TRIET HOC, SO 12 (247), THANG 12 2011 MOT CHINH SACH TRI THl/C DOAN KET CHO Sir PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/Ol DEN VOfNG (Tiep theo ky trUdc) HYUNGKEE KIM '''' Bdi viet ludn gidi nhdm ldm ro rdng, chinh sdch tri[.]
TRIET HOC, SO 12 (247), THANG 12-2011 MOT CHINH SACH TRI THl/C DOAN KET CHO Sir PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/Ol DEN VOfNG (Tiep theo ky trUdc) HYUNGKEE KIM' Bdi viet ludn gidi nhdm ldm ro rdng, chinh sdch tri thilc dodn ket khong chi hUdng de'n mtic tieu gidm bdt khodng cdch ve kien thilc giQa cdc cd nhdn, md nhdm ndng cao trinh dp nhgn thiic cua cdc cd nhdn, chuyen nhii-ng ngiidi lao dpng pho' thong thdnh nhiing ngadi lao dpng co trinh dp Chinh sdch tri thtic dodn kei thcri dgi kinh tetri thilc Id mpt hinh thilc mdi ciia tinh dodn ket vitpt ngodi chinh sdch tien lildng dodn ket thdi dgi nen kinh te thi tri/dng Theo tdc gid, chinh sdch tri thtic dodn ket phdi Id mpt yeu td cdt ldi cua phdt trie'n ngiidi ben vOng theky XXI, bdi phdt trie'n bin viing cua ngiidi thdi dgi ngdy dupc dila tren tri thilc Quan diem vgt cua C.Mdc vi phdt trien ngiidi ben vOng vd cdch tiep can ndng liic ctia Amartya Sen nhdm phdt trien ngiidi bin vUng cdn diipc xem xet tii quan diem cda chinh sdch tri thtic dodn ket C h i n h s a c h tri thflc d o a n k e t nh^m phat trien c o n ngfldi b e n viJng Nhu da de cap d tren, cd the ket luan rang ca each tiep can vat cua chu nghla Mac Ian tiep can n a n g lUc cua Amartya Sen deu chu trpng tdi tdm quan trpng ciia tri thflc viec p h a t trien ngUdi(4) Ca hai each tiep can deu cd the trd t h a n h cd sd ly luan qua t r i n h thao l u a n ve p h a t trien ngUdi p h a m vi Iy luan phat trien ngUdi trdng nen kinh te tri thflc Treng nen kinh te tri thflc, viec tiep can tri thflc va cac cd hdi giao due la yeu td cdt ldi cua p h a t trie'n ngfldi C.Mac va Amartya Sen deu dfla sfl cdn thiet ciia viec cd dfldc cac cd hdi cdng bdng de n a n g cao tri thflc ciia mdi ca n h a n hay ngfldi lad ddng Do dd, cd the ndi, khai niem "chinh sach tri thflc doan ket" ve phat trien ngfldi ben vflng dfldc (chflng tdi) thiet lap tren cd sd phan tich cac each tiep can cua C.Mac va Amartya Sen ve p h a t trien cen ngfldi 1) Tri thac dephdt trien eon ngUifi Tri thflc vdi tfl each la ltic Ifldng san xua't bao gdm khoa hpc, cdng nghe va cac ky nang(5) Khoa hpc, cdng nghe va cac ky nang ciia loai ngfldi giup nang cao kha nang va nang sua't lao ddng cua ngfldi lad ddng Ba cap dp tri thflc cd the cai thien cac quan he san xuat "* (*) Giao sU kinh te hpc, TrUOng Dai hoc Quoc gia KjTjngpook, Chii tich hiep hpi Kinh te' chinh tri Han Quoc (KAPE) (4) Xghien ciiu phat trien ngiidi cua UNDP da de xuat Chi so phat trien ngUdi bao gom mot chi so philc hdp gom ba thu6c phat trien ngUdi: Tiep can cac nguon lUc, tri thilc va tuoi thp Chi so phat trien ngUdi dUdc hinh tii cac kha nSng cua ngUdi Amartya Sen da neu (5) De tri thiic tro mpt ldi the vUdt troi cua mpt xi nghiep, thi tri thCic nen dUdc ket hdp vdi tinh sang tao Tinh sang tao la yeu to quan treng nhat cho phat trien ngUdi theky XXI 41 H-iX'XGKEEKIM linh \-flc ma ngfldi lao ddng t h a m gia Khoa hpc ddng