DIEN DAN GIAO DUC NGHi VE CHAT LlTQfNG CAO VA CAC TIEU CHi DANH GIA CHAT Ll/OfNG GIAO DUC De nghien ciru xac dinh dupe mue tieu giao due, can nghien ciru cac tieu chi ve chat ludng giao due de tt/ dd[.]
DIEN DAN GIAO DUC NGHi VE CHAT LlTQfNG CAO VA CAC TIEU CHi DANH GIA CHAT Ll/OfNG GIAO DUC LE HAIYEN Trucrng DHSP Ha Noi De nghien ciru xac dinh dupe mue tieu giao due va nguon nhan Iwc Trong 12 nudc d giao due, can nghien ciru cac tieu chi ve chat khu vi/c chau A cd ten tai bang thd'ng ke, Viet ludng giao due de tt/ dd cd the xac dinh cac Nam va Indonesia cd ehi' sd sw thao ve giai phap nham dat dupe muc tieu, dam bao cong nghe cao thap nha't, chi dat 2,50/10 Kha dupc yeu cau chat lupng giao due Chung ta thCr nang tie'ng Anh cua ngudn nhan luc Viet Nam tham khao eac sd lieu bai viet: Chi so dupc danh gia vdi chi sd 2,62/10, chi xep trudc chat lwang giao due Viet Nam chi dat 3,79/10 Indonesia Tai bang so sanh nay, Han Qudc diem dang tren bao dien tCr Vietnamnet cd chi' sd tong hgp ve chat lwang giao due va 02/10/2008 de hieu hdn ve chat lupng ngudn nguon nhan Iwc cao nha't vdi mirc diem 6,91/10 nhan It/c nude ta Tuy nhien, Han Qudc chi" dat diem sd 4,0 cho 3,79/10 la chl sd tong hap ve chat lwang STT Ten nude sw thao ve tieng Anh Chl sd tdng hpp (ve chat lupng Si; thao Si; thao ve giao due va ngudn nhan li/c) ve tie'ng Anh cdng nghe eao Han Qudc 6,91 4,0 7,0 Singapore 6,81 8,33 7,83 Nhat Ban 6,50 3,50 7,50 Dai Loan 6,04 3,86 7,62 An Op 5,76 6,62 6,75 Trung Qudc 5,73 3,62 4,37 Malaysia 5,59 4,00 5,50 Hdng Kdng 5,20 4,50 5,43 Philippine 4,53 5,40 5,00 10 Thai Lan 4,04 2,82 3,27 11 Viet Nam 3,79 2,62 2,50 12 Indonesia 3,44 3,00 2,50 Chung tdi thiet nghT, day la sif danh gia khach quan cua eac td chire giao due qudc te, nhung tiec rang chua tha'y cac cd quan chirc nang phan tfch mpt each ky cang Bang chi so chat lwang [ren Chiing ta can nghiem tuc xem xet, cac DIEN DAN GIAO DUC chl sd danh gia chat lupng tren bao gdm cac cap, cac thay giao, cd giao can thd'ng nhat cac td gi? quan niem ve mue tieu giao diJC ma chung ta Nam nao nifdc ta cung cd rat nhieu giai dang theo dudi de cung vuon tdi Trong giao diJC, vang giai bac qudc te - dieu ma nhieu nudc muc tieu la dfch dat md ta dieu ma ngudi khu vi/c phai kham phijc Nhung mdi hpc se hieu duoc va lam duac sau hpc ndi ve nang li/c thifc sif cua hpc sinh, ndi ve Muc tieu la dan xuat cua muc dich cuoi cung chat lupng cua giao due va ngudn nhan life thi giao due va muc tieu chung ve dao tao, chac chan chung ta mdi dCfng d vi tri rat khiem chia muc tieu trung gian a cac mdc khac tdn - nhu Bang chi so chat lwang GD va Nguon nhau, roi muc tieu dac thu (Pedagogie: nhan Iwc da chi" Mpt thi;c te dang suy nghT Dictionnaire des concepts des - F.Raynal & la nhCfng sinh vien Viet Nam mdi trudng A.Rieunier) Cd the hieu ddn gian mijc tieu giao iam viec tai cac cdng ty nudc ngoai deu phai diJC la: Chung ta djnh dua nhCfng miu ngudi qua dao