C d S d X A Y D U N G C H U D E T l / C H O N M O N T O A N I TRONG HOC PHO THDNG KHU VUC MIEN NUI VA VUNG DAN TOC THIEU SO • • • O TS CAO TH| HA * Trong nhung nam cudi cua the Id 20, nen gido dye nhi[.]
C d S d X A Y D U N G C H U D E T l / C H O N M O N T O A N I TRONG HOC PHO THDNG KHU VUC MIEN N U I VA VUNG D A N TOC THIEU SO • • • O T rong nhung nam cudi cua the Id 20, nen TS C A O TH| HA * Ddi vdi mdn Todn cap THPT d nude ta hien nay, Bd GD-DT dd ban hanh chuang trinh vd tdi lieu hudng ddn DHTC vd dd trien khai d cdc trudng THPT tren todn quoc tu nam 2006 Tuy vdy, chdt lugng DH mdn Todn d cdc trudng THPT khu vyc mien nui (MN) vd vung ddn tdc thieu so (VDTTS) van chua dugc cdi thien rd ret Dieu the hien d khodng each rdt ldn giua ti le HS thi tdt nghiep, vdo cdc trudng dqi hgc vd cao ddng cua HS MN vd VDTTS thdp han nhieu so vdi khu vyc thdnh thi vd ndng thdn Cd rdt nhieu nguyen nhdn dan den tinh trang tren, mdt nhung nguyen nhdn chinh Id ndi dung chuang trinh DHTC van dung tren todn qud'c, nhu vdy, ddc diem cua HS d cdc vung mien khdc chua dugc quan tdm nghien cuu de tu dd xdy dyng chuyen de DHTC phu hgp Vdn de ddt Id can cd nhung nghien cuu ve ddc diem tdm sinh li, tu vd nhu cdu cua HS M N vd VDTTS; tu dd, cd the de xud't khung chuang trinh vd ndi dung mdt so chuyen de ty chon mdn Todn, gop phdn ndng cao hieu qua DH d khu vyc Ca sd de xdy dung chu de tu chon mdn Toan d THPT 1) Mot so dqc diem noi bat cua HS MN va VDTTS Theo chung tdi, nghien cuu qua trinh nhan thuc cua HS MN va VDTTS la nghien cuu sy van dgng va phat then cua cac bieu hien tam li cua nguai duoi sy tac dgng cua hoan canh ty nhien va xa hgi, sy tiep nhan va thich ung cua ca nhan Dqc diem nhdn thuc ciia HS MN vd VDTTS bao gom yeu td on dinh vd nhung yeu td mdi dugc hinh thdnh qua trinh gido dye, theo chung tdi cd nhung net dqc trung sau: - Mdt so dqc diem cua HS MN vd VDTTS nhu ychi, dc quan sat, tri nho, tinh kien tri, tinh ki luat cd han che han so vdi HS cdc vung mien khdc Day cd the coi Id net tdm li tuang dd'i «dn dinh" cua HS MN vd VDTTS Nguyen nhdn cd the Id gido dye nhieu nude tren the gidi da the hien ro xu the «huang den tung ca nhan" qua trinh day hoc (DH) Xu the dya tren quan niem cho rdng, qua trinh gido dye thyc chdt Id qua trinh cd the hod den rung cd nhdn nhdm hoan thien «cdi tdi" cua ngudi hoc Cach tiep can day hoc theo hudng duqc the hien rd d moi khau cua qua trinh day hoc, tu viec xdy dyng ndi dung, lua chon phuang phap den td chuc day hoc Theo mdt sd nhd nghien cuu d Viet Nam, the ki XXI, xu the cua nen giao dye tren the giai van la huang den tung ca nhan DH phdn hod Id mdt phuong phap day hoc nhdm ddm bdo cho moi hoc sinh (HS) duqc trang bj kien thuc phu hqp vdi trinh dd vd khd ndng hoc tap Ngodi ra, DH phdn hod cdn ddng vai trd quan trong viec hudng nghiep cho HS Qua trinh DH phdn hod duqc thyc hien tren hai phuang dien: vT mo (phdn hda ve mat td chuc) vd v/' md (phdn hod ndi tai qua trinh DH, tuc Id thyc hien DH phdn hod DH ddng loqt) DH phdn hod ve mat vi md cd vai trd tich cue viec thuc day sy hqp tdc, trao ddi hoc tap giua cdc HS, nhung hinh thuc phdn hod chua tao cho ngudi hoc ca hdi de phdt trien theo nhu cdu vd