vai trd la phfldng tien cai thien q u a n he san xuat, bao gdm khoa hpc n h a n van, khoa hc>c xa hdi \ a khoa hpc tfl nhien Cac tien bd cua khoa hpc tfl nhien dac biet la cdng nghe thdng tin, truyen thdng va cdng nghe sinh hpe da anh hfldng tdi cac ngudn Iflc chinh quyet dinh sfl phat trien ngfldi ciing nhfl trien vpng cua the ky XXI (Sirageldin 2003) Xeu ca n h a n ngfldi lao ddng cd cac kien thflc vflng chac ve n h a n van khoa hpc xa hdi va khoa hpc tu nhien thi hp cd the ddng gdp \ a o viec cai each hoac each mang hda cac quan he san xuat vd'n cd ciing nhu cac quan he xa hdi khac day, chting tdi mudn tap t r u n g vao van de phat trien ngUdi cua ngUdi Iao ddng viec tai san xuat mdi quan he tien cdng - lao ddng Qua trinh tao mdi quan he tien cdng - lao ddng gdm ba Hnh \-flc cd mdi quan he tfldng tac vd'i nhau: Qua t r i n h lao ddng, thi trfldng lad ddng va tai san xua't sflc Iao ddng (Kim 1997) XTifl vay, phat trien ngfldi qua trinh tai san xuat mdi quan he tien cdng - Iao ddng cd the dflpc tiep can tfl ba khu vUc: Khu vflc Iao ddng (qua trinh Iao dpng), khu vflc thi trfldng (thi trfldng lao ddng), va khu \Tic sinh hoat (khdng gian sdng) (tai san xua't sflc lao ddng) Trong dd, khu vflc lao ddng (ndi lam viec lao ddng) la yeu td t r u n g tam p h a t trien ngfldi cfla ngfldi lao ddng; bdi \"i, cudc sdng lao ddng la p h a n q u a n chii yeu cua ddi sd'ng ngfldi lao ddng Do dd, xin bdt ddu trinh bay ly luan ciia chflng tdi vdi khu VUc Iao ddng Xu hudng cd hflu cua qua trinh Iao ddng tu ban chii nghia cd th§ tdm tat n h u sau: Tach rdi cac y tUdng khdi viec flng dung, khdng ky n a n g (deskiUing) va kiem soat (giam sat) theo ca'p bac (Kim 1997) Do vay qua trinh Iao ddng cua chu nghia tfl ban, phi nhan tinh va chuyen quyen la cac dac tinh chi phdi Xu hfldng ddi lap vdi quy trinh lao ddng cua ehu nghia tfl ban nhfl sau: Cd sfl thd'ng nha't gifla cac y tfldng va thflc te thflc hien, thiet lap ky nang va kiem seat (giam sat) dan chu vdi sfl tfl chii ciia ngfldi Iao ddng De dat dfldc md thflc mdi ve qua trinh Iao dpng pham vi chu nghia tfl ban cung nhfl pham vi \"fldt ngoai chii nghla tU ban ngUdi Iao ddng cdn cd tri thflc phu hdp ma he thdng san xua't mdi yeu cau(6) Trong nen kinh te san xua't hang loat cua the ky XX chac chan hdu het ngfldi Iao ddng cac he thd'ng san xua't day chuyen, nhU n g a n h cdng nghiep san xuat d td chi thiic hien cac chflc nang ddn gian cua lao dpng phd thdng he thdng cua phUdng thflc quan ly cap bac Trong p h a m vi ciia he thdng san xua't h a n g loat, viec sang tao va khai thac gia tri phu thudc vao tdc dp lam viec va nd lUc chfl khdng phai la ky nang hay tri thflc ciia cdng nhan Quy trinh Iao dpng ctia chu nghia Taylor cho (6) Xeu khong co kien thilc ngUdi lao dpng khong thi thUc hien cac chile nSng tU du\ hoflc lao dpng phiic hdp va hp ciing khong the nang cao ky ning Do do, tri thilc cua ngUdi lao dpng c6 thi la xu hudng doi lap cua tien trinh lao dpng tU ban i^lOrCHINH SACH TRI THUC DOAX KET tha\' rd rdng khdng ky nang (Iao ddng ddn gian) td r a cd Idi de tang td'c dp lam viec Do dd, khdng cd Iy gi khie'n chu nghla t u ban phai n a n g cao ky nang cua ngudi lao dpng