tao lai, dieu dd chCfng td sinh vien cua' cd nhCfng ky nang va pham chat gi ta thieu nhCfng ky nang de dap ifng mpt nen tddng lai? UNESCO de XL/dng miJc dfch hpc cdng nghiep hien dai Chung toi ngac nhien, tap: Hoc de biet Hoc de lam Hoc de chung tham chi nga ngang vi nhieu sinh vien trwang song Hoc de tw khang dinh minh Trong khi, khong dap dng dwac yeu cau cong viec Chi so trudng hpc cua chung ta hien dang rat it dwac tuyen dung nhung doanh nghiep nang ve Hpc debiet NghTa la chi' dat dupe mpt van phai dao tao lai - Chu tich Ameham nhan bdn muc dfch cua UNESCO dinh tai Hpi nghi gap gd vdi dai dien Phdng Ngan hang The gidi gpi the ky XXI la ThUdng mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam (VCCL) ky nguyen cua kinh te di/a vao ky nang - Skills 18/5/09 - bao Oat Viet Hpe sinh Viet Nam Based Economy (http://vwvw.librarything.com) di du hpe, hpe If thuye't thi dupc nhung thi;c Nang Itrc cua ngudi dupe danh gia tren ca hanh thi thua cac ban nudc ngoai, dieu dd la ba khfa canh: Kien thirc, ky nang va thai dp hau qua cua Idi hpc theo kieu kinh vien, nang Nhieu nha khoa hpc the gidi cho rang: De ve li thuyet dat cupe sdng thi cac ky nang mem chiem Oe dd tim hieu cac td cua cac chi" sd bang Danh gia Chi so chat lwang Giao due, chiing ta gidi han d chu de Chat luong tdi 85%, ky nang cimg (kien thirc) chi chiem 15% {http://wv/w softskillslnstltution.com/faq htm) Cau hdi dat la: Ky nang nao la can Giao diJC bac phd thdng Theo chung tdi, thiet cho moi ngwdi de cong dieu dau tien cac nha quan ly giao due cac cong viec va cuoc song? DIEN D A N GIAO DUC Cac nu'dc phat trien xac djnh nguon nhan li/c can cac ky nang gi? Od chfnh la cac tieu chf tuyen chpn ddng dpi, Ky nang giai quyet van de, Ky nang sang tao va mao hiem, Ky nang lap ke hoach va td chifc cdng viec, Ky nang quan ly ban than, nhan si; cua cac nha san xuat kinh doanh va Ky nang hpc tap, Ky nang cdng nghe (Nguon: cung ehfnh la muc tieu giao due ma eac nha http://www acci asn.au/text_files/lssues) trudng theo dudi - Chfnh phu Anh cung cd cd quan - Tai My, Bp Lao dpng My (The U.S chuyen trach ve phat trien ky nang cho ngudi lao Department of Labor) cung Hiep hpi dao tao ddng Cd quan ehCfng nhan chudng trinh va tieu va phat trien My dua 13 ky nang cd ban can ehuan (Qualification and Curriculum Authority) thie't de cdng cdng viec: Ky nang cung dua danh sach eac ky nang quan hpc va ttr hpc, Ky nang lang nghe, Ky nang trpng bao gdm: Ky nang tfnh toan, Ky nang thuyet trinh, Ky nang giai quyet van de, Ky giao tie'p, Ky nang tu hpc va nang eao nang nang tu sang tao, Ky nang quan ly ban than lue ca nhan, Ky nang sir dung cdng nghe va tinh than tu tdn, Ky nang dat muc tieu, tao thdng tin va truyen thdng, Ky nang giai quyet ddng luc lam viec, Ky nang phat then ea nhan van de, Ky nang lam viee vdi ngudi va SLf nghiep, Ky nang giao tiep irng xir va tao - Chfnh phu Singapore cd Cue phat lap quan he, Ky nang lam viec