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D A C T R U N G C U A V A N M I E U T A D U O ! G O C N H I N D O I M O l M U C T I E U G I A O D U C • • O TS PHAM MINH DIEU* Ydn mieu ta (VMT) tu lau da tra thdnh mot noi dung dgy hgc (DH) quan tron[.]
D A C T D U O ! G O C R U N N H I N G C U A V A N I D O I M O l M U C T I E U • O Y M dn mieu ta (VMT) tu lau da tra thdnh mot E U T G I A O A D U C • TS PHAM MINH DIEU* ngn, sdng tgo lgi cdc ddi tuang, dya tren nhung ket qua quan sat, kinh nghiem cua ngudi viet 2) VMT ton tgi nhieu tinh vyc: khoa hgc, van hgc - nghe thudt, cudc song d*di thudng Trong mdi linh vyc, VMT cd nhung ddc diem khdc nhau: - VMT khoa hgc cd tinh chan that, chinh xdc, khach quan vd tri tue VMT khoa hoc cd the kem theo sa do, hinh dnh minh hoa - VMT nghe thudt\\og\ ddng dya tren quy ludt cua cdi dep, lya chon cdc chi tiet ddc sdc nhdm MT ddi tuang mdt each sinh ddng vd «cd hdn" O trinh dd cao, MT nghe thudt bao gid cung gdn vdi «but phap" Mdt sd but phap MT thudng gap Id: but phap udc le, tugng trung, but phap Idng mgn, but phap hien thyc {td chan) Ngodi ra, cdn mdt sd but phap khdc gdn lien vdi cdc phuang phap vd trao luu van hoc Cdc the loqi van hoc nhu tha vd vdn xudi cung chi phdi den ddc trung cua MT nghe thudt MT bdng van xudi thudng dyng lgi buc tranh cudc sdng vdi phgm vi vd dung luqng rdng ldn; cdn vdi da sdede bdi tha, buc tranh cudc sdng thudng chi duqc MT d mdt gdc dd hep han; MT bdng tha thudng hudng tdi ndi dung tdm li, cdn MT bdng vdn xudi thudng hudng tdi hien thyc khach quan; ngdn ngu MT tha got giua, ham sue, cdn ngdn ngu MT vdn xudi gdn gui vdi cudc sdng thyc han - VMT ddi thudng\6n tqi sinh hoqt hdng ngay, mang dgc diem tong hqp cua nhieu phong each nhung thudng ngdn gqn, thiet thyc vd gdn lien vdi hoan canh ndi viet cy the 3) VMT nhd trudng Id hinh thuc ton tgi dgc biet cua VMTvd mang nhung dgc diem rieng Khdc vdi VMT cdc hnh vyc ddi sdng, VMT nhd trudng, vi myc tieu gido dye nen mang tinh «tqp MT" vd «tdi MT" Ngodi ra, cd ndi dung vd hinh thuc cua van bdn MT phdi dqt tdi tinh chudn myc, tinh md pham cao noi dung dgy hgc (DH) quan trong chuang trinh (CT) Tap Idm van d cdc cap pho' thong vd Id ddi tuong duqc nhieu ngudi quan tdm nghien cuu Trudc day, VMT duqc DH nhd trudng thudng nghieng ve mieu td (MT) nghe thudt vd chu yeu xet tdi phuong dien thuc hanh Tu nam 2000 den nay, phdn mdn Tap lam van cd nhieu ddi mdi quan niem, nhdt Id su khdi gudt thdnh kieu vdn ban Id MT, ft/ su, bieu cam, thuyet minh, nghi lugn va van ban hanh chinh Dieu dan den each hieu khdc trudc ve cdc kieu vdn bdn Theo dd, cdc kieu vdn bdn MT, tir si/, bieu cam khdng chi duqc xet phgm vi nghe thudt Chinh vi the, cdc vdn de ve dqc trung cua VMT cung cdn duqc xdc djnh rd, Idm ca sd khoa hoc cho viec DH VMT nhd trudng phd thdng Cdc dgc trung cua MT vd VMT Xudt phdt tu cdi nhin td'ng the ve VMT, duqc xdc djnh nhd quan diem dd'i mdi muc tieu gido dye, bdi viet dua cdc ddc trung cua MT vd VMT nhu sau: 1) MT la mot logi hanh vi gom MT bang ldi vd khdng bang ldi Chdt lieu ngdn tu chi phdi ddc trung cua VMT Nghien cuu vd DH VMT