mdt nen kinh te san xua't day chuyen nhU vay Tu\' nhien, nen kinh te tri thflc da bdt ddu thd'ng linh vao thap ky 90 cua the ky trfldc, mdt so ca'u phdn cua md thflc mdi ve qua trinh Iao ddng da bat ddu xuat hien Sfl thd'ng n h a t gifla y tfldng va flng dting thtic te, thiet lap ky nang va sfl tfl chu cd trach nhiem da thdng tri treng qua trinh lad ddng eua cac tap doan ddng vai trd cac ddn vi kinh te trpng yeu nen kinh te dfla tren cd sd tri thflc Dang chfl y la xu hfldng ddi lap vdi quy trinh Iao ddng tfl ban chu nghia xuat hien ldng ciia chu nghla tfl ban Mdt nhflng ly dan den hien tfldng la bdi nd rat can thiet de tao he thd'ng san xua't cd gia tri thang dfl Idn va cd chat Ifldng Iinh hoat nen kinh te tri thflc Trong nen kinh te tri thflc, viec sang tao gia tri phu thupc p h a n ldn vao tri thflc ciia ngfldi Iao ddng O mdt mflc dp nha't dinh, ngfldi lad ddng cd cac tri thflc ma he thd'ng san xua't yeu cau, cd the nam bdt dfldc mdt each tdng quat ve hoat ddng cua he thd'ng cung nhfl cd sfl tfl chii dang ke qua trinh Iao dpng Mdt ly nfla, dd la tinh bd sung (thay dd'i) ve ky nang edng nghe cd md thflc cdng nghe cao mdi, nhfl cdng nghe thdng tin va cdng nghe sinh hpc Xoi each khac, cdng nghe cao cdn ky nang va tri thflc cang cao cua ngi(di lao ddng Do tinh bd sun^ ky n i n g cdng nghe, sfl thay dd'i ky thuat dfla vao ky nang trd t h a n h mdt xu hfldng mdi viec quyet dinh nhu cau lao ddng (Acemoglu 1998) Do dd, viec cd dfldc ky nang thdng qua giao due va dao tao la dieu kien can thiet de tiep can cac cdng viee phu hdp thi trfldng lao ddng Tdm lai, tri thflc ciia ngfldi lao ddng mang lai cho hp cd hpi cd dfldc cac cdng viec xiing dang va giup hp lam viec mdt each n h a n van va dan chu N h a n van hda va dan chu hda cdng viec la nhflng ndi dung chinh cua phat trien ngfldi qua trinh lao ddng Nhan van hda cdng viec ddi hdi cac ky nang va tri thflc cao ciia ngfldi Iao ddng Dan chii hda cdng viec cdn sti tfl chii ctia ngfldi lad ddng Tri thflc giup ngfldi lad ddng cd dfldc sfl tfl chu qua trinh lao ddng Mac du phai chiu tac ddng ciia qua trinh binh dn, song n h a n van hda va dan chu hda cdng viec la xu hfldng ddi lap vdi qua trinh lao ddng tfl ban chu nghla Vi du, qua trinh lam viec theo nhdm va cung dfla quyet dinh ciia nhflng ngfldi lao ddng cd ky nang tai cac cdng ty ldn tai Dflc va Thuy Dien cd the dfldc xem la qua trinh phdi thai ciia sti tfl quan tri cua ngfldi lad ddng xa hdi hau tfl ban chu nghla Vi du cd the la ban dap hfldng tdi sfl phat trien ngfldi tfl dd mdt xa hdi cd sfl lien hiep cua nhiing ngfldi san xua't tti nhfl C.Mac da hinh dung P h a t trien ngfldi ddi vdi ngfldi lao ddng qua trinh tai san xuat sflc lao ddng cd the thflc hien thdng qua giao due va dao tao, giao tiep va kha 43 HYUNGKEE KIM nang thich nghi van hda Giao due va dao tao la qua t r i n h hpc t a p trflc tiep Viec hpc tap tai trfldng va hpc t a p sudt ddi la cac qua truth cd b a n eiia viec hpc Do dd, cd hdi tiep can vdi viec hpc t a p tai trfldng va hpc t a p sudt ddi la r a t quan trpng ddi vdi sfl p h a t trien eon ngfldi cua ngfldi Iao ddng Kha nang giao tiep la mdt yeu td' quan trpng khac nfla, hpe tap thdng