ndng lyc cua bdn than Do vdy, viec ket hqp giu hai hinh thuc vT mo vd w' md DH phdn hod Id mdt yeu cdu mang tinh bdt budc Mdt cdc cap dd cua DH phdn hod ve mat vT md Id day hoc ty chon (DHTC) Day Id hinh thuc DH duqc rdt nhieu nude tren the gidi dp dyng, vi no cd the tien hanh song song vdi DH ddng loqt vd Idm cho hai hinh thuc DH phdt huy het tinh uu viet cua no Viec nghien cuu de trien khai DHTC vdo Viet Nam duqc bdt ddu tu nhung nam 1996-1997, den nay, cd rdt nhieu hudng nghien cuu ve DHTC d nhieu cap dd khdc nhau, tu viec trien khai d mdt cap hoc den tung mdn hoc d mdt lap hoc * Truong Dai hoc sir pham • Dai hoc Thai Nguyen Tap c h i Giao due so t>, - / n tCr nho, HS chua dugc trang bj cac kT nang O khu vuc MN noi chung vd VDTTS ndi rieng, cdc td* chuc xd hdi, gia dinh vd nhd trudng chua chudn bi dugc mdt tdm If tdt cho HS trudc den trudng Viec hgc tap chua thuc su dugc coi trgng, dieu dd Idm qua trinh «chuyen hod" yeu cdu hoc tap vdo bdn than moi HS dien chdm chap Mat khdc, d cdc khu vuc nay, dieu kien sdng vd ca sd vdt chdt cua HS cdn gap nhieu khd khan dd dnh hudng khong tdt den viec ren luyen tinh kien tri vd tinh ki ludt ciia HS - Ngdn ngu (vdi tu each Id phuang tien cua tu duy) cua HS MN vd VDTTS cdn han che Nhu chung ta biet, su phong phu cua the gidi dd vdt vd mdi trudng giao tiep Id dieu kien quan giup ngudi phdt trien khd ndng ngdn ngu Vdi dieu kien sdng hien nay, su han che ngdn ngu cua HS MN vd VDTTS Id dieu tdt yeu Dieu dd Idm khd ndng tu cua HS bj dnh hudng ldn, chang han nhu viec HS gap khd khan viec gidi quyet cdc bdi todn cd ldi vdn hodc cdc bdi todn thuc tiln Nhieu thudt ngu todn hgc dugc dung SGK nhung HS khong hieu, hq diin dat cdc khdi niem, djnh li mdt each may mdc, khong de ddng nhdn dugc nhung khdi niem, djnh li quen thudc hoan canh mdi - Ve mat nhdn thuc, nhin chung nhdn thuc cam tinh cua cdc em phdt trien tdt nhung nhdn thuc li tinh cdn nhieu han che Nguyen nhdn cd the Id hang cdc em sdng mdi trudng cd khong gian rdng, canh vdt gdn vdi thien nhien nen ve mat cam gidc vd tri gidc cd nhung net ddc ddo han so vdi HS d cdc vung mien khdc Tuy nhien, nhdn thuc cdn mang cam tinh, thieu todn dien Dieu dd Idm han che khd ndng nhdn thuc li tinh cua cdc em, dqc biet Id khd ndng khdi quat hod vd truu tugng hod - Mdt nhung net tinh each uu viet cua HS MN vd VDTTS Id cdc em rdt ngoan, nhung cdn thu ddng gid hgc, cd the xud't hien hien tugng «chu y gid tao" Dd Id su chu y cd tinh chdt hinh thuc, tudn theo ki ludt, nhung thuc chdt HS khong tap trung vdo bdi hoc, khong cd nhung thdc mdc xung quanh bdi hoc 2) Dac diem ve nhu cau hoc tap va tu cua HS khoi THPT a) Ve nhu cau hgc tap Hoat ddng hoc tap cua ngudi chu yeu xud't phdt tu nhu cdu ve su hieu biet vd tu hoan thien minh Qua nghien cuu, chung tdi nhdn thdy, nhu cdu hgc tap ciia HS khu Tap chi Giao due so (ki • 5/201n vuc MN vd VDTTS cd mdt sd diem chung Id muon dugc hoc tap de khang dinh minh vd cd mdt nghe nghiep on dinh tuang lai, nhien, cung cd nhung diem khdc biet nhu: - Nhu cdu dugc ddng vien, khen nggi, viec xdy dung uy tin ddi vdi ban be cd tdc dung ldn viec thuc day hoat ddng hoc tap cua HS; - Nhu cdu cua HS MN vd VDTTS mang tinh chi