien, van de, linh hudng, nhiem vu bgc tcip va tim nhung lien he, xu the, dir lieu, thdng tin gia trj, cac tinh hudng, sir kien lloal ddng \u' li-bien ddi dir lieu, thdng tin va gia Irj da thu dugc, giiip ngudi bgc xay dung y ludng, Uio dang tri thirc, hinh khai niem, hieu va phat bieu duge nhung djnh li quy tac khai niem, lloal ddng ap dung kel qua xir li-bien ddi vii phat Irien khai niem, giiip ngudi hge hoan thien tri llnic qua hanh ddng Ihuc ti;, Irong linh hudng khac Irudc va nhd' dd phat trien 71(9): - them cac sir kien bd sung thdng tin trai nghiem gia trj Hoat ddng danh gia qua trinh Vci ket qua, giiip ngud'i bgc dieu chmh ngi dung vii each bgc phat trien nhirng y tudng mdi Viec thiet ke PPDH phai bam sat timg IOCTI boat ddng cimg nhu pbuong lien, nidi Inrdng ciia bai hoc Thiel ke PPDH phai dua vao nhirng phuong tluic hge lap va cac kieu PPDl I chung: Hge bang each bat cliudc chep mau-dd la CO' che lir nhien va phd bien nhat cua hoc tap giiip ngudi thu dugc hau het nhimg bai bgc true quan dcTi minh Hge bang lam vice (bang hiinh dgng cd chu djnh), dd la each bgc chii yeu bang ciic thao Uic, tap luyen, qua dd hieu va ITnh hdi gia Irj Hge bang trai nghiem, chia xe kinh nghiem, dd la each bgc chu yen bang xiic cam cam nhan Elgc bang suy ngliT li Iri tiic la bang y thirc li luan tu du\ triru tugng suy ngam tren co' sd boat ddng tri tue dc giai quyet van dc Tuong img vcVi nhirng phuong tluic hoc tap nhu Vciy co the cd nhimg kieu PPDH dugc phan biel vcii vc nguyen lac li luan: - Kieu PPDH thdng bao-thu nhan; - Kieu PPDH lam mau-tai tc^o; - Kilu PPDH kiln tcio-tim ldi; - Kieu PPDH khuyin khicb-tbam gia; - Kieu PPDH tinh hudng-iighicn ciru Cach ggi ten ciia kieu PPDl I chi rd khuynh hudng va tinh chat hanh ddng ciia thay va trd Mdi kieu PPDH \a\ cd vd vim hinh thirc vat chat Do hien tliiic Ccic hicn tugng ciia PPDH la vd hcin mac dii vc li luan (ban chat) chi cd hiru ban cac kieu PPDH Khi thiet ke PPDH can dua viio quan niem hoiic li thuyet khoa ligc ma minh tin cay ve cae phuong tluic bgc tap va kieu PPDl I va ndi chung la nhirng li tliuyel hoc tap va giang chiy Thiel ke PPDH phai dua viio kinh nghiem sir pham va ky nang day hoc cua ihiiy Ciui the thiel ke Vci thuc hien PPDl I chinh la ngudi thay Nhiing ky nang day hoc thict \cu Ngin'en Minli Tan Tcip clii KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE gom nhdm: nhdm kT imng thiet ke giang day; nhdm kT nang tiln hanh giang day; nhdm kT nang nghien cuu hge tap va nghien ciru ngud'i bgc Khi thilt ke PPDH, phai can nhac ve chinh minh va Idp hge cua minh de tao ban thiet ke kha quan nhat gidi han kha nang ciia minh Thict ke tdt la thiet ke ma khdng chi ban than ngudi thiet ke thirc hien dugc, ma cac ddng nghiep ciing thirc hien dugc neu tuan thu dimg ngi dung thiet ke song chinh tac gia se la ngudi thirc hicn hieu qua nhat TO CHU'C QUA TRINH DAY HQC THEO PPDH TIEN TIEN Lua chon kieu PPDH va thiet ke phuong an ket hop cac kieu da chon Dua vao thiet ke bai bgc va nhan thirc li luan cua minh ve cac kieu PPDH (tuc la phuang phap luan cu the), ngud'i thay lira chgn cac kieu PPDH va thiet ke trinh tu each thirc ket hgp chiing vdi pham vi bai hge dd va cd the ca chudi bai hge ke tiep Dieu cd nghTa la: kieu PPDH phai dugc