ddng dpi, Ky then lao dpng WDA (Workforce Development nang dam phan, Ky nang td chirc edng viec Agency) WDA da thie't lap he thd'ng cac ky hieu qua, Ky nang lanh dao ban than nang hanh nghe ESS (Singapore Employa- - Tai Oxtraylia, Hpi ddng giao due qude bility Skills System) gdm 10 ky nang: Ky nang gia Oxtraylia (the Australian National Training cdng sd va tfnh toan, Ky nang sif dung cdng Authority - ANTA) da xua't ban cudn Ky nang nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng, Ky nang giai hanh nghe cho twang lai (nam 2002) Cudn quyet van de va quyet dinh, Ky nang sang saeh cho tha'y cac ky nang va kien thCrc ma tao va mao hiem, Ky nang giao tie'p va quan ngudi sir dung lao dpng yeu cau bat bupe phai ly quan he, Ky nang hpc tap sudt ddi, Ky nang cd Ky nang hanh nghe la cac ky nang can thiet tu md toan cau, Ky nang tu quan ly ban khdng chi de co dwac viec lam ma cdn de tien than, Ky nang td chire cdng viec, Ky nang an bo to chdc thong qua viec phat huy tiem toan lao dpng va ve sinh sire khde [Nguon: nang ca nhan va dong gdp vao dinh hwdng http://wsq.wda.gov.sg/GenericSkllls/j chien Iwac cua to chdc Gdm cd ky nang nhu sau: Ky nang giao tiep, Ky nang lam viec (Cac tw lieu tren trich dan tw bao Dan Tri - 3/8/2009) DIEN D A N GIAO DUC Cac to chufc quoc te quan niem ve ky nang song nhu'thenao? Sau day la quan niem ve ky nang sdng cua mpt sd td chCfc qude te tieu bieu: nang irng xCr phu hop vdi nhCfng ngi/di khac va vdi xa hpi, kha nang irng phd tfch cue trudc cac tinh hudng cua cupe sdng Tdm lai, tif cac tu lieu tren chijng ta * Td chire y te the gidi (WHO): cd the tha'y cac ky nang mem (ky nang giai - La cac kha nang de cd hanh vi thich quyet van de, ky nang hpc va tu hpc, tu nhan irng (adaptive) va tfch cue (positive) - Giup cae ca nhan ed the Cmg xCr hieu thifc, dac biet la each hpc, phuang phap hpc, tu tfch cLfc - sang tao, ky nang thfeh Crng, qua trudc cae nhu cau va thach thCre cua cupe ky nang sir dung cdng nghe thdng tin, ky nang sdng hang img xij', lam viec nhdm, giao tiep va ngoai ngif, *UNICEF: trf tue xue cam - EO ) ehfnh la cae muc tieu - La each tiep can giiip thay ddi hanh ma giao due va ngudn nhan luc can phai dat vi mdi Cach tiep can luu y den SLT can dupc Vi vay mud'n xac dinh dupc muc tieu giao bang giifa tiep thu kie'n thCfc, hinh thai due thi dieu quan trpng nhat la can hinh dung dp va phat then ky nang dupe nhCfng ddi hdi cua thtrc tien ddi vdi - Cach tie'p can nhan manh viec ngudi giai doan tdi (vf du - nam luyen tap thudng xuyen, lap di lap lai de cung sau) se nhu the nao? Oen nam 2020, nudc ta cd se la nudc cdng nghiep phat then, vay luc ay * UNESCO: ngudn nhan luc cua ni/dc ta ddi hdi cac kie'n - Ky nang sd'ng la nang It/c ca nhan thire va ky nang gi? TCr nhCfng ddi hdi eua thuc de thuc hien day du cac chCfe nang va tham tidn, chiing ta hinh dung nhCfng kien thifc va gia vao cupe sdng hang ky nang, thai dp cua ngudi can ed de cd - Ky nang sdng bao gdm mpt loat cac the sdng va lam viec thi/c tien ay, dac ky nang cu the, can thiet cho cupe sdng hang biet la can nhCfng ky nang trf tue va tu gi, cua ngudi nhifng pham chat nhan each nao Vay cd the - Ban chat cua ky nang sdng la ky nang tu quan ly ban than va ky nang xa hpi can thiet de ca nhan tu luc cupe sd'ng, hpc tap ifng xCr va lam viec hieu qua Ndi each khac, ky nang sdng la kha nang lam ehu ban than cua mdi ngudi, kha hinh dung mpt hai chuc nam tdi, tht/c tien ddi hdi ngudi cac ky nang gi? Mpi ngudi nhan thay, the ky 21 la the ky cua cac cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng, ky nguyen cua st; hpi nhap toan cau, day thach thdc va thay doi twng gia Vi the cd the hinh DIEN DAN GIAO DUC dung cac ky nang cua the ky 21 bao gdm cac lupng giao due va ngudn nhan luc) ma cac td tLf nang dpng va sang tao, kha nang lien chirc qudc te dimg de danh gia chat lupng ket va giai quyet van de, de xua't cae y tudng giao due Theo chung tdi, chi sd tdng hop (ve dpc dao, cac ky nang giao tiep, lam viec chat lupng va ngudn nhan luc) bao gdm eac mdi trudng da qudc gia, cac ky nang sdng thuc td chfnh sau: tidn va tien tie'n, sCr dung thao vi tfnh, Ve kien thCfe: Chfnh la cae npi dung ngoai ngCf Cac ky nang ve giai quyet van de kien thCfc va ky nang cd ban cua cap hpc ndi hoac eac ky nang cu the ve vi tfnh, truyen thdng, chung hay tCmg mdn hpc ndi rieng yeu cau hpc cdng nghe, giao tiep se quan trpng khdng sinh phai dat dupe (ta't nhien eac npi dung chuong kem gi cac ky nang cd ban la dpc, viet lam trinh phai tUdng dudng vdi cac chuan eua toan cd the hieu, ta't ea cac kien thifc va ky qud'e te nha't la cae mdn khoa hpc tu nhien) nang nhu da hinh dung tren tao cae ky Ve phat trien cae ky nang tu nang sdng, ky nang trf tue (tu duy) cua khoa hpc: Cd dupc cac ham me tim hieu, tim ngudi the ky 21 Od la cae ky nang vd tdi, kham pha hien tupng, su vat ti; dd hinh cimg can thiet, ddi hdi hpe sinh can cd va phai va phat tnen dupc cac ky nang tu cd de sau budc vao mdi trudng lam viec Cd ban nha't eho hpc sinh thdng qua tat ea cac mpt khdng gian nang dpng toan cau Od mdn hpc va cap hpc: - Ky nang tu phan tfch, suy luan, chfnh la phudng tien va vu khf chien lupc giup gidi tre tdn tai va canh tranh hieu qua ky tdng hpp, Idgie - Ky nang phat hien va giai quyet van nguyen thay ddi khdng ngCrng cOa the gidi Neu cae em hpe sinh dupe phat then va ren de giua cac ky nang ay d ta't ca cac mdn hpc, ta't -Ky nang tuduy sang tao ca cac cap hpc thi cac em se khdng sp that - Ky nang hpe va tu hpc hieu qua - nghiep va chac chan cdng dudng cac phuong phap hpc, ghi nhd, van dung ddi Tat nhien, nha trudng chi cd the trang bj Ve phat trien eac ky nang sd'ng: nhCfng kien thCrc va cac ky nang cd ban nha't Chinh la hinh va phat trien cac quan nhu trao cho hp chiec chia khda va mudn niem sdng, nhan each, dao dCre, cac ky nang cdng hp cdn phai sdng, lam viec va tie'p tuc sdng