tiet, cy the, nhieu HS quan niem di hoc de sau duqc Idm cdn bd, quan li rdt it HS cho rdng hoc tap Id de ndng cao trinh dd vd tim mdt viec Idm phu hgp vdi khd ndng ciia bdn than b) Ve tu Nhu ta dd biet, tu Id mdt qua trinh tdm li, nhd dd ngudi phdn dnh hien thyc, chi nhung mdi lien he khdc moi ddi tugng vd hien tugng Tu chju dnh hudng cua rdt nhieu yeu td nhu: ngdn ngu, mdi trudng sdng, nhu cdu nhdn thuc cua ngudi Vi vdy, tu cua cdc em cd nhung ddc diem rieng biet sau: - Do sdng mdi trudng cd khong gian rdng, tiep xuc true tiep vdi thien nhien nen nhdn thuc cam tinh cua HS MN vd VDTTS phdt trien tdt Cam gidc, tri gidc ciia cdc em cd nhung net ddc ddo nhung thieu tinh todn dien, cdn cam tinh, ma hd, khong thdy duqc bdn chdt ciia cdc sy vdt, hien tuang Dd'i tugng tri gidc ciia HS MN vd VDTTS chii yeu Id cdc sy vdt cy the, gdn vdi cudc sdng, khd ndng tri gidc khong gian vd khdi quat cdn han che - Thdi quen lao ddng tri dc ciia cdc em chua ben, phdn ldn ngai suy nghT vd ddng ndo Nguyen nhdn cd the mdi trudng sdng it dugc giao tiep nen cdc em thudng cd thdi quen suy nghT mdt chieu, hay thua nhdn dieu ngudi khdc ndi, khd ndng ddc lap tu vd dc phe phdn cdn han che Cung theo tdc gid Pham Hong Quang (1), Tu cua HS MN va VDTTS kem nhanh nhgy, linh hogt, khd nang thay ddi cdc gidi phap chdm, nhieu may mdc, dap khuon; nhien khd nang tu true quan tdt han khd nang tu truu tugng Cdc thao tdc tu nhu: phdn tich, tong hgp, khdi quat hod vd truu tuang hod ciia cdc em cdn chdm phdt trien Khi linh hdi kien thuc todn hoc, cdc em khong phdn biet dugc ddu Id bdn chdt cua van de todn hgc, nhung khdi niem dan gian HS lai nhdm lan cho rdng dd khong phdi Id khdi niem, dieu dnh hudng khong nhd den qua trinh hoc tap mdn Todn cua HS Ti> su phan tich ket qua nghien cuu a tren, cho thdy tu kinh nghiem cua HS MN vd VDTTS dat duqc d mdc cao han so vdi trinh cua HS cdc vung mien khdc; song khd ndng thuc hien cdc thao tdc cua tu nhu: phdn tich, tong hqp, khdi quat hod, truu tuang hod cdn yeu Ddng thdi, qua trinh nhdn thuc ciia hq cung bj chi phdi bdi cdc ddc diem khdc nhu: khd ndng ghi nhd cd chu dinh Id chdm, khd ndng tu dieu chinh ghi nhd cd y thuc cdn yeu Muc tieu chung vd van de xdy dyng chu de ty chon mdn Toan lap 12 Cdc chuyen de DHTC mdn Todn lap 12 duqc xdy dyng nhdm dap ung cdc yeu cdu sau day: bd sung vd giup HS ndm vung chuang trinh SGK; ren luyen kT ndng gidi todn, ren luyen tinh tich cue vd ty gidc hoc tap cua HS; phdt trien tu duy, budc ddu ren luyen cdc kT ndng tu ndng cao (tinh mem deo vd tinh linh hoat cua tu duy); mod man nhu cdu cua cdc ddi tuang HS khdc nhu bd sung kien thuc cho HS yeu kem, dap ung nhu cdu hoc tap cua HS khd, gidi, tao tien de thuan lai cho HS cd the hoc len cao hodc di vdo cudc sdng lao ddng Viec thiet ke cdc chu de ty chon Id yeu cdu quan gop phan vdo ket qua cua DHTC ndi chung vd DH mdn Todn ndi rieng cho HS MN vd VDTTS Khi thiet ke cdc chu de tu chon cho HS khdi THPT, cdn cdn cu vdo mdt sd nguyen tdc sau: - Phdi phu hqp vdi trinh dd, nhu cdu hoc tap, cdc dqc diem tdm li cua HS MN vd VDTTS Cdc chuyen de DHTC cdn khdc phuc nhung diem yeu, phdt huy nhung diem manh tu cua HS, cu the nhu: chu de phai dam bdo sat vdi