td chirc thdng nhat vdi tirng loai hgat dgng cua ngirdi hge, theo cac phuang an thiet kc chinh thirc va dir phdng Vi du: ddi vdi loai boat dgng phat hicn-tim tdi cua ngudi hge cd the chgn kieu PPDH kien tao-tim tdi ket hgp vdi kieu khuyen khichtham gia hoat dgng Neu du cam thay cd the chua cdng thi nen du phdng phuong an khac, chang han kieu PPDH lam mau-tai tao ket hgp vdi kieu kien tao-tim tdi Trong nhirng loai hoat dgng khac cung thirc hien nhirng birdc tuong tu Xac dinh nhQng ky nang can thiet cua moi mo hinh cu the thuoc kieu PPDH da chon va thiet ke chiing he thong Moi kieu PPDH cd nhilu md hinh khac Vi du 1: kieu PPDH khuyen khich-tham gia cd nhirng md hinh phd bien sau: Dam thoai Hcrixtic (tim tdi tirng phan) lam sang td gia tri tinh hudng quan he thao luan tham gia Vi du 2: kieu PPDH kiln tao-tim tdi cd nhirng mo hinh: Tim tdi thirc nghiem di chuyen, tim tdi thirc nghiem bien doi, tim tdi blng hanh 71(9): 3-7 dgng theo giai doan, thao luan thuc nghiem dgng nao Vi du 3: kilu PPDH van de - nghien ciru cd nhung mo hinh: Thao luan giai quyet van de tranh luan, nghien ciru ngau nhien nghien ciru tdng hgp hda, xu li tinh huong, nghien ciru dgc lap Vi dlt 4: kieu PPDH thdng bao-thu nhan cd nhirng mo hinh sau: Giai thich minh hga thuyet trinh, giang giai, trinh bay tai lieu, ke chuyen Vi du 5: kieu PPDH lam mau-tai tao cd nhirng mo hinh: Cac trd chai day hoc, thi pham true quan, trinh dien true quan, luyen tap he thdng hda, dn tap theo tin hieu diem tua NhQng mo hinh nhu vay rat phong phu nha tnrdng Khi thiet ke, thay giao nen chgn mgt vai mo hinh cho mdi kieu PPDH thich hgp bang each ddi chieu chiing vdi vdn kinh nghiem cua minh va kha nang boat dgng cua hoc trd Vi du: theo mo hinh thao luan Idp hoac nhdm, thay can cd nhung ky nang: sir dung can hdi irng xir vdi hanh vi ciia trd, quan li thdi gian danh gia ket qua hoat dgng, td chirc mdi trudng va chd ngoi lop giao tiep van hda tren lop vdi ca nhan, nhdm va ca Idp quan sat va ghi chep bang, thiet ke va sir dung phieu hge tap, Mudn vay, phai tao dugc su hao hirng cua hge trd, kliuyen khich hg manh dan va tich cvrc phat bieu y kien, tranh luan va chia xe quan diem nhdm, biet lang nghe va thu thap du lieu, danh gia va xu li thdng tin qua trinh trao doi y kien Xac djnh va thiet ke cac phuang tien, cong cu, kT thuat phu hop vdi nhu'ng mo hinh PPDH da chon Day la thiet ke hinh thuc vat chat cua PPDH Theo vi du da neu tren ve mo hinh thao luan nhdm, thay giao phai chgn cac philu hge tap phu hgp vdi ngi dung va chu dl hge tap va thiet kc cac loai phieu vira du va hop li; chgn va thict kc cac kieu cau hdi vdi so lugng va tinh chat thich hop; chgn cac hge lieu bd trg nhu tranh, phim, phan mem, bang thdng kc, ; chgn nhung dung cu do, thiet bi trinh Nguyen Minh Tan 71(9):3-7 Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE dien; thiet ke cac bai trac nghiem, cac phieu dieu tra bai tap va tinh hudng, chgn va Id chirc SO' dd thao luan theo quy md nhdm, ghep nhdm ngudi hge va kT thuat quan li thdi gian; Den day he thdng phuong tien cdng cu bgc lieu, cac dieu kien ben ciia boat ddng giang day mdi thuc su dugc xac djnh chac chan va dang tin cay, chimg vira thich hgp vdi thiet ke bai hge, vira thich hgp vdi thiet ke PPDH cu