tien tien eho hpc sinh: hpe sud't ddi Tif cac phan tfch tren, chimg ta trd lai de tim cac td ve chi sd tdng hpp (ve chat - Ky nang lanh dao ban than: Chu dpng, tu trpng, ti/tin - Ky nang dat muc tieu, tao dpng lue, DIEN DAN GIAO DUC td churc cdng viec hieu qua - Cac ky nang Cmg xCr - giao tiep, quan trinh, sach giao khoa, phuong phap day va hpc ) Nhieu ngLfdi lai quan niem rang cir day he, lang nghe, dam phan, trinh bay, thuyet trinh va hpc nhieu kien thifc rdi biet thi ngudi ta ttr - Cac ky nang lam viec nhdm ddng khae lam dupc, nhLrng thuc te dau cd vay, tir dpi, biet cam thdng, chia se biet den hieu la mpt khoang each rat xa, rdi tir - Phat then va nang eao chi sd xiic cam hieu de'n van dung va lam viec chuyen nghiep - EQ (emotional quotient) cho hpc sinh: EO la mpt khoang each cdn xa hdn nCfa Oieu dupc hieu la kha nang quan ly cam xue giup din den mpt thuc trang la nhieu hpc sinh, sinh ngudi dua nhCrng quyet djnh sang sudt vien trudng bLfdc vao ddi tudng la biet hop ly han va de cai thien eac mdi quan he nhieu kien thirc nhLfng vin cir nga ngac nhwga Ngudi ta danh gia EQ ciia mdt ca nhan theo cong nghiep Tir viec xay dung chuang trinh, cac tieu chf: Su kien tri, kha nang kiem che, viet sach giao khoa den phuong phap day va dieu chinh cam xiic, su thdng cam, tinh than hpc ngLfdi ta cd dua vao that nhieu npi dung lac quan, mdi thien cam (giao cam), su hudng kien thirc, vi vay chLfong trinh va sach giao thien Tdng hda cLia eac cam xCic tao nen khoa trd nen qua tai va eac thay ed giao day nhan each va tfnh each mpt ngudi Theo hpc theo kieu dpc - chep Rd rang la cd mpt GS Daniel Goleman (My): IQ va EQ khdng ddi khoang hang hut giifa cai da day, da hpc va nghjeh ma bd sung cho nhau: EQ tao nhu cau cua thuc tien xa hpi va san xua't kinh dieu kien cho IQ phat then, EQ quyet djnh nhieu doanh hdn tdi nhCfng cdng va hanh phiic cupe sdng, IQ cd tinh dn djnh cao hon EQ Cd the thdng qua hpe hdi va ren luyen de nang cap ca IQ va EQ Lam the nao de nang cao chi sd tdng hpp ve chat lupng giao due Trong mpt bai bao ngan, chac khdng the trinh bay day du cac y kien va giai phap Mudn dao tao ngudn nhan li/c cd chat khdi thdng van de Nhung chung tdi thie't lupng cao thi ngudn tuyen phai dupc chuan bi nghT, ehung ta cd the ed nhCfng budc di va giai tCf trudc (tCfc la day va hpc khdng chi la cac phap Cd ban de giai quye't nhu sau: kie'n thdc ma cdn phai phat then cae ky nang 3.1 Can xac djnh ro muc tieu giao due tu duy, cae ky nang sd'ng va eac ky nang ay eua chung ta nhCfng nam sap tdi Oieu phai dupc ren giua mpt each cd he thdng can dLfdc cu the hda mpt each rd rang, ngan tif bac phd thdng) Viet Nam, cae ky nang gpn Luat Giao due, chir khdng chi chung tren chua dupe chii y (trong npi dung chuong chung la: Dao tao nhdng ngwdi vwa hong 10 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC vwa chuyen, hoac: Dao tao nhdng ngwdi cac phLfdng phap day hpc tien tien de truyen cd du tai ddc, hoac.