qua giao tiep la qua trinh hpc gian tiep de phat trien ngfldi Bdi vay, kha nang giao tiep dfldc Cdi la mdt ky nang xa hdi (Capelli va Rogovsky, 1994)(7) Tri thflc tich luy tfl qua trinh giao tiep dfldc gpi la tri thflc ngdm, ddi lap vdi cac tri thflc da dfldc he thdng hda cd dfldc thdng qua giao due - dao tao De cd dfldc cac tri thflc ngdm, ngfldi lao ddng can phai t h a m gia vao mang tri thflc Hp nen la t h a n h vien ciia mdt cdng ddng tri thflc Do dd, viec tao dfldc mpt cdng ddng tri thflc cho ngfldi Iao ddng va ngoai ddn vi hp lam viec trd mdt chfldng trinh chinh ciia viec phat trien cen ngfldi cho ngfldi lad ddng Do ky nang xa hdi va tri thflc ngdm ddng vai trd quyet dinh viec ddi mdi nhdm lam viec cac xi nghiep (Leonard va Sensiper 1998), nen cac nha tfl ban va quan Iy r a t quan tam tdi viec tao mdt cpng ddng tri thflc cac ddn vi kinh ddanh Thdi gian n h a n rdi cung rat can thiet cho sfl phat trien ngfldi ciia ngfldi lao ddng Trong khoang thdi gian nay, ngfldi Iao ddng ed the cd cac cd hdi hpc tap de tien bd Hp cd the dat dfldc cac tri thflc mang tinh he thdng va cac tri 44 thflc ngam thdi gian n h a n rdi cua minh Thdi gian n h a n rdi cung giflp ngUdi Iao dpng t h a m gia vao rdt nhieu hoat ddng cdng dong giup nang cao chat lUdng cupc sdng cua hp Cae hoat dpng cpng ddng mang lai cd hdi cho ngUdi lao ddng nhdm n a n g cao k h a nang thich nghi van hda va trd t h a n h cdng dan cd tam, quan t a m tdi cac van de chinh tri xa hdi Ngoai ra, thdi gian nhan rdi, ngUdi lad ddng cd the cai thien sflc khde Tdm Iai, thdi gian n h a n rdi cd the giup ngfldi lao dpng nang eao kha nang nhfl Amartya Sen da n h a n manh 2) Chinh sdch tri thac dodn ket: Tri thac cho mpi ngUdi O gde dp coi tri thflc la yeu td quan trpng de phat trien eon ngfldi, van de la khdng phai ta't ca mpi ca n h a n deu dfldc tiep can ngudn tri thflc ngang bang Treng nen kinh te san xua't hang loat, viee mdt ca n h a n cd hay khdng cd cac phfldng tien vat chat de san xua't se quyet dinh vi tri xa hdi cua ca nhan Ngfldc lai, nen kinh te tri thflc, chinh viec ca n h a n cd tri thflc nhfl la mdt phfldng tien san xuat phi vat chat mdi la dieu quyet dinh vi tri va dang cap ciia Do dd, sfl phan chia gifla nhQng ngfldi cd tri thflc va nhflng ngfldi khdng cd tri thflc trd t h a n h yeu td cd ban quyet dinh sfl p h a n chia giai tang NhQng ca n h a n ed tri thflc cd the thflc hien chflc n a n g lanh dao va quan ly cdng viec qua trinh lao ddng, cac ca n h a n khdng cd tri thflc (7) Cac ky nang xa hpi dUdc gpi la ky nang giao tiep ling xil va tao lap quan he, ky nang trung gian, ky nang cong dan 1 T £ H J N H S A C H TRI THUC DOAx KET true tiep thi h a n h cdng viec qua trinh Iao ddng Khoang each tri thflc gifla cac ca n h a n quyet dinh thu n h a p hoac mflc chenh lech tien cdng va thu nhap va vi the', khoang each cha't Ifldng cupc sd'ng dfldc thiet lap Ngoai ra, nen kinh te tri thflc cd mdt cd che p h a n hdi ti'ch cflc gifla giau cd va tri thflc thdng qua mdt hieu flng giau cd mdi Hieu flng giau cd la sti giau cd giup cac ca n h a n cd dfldc cac tri thflc thdng qua viec tieu t h u nhflng san p h a m la thdng tin va giao due/van hda va nhflng