cdn bdt ddu tu hanh vi MT Cd logi hanh vi MT: - MT khdng bang ldi Id logi hanh vi dung cdc chdt lieu ngodi ngdn ngu de MT Chang hgn, cdc nhd thiet ke thai trang MTy tudng bdng nhung hinh ve, nhd kien true MT y tudng qua cdc md hinh, nhd dja li MT dd cao mat ddt bdng cdc mdu sdc ; - MT bang ldi Id loqi hanh vi su dyng chdt lieu ngdn ngu de mieu td Hanh vi tgo sdn phdm Id vdn bdn MT a cd dgng ndi vd viet Do lay ngdn tu Idm chdt lieu, VMT khdng the su dyng tryc tiep cdc dudng net, mdu sdc hay dm de tdi hien ddi tuang Vi vdy, ngudi dqc khdng the tryc tiep nhin thdy, nghe thdy hinh tugng MT nhu hdi hoa vd dm nhac Tuy nhien, VMT Iqi cd the su dyng tinh cam, tri tue, thdng qua tri tudng tugng vd ngdn tu de nhdo * Tnfdng Dai hoc Hong Diic Tap c h i Giao due so ( k i • 6/2011) 4) Myc dich chinh cua VMT la tai hien sy vgt, hien tugng vai cac ddu hieu true quan Day la dqc trung chu yeu vd nd'i bdt nhdt cua VMT, giup no phdn biet vdi cdc the vdn bdn khdc, nhdt Id vdi vdn ke chuyen, vdn bieu cam vd vdn thuyet minh VMT tap trung tdi hien cdc ddu hieu vdt chdt cua ddi tuong nhu: hinh ddng, kich thudc, mdu sdc, dm thanh, mui vj, hoqt ddng Dd Id nhung ddu hieu cd the khien ngudi dqc (ngudi nghe, ngudi xem) hinh dung duqc ddi tugng dang hien trudc mdt 5) VMT co the «hinh anh hoa" ngi dung ben cua ddi tugng Nhiem vy cua VMT khdng dung Iqi d viec tdi hien nhung ddu hieu ben ngodi, md cdn tham gia vdo viec tdi hien ndi dung ben cua ddi tuang Ngudi phuang Ddng thudng ndi «vgn vdt huu linh" (van vdt deu cd linh hon) VMT Idm de «linh hdn" dd duqc hien qua cdc hinh dnh cua sy vdt 6) VMT la sdn phdm cua quan sat, suy ngam, so sanh, tudng tugng Khi MT, phdi cd sy quan sat tinh te de tim duqc nhung chi tiet sinh ddng, phdn dnh dung vd hdp dan ndi dung ben cua ddi tugng; cdn cd tri tudng tugng de sdng tqo nhung bieu hien ddc trung cua sy vdt, de tdi tqo vd hu cdu, lot td duqc dung «chdn dung" cua ddi tugng 7) Ndi dung cua van bdn MT chua dyng «thdng tin - hinh dnh" bdng ngdn tu VMT khdng chdp nhdn «MT de MT" No khdng phdi tdi hien ddi tuang theo kieu «cdy tre cd mdt, ndi ddng cd quai", md phdi mang den cho ngudi dqc nhung ndi dung thdng tin mdi me Dd Id nhung «thdng tin- hinh dnh" bdng ngdn tu 8) MT bao aid cung xud't phat tu nhung «diem nhin" khdc Cdc loqi diem nhin thudng duqc nhdc tdi gom: diem nhin khdng gian, diem nhin thdi gian vd diem nhin tdm li Ddng chu y diem nhin tdm li Id vj the tuc nhung tu each, vj the khdc cua chu the MT Vi dy: MT ngdi trudng vdi tu each ngudi dd xa trudng; MT ndng thdn dudi mdt cua ngudi thdnh thi, td canh gid mua ddng Bde dudi each nhin cua mdt HS mien Nam ldn ddu Bde 9) Ngdn ngu VMT cy the, sinh dgng, gidu chdt tgo hinh Vi myc dich tdi hien ddi tugng d trang thdi vdt chdt, cy the, nen tinh cy the, sinh ddng vd tgo hinh Id ddc trung cua ngdn ngu MT Trong tieng Viet thudng dung hdng loqt cdc tu cd khd ndng «tqo hinh" nhu: treo, xanh xao, den dui (tu lay); xanh ngdt, xanh tham, xanh tham, xanh om (tu ghep); meo mu vd cd ran, den nhu cot nhd chdy (thdnh ngu) Ben canh dd, ngudi ta cung thudng dung ldi vi von, Tap chi Giao due so 263