- Muc tieu giao due bao gom thu kien thure va khdng cdn thdi gian ren luyen cac mat ddc, tri, the, my, lao dong Mdi day, cac ky nang tLf duy, ky nang sdng cho hpe sinh dieu 27 Luat Giao due (2005) ed ghi: 3.3 Nhieu nha khoa hpe the gidi eho Muc tieu cua Giao due thong rang: Oe dat cupe sdng thi cac ky la giup hoc sinh phat then toan dien ve dao nang mem (ky nang tLf duy, ky nang sdng) chiem ddc, tri tue, the chat, tham my va cac ky nang tdi 85%, ky nang cimg (kien thirc) chi chiem 15% caban {http://wv\/w softskillslnstltutlon com/faq.htm) Giao due tieu hoe nhSm giup hoc sinh Viec difa cac ky nang tLf va ky nang hinh nhdng ca sd ban dau cho si; phat sdng vao npi dung chLfdng trinh va phdcmg phap then dung dan va lau dai ve dao ddc, tri tue, day va hpc d trLfdng phd thdng la rat can thiet the chat, tham my va cac ky nang ca ban de Khdng phai la dLfa them npi dung hay mdn hpe hoc sinh tiep tuc hoc trung hoc casa mdi, ma nhd giam tai dLfdc ndi dung ehifong Neu hdi cac nha quan ly giao due va trinh, thdng qua npi dung kien thdc tfch hpp eac giao vien hieu va giai thfeh ve muc tieu cac ky nang ttf va ky nang sdng vao cac tren nhLf the nao, dac biet neu hdi ve cac ky mdn hpc (vf du, gan day 8/2010 - NXB Giao due nang kien thirc, tLf tri tue va ky nang sdng da xua't ban cac cudn sach Giao due ky nang can phai dat dtrpe la gi thi chac se cd rat nhieu sdng cac mdn hpe d tieu hpc nhif Tieng each hieu va giai thfeh rat khae Viet, Oao Oirc, Tt; nhien xa hpi) Chung tdi tin 3.2 Can giam tai ve npi dung chLrdng rang, d tat ca cae mdn hpc, cae cap hpc deu trinh d cac cap hpc, khdng nen dm ddm cac cd the Idng ghep va tfch hpp cac ky nang tLr kien thCfc, SLf kien Cae nha khoa hpc da xae va ky nang sd'ng theo tfnh chat va dac djnh rang cCf sau -10 nam kien thire cija loai diem mdn hpc cija minh (thdng qua cac vf du, ngLfdi lai tang len gap ddi Trong quy thdi cac ngif canh, hay cac npi dung kien thirc thfeh gian cua tudi hpc dLfdng chi cd 10 - 12 nam, hpp), chir khdng chi la "dpc - chep" va thupe vay lam ma hpc sinh cd the hpc het difpc Idng cac kie'n thire Dung nhLf ed Thu tLfdng cac kien thifc cija loai ngddi mpt tang Pham Van Odng da ndi: Dieu chu yeu khong len vd han? Neu khdng giam tai npi dung chLfdng phai la nhdl nhet mot md kien thdc hon don trinh thi hau qua la sach giao khoa bien soan ma la phwang phap suy nghi, phwang phap se nang ne hdn va eac thay cd giao se phai nghien cdu, phwang phap hoc tap va phwang dung each "dpc - chep" ma khdng the van dung phap giai quyet van de 11 ... cdng va hanh phiic cupe sdng, IQ cd tinh dn djnh cao hon EQ Cd the thdng qua hpe hdi va ren luyen de nang cap ca IQ va EQ Lam the nao de nang cao chi sd tdng hpp ve chat lupng giao due Trong... va giai phap Mudn dao tao ngudn nhan li/c cd chat khdi thdng van de Nhung chung tdi thie''t lupng cao thi ngudn tuyen phai dupc chuan bi nghT, ehung ta cd the ed nhCfng budc di va giai tCf trudc