the ciia bai hge KET LUAN De ddi mdi PPDH can nhan manh nhiing phuang hudng sau day: Ngu'd'i thay la chii the true tiep ddi mdi PPDH, khdng lam thay dugc, va dieu dd dien tai bai hge, mdn bgc, Idp hge, Inrdng bgc, qua trinh day bgc Ddi mdi PPDH trai qua qua trinh lira chgn dimg va sang lao kieu PPDH da dugc md ta li luan khoa hge giao due, xac djnh dimg va tdi uu nhung md hinh ciia kieu PPDH da chgn, lire la plui hgp vdi kha nang su pham ciia minh va dac diem ciia Idp bgc, ngudi bgc Cai thien ky nang da cd, bd sung nhimg ky nang cdn thieu, thay ddi thdi quen khdng phii hgp suy nghT va hanh ddng day bgc, chti y ap dung nhan thiic li luan ve ddi mdi day hge va nhung phuong phap luan day hge hien dai Phat trien nhung md hinh mdi ciia PPDH theo nhiing kieu PPDH ma minh da trai nghiem cdng nhieu lan Dd chinh la sang tao PPDH mdi d hinh thai ky nang va kT thuat, ddng thdi la su phat trien gia trj, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep, nang cao tay nghe thdng qua suy nghT tim ldi va trao ddi vdi ddng nghiep hang bgc hdi lan Phai trien nhung phuong tien, bgc lieu va cdng cu phii hgp nhat vdi minh va phong each ciia Idp, vdi ndi dung va tinh chat mdn bgc va td chirc ehiing cd hieu qua nham thuc hien nhung kieu va md hinh PPDH da chgn, da phat trien va da cd kinh nghiem sir dung cdng Trudc lien hanh day bgc va llurc hien PPDH, can phai thiel ke nd cimg vdi thiel ke bai bgc, dd cd gang dua nhung ddng gdp va sang tao ctia rieng minh cimg nhu sang kien ciia ddng nghiep vao thiet ke SUMMARY APPLY THE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MODERN TEACHING METHODS INTO THE DESIGN OF ACTIVE LEARNING Nguyen Minh Tan' College of Medicine and Pharmacy - Thai Nguyen Universilv Based on the theoretical study of modern education, on the basis of presentation of different viewpoints in the classification of leaching methods and analysis of trends renewal of teaching and learning activities in schools, article writes reference, synthesis and conceptions representation, teaching methodology new apprehension in design, in order to develop activity, self-reliance and creativity of pupil in action learnned and self-education Authors also discuss and share practical experience of educators, the teachers in the organization of teaching process in a positive way of geUing the student-centered, learning through solving situations and in activities of self-study, under the guidance and support of teachers and materials appropriate means of learning Key words: Educational methodology, new concept, teaching design let il9l3 005 415 Email, lannm a liiu.edu ...Ngu\cn Minh Tan Tap clii KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE mat: quan niem nhan thirc, ngi dung tri thirc va phuang phap day - hge ciia ca tha>'' va trd Tdm lai cac quan diem hien dai li luan da\ hge deu thdng nhat... 5: kieu PPDH lam mau-tai tao cd nhirng mo hinh: Cac trd chai day hoc, thi pham true quan, trinh dien true quan, luyen tap he thdng hda, dn tap theo tin hieu diem tua NhQng mo hinh nhu vay rat... irng xir vdi hanh vi ciia trd, quan li thdi gian danh gia ket qua hoat dgng, td chirc mdi trudng va chd ngoi lop giao tiep van hda tren lop vdi ca nhan, nhdm va ca Idp quan sat va ghi chep bang,