san p h a m lai tich luy cho ngfldi sii dung thu n h a p cao hdn va qua dd, giau cd hdn Neu ngfldi giau tieu t h u nhieu dich vu ve thdng tin va giao due hdn ngfldi ngheo, thi khoang each tri thflc gifla hp trd Ien rdng hdn thdng qua hieu flng giau cd mdi Khdng gidng hieu flng giau cd nen kinh te san xua't h a n g loat, dd cang tieu t h u nhieu cae dich vii tren khdng ddng nghia vdi viec trd nen giau ed hdn, thi hieu flng giau cd nen kinh te tri thflc Iai mdt nhieu them, theo dd cang tieu thti nhieu cang trd nen giau cd Hau qua la ngfldi giau cang giau hdn va ngfldi ngheo lai cang ngheo hdn Do vay, nen kinh te tri thflc, xua't hien mdt xu hfldng p h a n cflc (Kim 2007) Ddi vdi p h a t trien ngfldi ben vflng, cdn thiet phai h a n che xu hfldng p h a n cflc vd'n dfldc tao bdi khoang each ve tri thflc Dd la Iy tai chinh sach tri thflc doan ket trd nen cdn thiet Chinh sach tri thflc doan ket la thu hep khodng each tri thflc gifla cac ca n h a n va n a n g cao n h a n thflc cua ca n h a n len mflc ngang bang Neu tri thflc la yeu td' chinh chi phdi viec phan bd thu nhap, thi mpt chinh sach tri thflc doan ket ed the h a n che sfl thieu can bdng t h u n h a p gifla cac thflc the kinh te Trong chinh sach tien cdng doan ket dfldc cdng doan lao ddng LO tai Thuy Dien de xua't de hfldng tdi viec han che sfl ba't binh ddng hau nghiem (expost), thi chinh sach tri thflc doan ket lai hfldng tdi viec h a n che sfl ba't binh ddng tien nghiem (fldc tinh) Va, chinh sach tien cdng doan ket hfldng den chu nghla binh quan dfla tren thu nhap, thi ehinh sach tri thflc doan ket lai hfldng de'n chu nghia binh quan dfla tren tai san Chu nghla binh quan dfla tren tai san dfldc gpi la ehu nghia binh quan tfl ben eung flng, dd tri thflc la mpt tai san cdn dfldc eung cap binh dang che ta't ca mpi ngfldi (Bowles Et al.l998) Tdm Iai, nguyen tac cd ban cua chinh sach tri thflc doan ket cd the coi la "tri thflc cho ta't ca mpi ngfldi" Chinh sach tri thflc doan ket la mdt hinh thflc doan ket mdi kinh te tri thflc Chinh sach tien cdng doan ket se mat di hieu Iflc ddi mat vdi sfl md rdng them khoang each tri thflc gifla ngfldi Iao ddng Miac tieu cua chinh sach tien cdng doan ket la "tra Ifldng nhfl n h a u cho cflng mdt cdng viec" Chinh sach tien cdng doan ket chi ap diing dfldc cho lao ddng ddng nhat, chfl khdng the ap dung cho lao ddng khdng ddng nha't Xen kinh te san xua't hang loat dd hdu het ngfldi lad dpng deu cd 45 HYUXGKEE KIM sfl tfldng ddng la nhiing ngfldi Iao ddng khdng ky nang, thi chinh sach tien cdng doan ket mdi ed gia t r i ap dung Tuy nhien, n e n kinh te tri thflc thi hdu nhfl khdng tdn tai loai cdng viec ddng dang (nhfl n h a u ) hoac lao ddng ddng nha't nen chinh sach tien cdng doan ket khdng giai quyet dfldc van de "tra Ifldng nhfl n h a u cho cung mdt cdng viec" Mac dfl vay, kinh te tri thflc, van de tri thflc quyet dinh tinh chat edng viec (kha nang ed viec lam) cung nhfl mflc thu nhap, thi chinh sach tri thflc doan ket, chfl khdng phai la chinh sach tien cdng doan ket, cd hieu Iflc va anh hfldng ldn hdn ddi vdi cha't Ifldng cudc sd'ng ciia ngfldi Iao ddng 3) Nghi trinh cua chinh sdeh tri thdc dodn ket Lam the