chudn kien thuc kT nang md Bd GD-DT da ban hanh; cdc bdi todn vd kien thuc dugc trinh bay de hieu, khong su dyng bdi todn cd ldi van qua phuc tgp; cdu hdi dua phdi cy the, khong nen su dyng nhieu cdc cdu hdi md - Phdi chu den tinh khd thi, nghTa Id cd the thyc hien duqc vdi cdc dieu kien DH hien tai md khong can thay ddi nhieu ve ca sd vdt chdt, quy thdi gian md Bd GD-DT cho phep - Phdi gay thu hoc tap cho HS, de thyc hien duqc muc tieu nay, cdc chu de DH cdn da dang, hinh thuc trinh bay dep Ndi dung cua cdc chu de trinh bay theo chieu dqc cua van de, mang tinh phdn bde Tu nhung quan diem tren, chung tdi tien hanh xdy dyng he thdng cdc chuyen de ty chon mdn Todn d THPT cho HS MN vd VDTTS tap trung vdo hai chu de chinh: + Chu de bam sat (ddnh cho HS cd hoc luc yeu) Ndi dung cdc chu de giup HS he thdng hod kien thuc, thyc hanh va luyen tap; + Chu de ndng cao (ddnh cho HS khd, gidi), ndi dung cdc chu de giup HS ddo sdu vd md rdng kien thuc *** Nhu vdy, DHTC Id mdt xu the tdt yeu cua nen gido due the ki XXI, DHTC giup moi cd nhdn cd the phdt trien tdi da ndng lyc cua bdn than qua trinh hoc tap Do vdy, de viec DHTC co hieu qua cao, dp dung phuang phap phdi tinh den ddc diem tdm li, nhu cdu nhdn thuc vd dqc diem tu cua HS • (1) Pham H6ng Quang Td chuc day hoc cho hoc si dan toe, mien nui NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2003 Tai lieu tham khao Vien Khoa hoc giao due Viet Nam Buac ddu xdy dung mot so noi dung dgy hoc tu chon cho mot so mdn trudng trung hoc ca so (bao cao torn tat de tai khoa hoc cong nghe cap Bo B98-49-66), Ha N6i, 2001 Pham Van Hoan - Tran Thiic Trinh - Pham Gia C&'c Giao due hoc mon Toan NXB Gido due, H 1981 Nguyen Ba Kim Phuong phap day hoc mdn Toan NXB Dgi hoc suphgm, H 2006 Tim hieu tinh tich cue [Tiep theo trang 25) duqc ddng ca, muc dich HT dung ddn, tu do, giup SV DTTS thu HT; - Tang cudng vai trd cua ddi ngu cd vdn HT, tra li SV nhdt Id viec hudng dan, ddn ddc, kiem tra hoat ddng HT tren lap vd hoat ddng ty hoc *** Phdt huy TTCHT cua SV Id myc tieu ddi mdi PPDH cua Bd GD-DT Hi vqng nhung ket qua nghien cuu se Id tham khao huu ich, gdp phdn cho viec xdy dung cdc bien phap tdc ddng hop li den SV DTTS, nhdm ndng cao chdt luang quan li vd DT d cdc trudng dqi hoc, dqc biet giai doan cdc trudng dqi hoc dang chuyen sang phuong thuc DTtheo hoc che tin chi.Q (*) Khao sat tai Trudng Dai hoc supham - DH Thai Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Xuan Thuc "Ban ve khai niem tinh tich cue tam li hoc" Tap chi Tdm li hgc, so' nam 2001 Hoang Phe (chu bien) Tu dien Tieng Viet NXB Khoa hgc xd hdi, nam 1998 Tap c h i Giao due so t k i a • 5/201 n ...ngay tCr nho, HS chua dugc trang bj cac kT nang O khu vuc MN noi chung vd VDTTS ndi rieng, cdc td* chuc xd hdi, gia dinh vd nhd trudng chua chudn... dd Idm qua trinh «chuyen hod" yeu cdu hoc tap vdo bdn than moi HS dien chdm chap Mat khdc, d cdc khu vuc nay, dieu kien sdng vd ca sd vdt chdt cua HS cdn gap nhieu khd khan dd dnh hudng khong tdt... gid tao" Dd Id su chu y cd tinh chdt hinh thuc, tudn theo ki ludt, nhung thuc chdt HS khong tap trung vdo bdi hoc, khong cd nhung thdc mdc xung quanh bdi hoc 2) Dac diem ve nhu cau hoc tap va