nao de thflc thi chinh sach tri thflc doan ket? Viec phan bd binh dang tri thflc tdi cac chu the kinh te cd the dfldc thtic hien thdng qua nhieu quy trinh khac Mdt sd' chfldng trinh cho chinh sach tri thflc doan ket dfldc de cap dfldi day: TrUdc hdt, tri thflc, chfl khdng phai la tien vd'n, vdi so' Ifldng nhieu hdn va chat Ifldng cao hdn cdn dfldc ddu tfl vao lao ddng(8) Trong qua trinh san xuat tri thflc hien dien ca vd'n Idn Iao ddng Do dd, tri thflc san xua't tdn tai hoac dfldi dang vdn tri thflc (nhfl cac chflng chi, bang sang che, ban quyen va phdn mem), hoac dfldi dang lao ddng tri thflc (nhfl cac ky nang, kha nang, tinh sang tao) tai cac xi nghiep(9) Van de nen tang viee hien thflc hda sfl binh dang ve tai san va p h a n bd 46 t h u nhap la xac dinh rd tri thflc ndm d dang vdn tri thflc hay d dang Iao ddng tri thflc Ludng tri thflc dfldi dang Iao ddng cang cd nhieu hdn dfldi dang vdn thi viec hien thuc hda sfl binh dang ve t h u nhap se cang cao (Kim 2007) Dau tfl nghien cflu va phat trien cac xi nghiep tao ngudn vd'n tri thflc ddu tfl phat trien cac ngudn Iflc ngfldi Iai tao lao dpng tri thflc D a u tfl nghien cflu va phat trien va dau tfl p h a t trien ngudn ltic ngfldi la hai ca'u phan chinh ciia viec ddu tfl tri thflc Neu ty le ddu tfl p h a t trien ngudn Iflc ngfldi (phat trien ngudn Iflc ngfldi / ddu tfl tri thflc) Idn hdn ty le ddu tfl nghien cflu va phat trien (ddu tfl nghien cflu phat trien / ddu tfl tri thflc) thi mflc chia se lao ddng tri thflc se Idn hdn, cac yeu td cdn Iai se binh dang vdi Trong trfldng hdp cd xu hfldng ty le ddu tU nghien cflu phat trien / ddu tfl tri thflc ldn hdn ty le ddu tfl p h a t trien ngudn Iflc ngfldi / dau tfl tri thflc cac xi nghiep tri thflc, cdn phai dat dfldc sfl can bdng gifla ty le ddu tfl nghien cflu phat trien va ddu tfl p h a t trien ngudn (8) Tit giai doan dau chii nghia tU ban, cac nha tU ban da nim dpc quyen tri thilc Tang ldp lao dpng thieu hut tri thdc nhU C.Mac da chi "Tu ban" Do do, chinh sach tri thiic doan ket, budc dau tien nen dUdc thUc hien 14 xac dinh chinh xac phan phoi khdng cong bang cd ban ve tri thUc giiia giai cap tU ban va giai cap cdng nhan (9) Trong xi nghiep tri thilc, moi quan he von - lao dpng la mpt dang cua quan he vd'n tri thilc - lao ddng tri thUc Khdng nhu quan diem cua Peter Drucker cho rang tri thilc trd nhan to hang dau, sU khac biet giiia vdn va lao ddng bien mat mdt xa hdi tri thilc thi moi quan he vd'n - lao dpng vin cd y nghia cua nd MQT CHINH sACH TRI THUC DOAX KET ltic ngudi de cd mdt chinh sach tri thflc doan ket (Kim 2007) Neu dau tfl nghien cflu p h a t trien cd bao gdm ddu tfl p h a t trien ngudn Iflc ngfldi tfldng flng thi chinh sach tri thflc doan ket se de thuc hien hdn Hai Id, edn thiet lap quyen sd hflu tri tue tdi flu de cd chinh sach tri thflc doan ket Bao ve quyen sd hflu tri tue la can thiet eho qua trinh ddi mdi va sang tao nen kinh te thi trfldng dd nd tao r a ddng ed khuyen khich cho cac nha p h a t minh sang tao tri thflc mdi thdng qua nghien cflu va phat trien Tuy nhien, viec bao ve quyen sd hflu tri tue m a n h me dan tdi he qua la sfl tfl hflu hda va dee quyen tri thflc qua mflc, nen nd khdng chi lam trdm trpng them sfl bat binh dang gifla nhflng ca n h a n cd tri thflc va khdng cd tri thflc, ma cdn lam t a n g chi phi phuc ldi danh cho viec phd bien va md rdng dd'i mdi va sang tao Day cd the la rao can ddi vdi viec ddi mdi (sang tao) ben vflng va phuc Idi xa hpi Do vay, tfl gde nhin cua ea ddi mdi lan phflc ldi xa hdi, thi chi'nh sach quyen sd hflu tri tue tdi flu cdn dfldc thiet lap de tae r a sti can bdng gifla k h u y e n khich dd'i mdi sang tao va phd bie'n dd'i mdi sang tao Viec bao ve ban quyen bao ^ d m ca nghien cflu khoa hpc cd ban gd'c (upstream basic scientific research) cd the se la mdi de dpa ldn ddi vdi sfl tien bd ciia nghien cflu cd ban va phflc ldi xa hdi (Orsi va Coriat 2005) Do vay, de cd dfldc mdt chinh sach tri thflc doan ket, cdn thidt cd chinh sach quyen sd hflu tri tue tdi flu va tiep can tfl vdi cac nghien cflu cd ban Ba la, can xay dflng mdt he thd'ng khoa hpc hd trd viec chia se tri thflc thdng qua viec tao ra, truyen tai va chuyen nhfldng tri thflc d ca'p dp qud'c gia (OECD 1996) Trong khau tao tri thflc, chmh phii nen thiet lap cac t h e che de dam bao va hd trd sfl sang tao khoa hpc vdi tfl each la (mdt dang) hang hda cdng Trong k h a u truyen tai tri thflc, cdn cd he thd'ng dao tao nghe cho sd Ifldng ldn ngfldi lao ddng va he thd'ng hpc tap sudt ddi cho cdng dan van dam bao he thd'ng giao due trinh dp cao cho cac n h a khoa hpc va ky sfl Trong k h a u chuyen nhfldng tri thflc, cac mang lfldi tri thflc lien ket tri thflc cac Iinh vflc khoa hpc cdng nghe khac n h a u cung cdn dfldc xay dflng (Schiensteck 2004) Trong viec xay dting mpt he thd'ng khoa hpe nhfl vay, thi cac trfldng dai hpc ddng vai trd het sflc quan trpng Mdt he thd'ng ddi mdi sang tao d mflc khu vflc dfldc xay dflng vdi nen tang la cac trfldng dai hpc khu vtic cd the hd trd viec chia se va phd bie'n tri thflc khu vflc dd Trong khau truyen tai tri thflc tai ndi lam viec, can thiet lap mdi lien ket gifla "khoa hpc cdng nghe ky nang" dd cd sfl giao thoa gifla qua trinh chuyen tfl khoa hpc sang ky nang va thang tang trfldng tri thflc tfl ky nang de'n khea hpc Qua trinh truyen tai tri thflc xi nghiep cd hai giai doan: Tfl khoa hpc sang edng nghe va tfl cdng nghe sang ky nang Qua trinh truyen tai tri thflc tfl khoa hpc sang cdng nghe cd the dfldc thiet lap thdng qua sfl hdp 47 HYUXGKEE KIM tac gifla cdng nghiep va trfldng dai hpc T h a n h qua nghien cflu khoa hpc dat dfldc cac t n i d n g dai hpc cdn chuyen hda t h a n h cac cdng nghe thdng qua ddu tfl eho nghien cflu va p h a t trien T h a n h qua khoa hpc cdn dfldc •cung cap eho cac n g a n h cdng nghiep nhfl la mdt loai h a n g hda cdng Qua trinh truyen tai t r i thflc tfl cdng nghe sang ky n a n g cd the dfldc xay dflng bdi mdt nhdm lam viec, bao gdm cac ky sfl va cdng n h a n cung thao luan ve cac van de cua qua trinh san xuat de tfl dd tao cac quy trinh chat Ifldng Cac quy trinh n h a may san xua't d td Toyota la mdt vi du dien hinh ve loai hinh nhdm lam viec nay(lO) Thang bac tang trfldng tri thflc cd hai phan; Tfl ky nang sang cdng nghe va tfl cdng nghe den khoa hpc Thdng qua ddu tfl nghien cflu phat trien ngfldi, ngfldi Iao ddng lanh nghe hay n h a n vien ky t h u a t cd the trd t h a n h ky sfl va cac ky sfl cd the nam dfldc nhflng tri thflc khoa hpc tti nhien Xhfl vay, nhflng nhdm lam viec tai ndi lam viec la diem khdi ddu cua tang trfldng tri thflc Boh Id, viec md rdng mang Ifldi tri thflc de chia se tri thflc ngdm cflng rat cdn thiet Viec chia se tri thflc ngdm gifla ngfldi Iao ddng tai ndi lam viec va gifla cac chu the kinh te nen kinh te khu vUc la ye'u td t h e n chdt viec truyen ba tri thflc de cd dfldc mdt chinh sach tri thflc doan ket Viec chia se tri thflc ngdm mdt td chflc nghien cflu ciing rat cdn thiet Dieu cd nghla la vd'n xa hdi, nhfl sfl tin cay va hdp tac gifla nhiing ca n h a n tai ndi 48 lam viec va nen kinh te khu vflc, la dilu khdng the thieu Viec chia se tri thflc ngam gifla nhflng chii thd kinh te ldn hdn nen kinh te k h u \Tic la yeu to then chdt de phd bien va md rdng ddi mdi sang tao k h u \tic (Ludvall 1992) Bdi vay, viec xay dflng ldng tin gifla ngfldi vdi n h a u ddng vai trd quan trpng viec ket ndi cac chu the kinh te la nhiing ngfldi se chia se tri thflc ngdm Ndm Id, cac lien doan lao ddng thfldng Ifldng la can thiet de nang cao trinh dp tri thflc cua edng nhan Tfl quan diem cua p h a t trien ngfldi, khdng ehl thfldng Ifldng ve tien cdng lao ddng ma ca thfldng Ifldng ve tri thflc deu can dfldc dfla vao chfldng trinh hoat ddng cua cac lien doan lao ddng Viec thfldng Ifldng ve tri thflc la sfl thfldng Ifldng t a p the ma qua dd, ngfldi lao ddng ddi hdi t r i n h dp tri thflc ciia cdng n h a n phai dfldc n a n g cao Thfldng Ifldng cdn gdp phdn lam giam khoang each tri thflc gifla nhiing ngfldi lao ddng Xhu da nha'n m a n h d tren, de cd chinh sach tri thflc doan ket, chu nghia binh quan dfla tren tai san can phai dfldc de cao hdn chu nghia binh quan dfla tren t h u n h a p Vi vay, ngoai chinh sach tien cdng doan ket de giam thieu chenh lech ve tien Ifldng, cac lien dean Iao ddng can thiet phai ap dting chinh sach tri thflc doan ket thdng qua (10) Mpt day chuyen chat lUdng thuc chSt la mdt cdng dong tri thilc nhd tai ndi lam viec Tri thUc ma ngUdi ky sU va cdng nhan c6 ve san xuat dUOc chia se bdi mdt so lUdng nha't dinh cac day chuyen chat lUdng MCJi CHINH sACH TRI THUC D O A N KET thudng lUdng ve tri thflc tai ndi lam viec n h a m thu hep (san bdng) trinh dp tri thflc cua ngUdi Iao dpng Hdn nfla, thfldng Ifldng ve tri thflc n h a m dat dUdc sfl binh ddng giao due vdi chinh phu d ca'p qud'c gia ciing ra't can thiet Nhflng ndi dung tri thflc chinh sach tri thflc doan ket cho sfl p h a t trien ngfldi ben vflng ed the dfldc sinh tfl khoa hpc tfl nhien, khoa hpe xa hdi va n h a n van Vi vay, sfl tiep can binh dang tdi giao due dai hpc de cd the tiep n h a n tri thflc ciia loai ngfldi la viec cdt yeu de cd dfldc mdt chinh sach tri thflc doan ket Giam sti bat binh dang giao due gifla va cae tdng Idp xa hdi la chfldng trinh quan trpng nha't ciia che dp binh quan dtia tren tai san nen kinh te tri thtic Cac lien doan Iao dpng nen yeu cdu chinh p h u ddu tfl vao dau tfl phat trien ngudn n h a n Iflc mdt each day du, dac biet la ddu tfl vao giao due cha't Ifldng cao cho giai ca'p cdng nhan Cudi cflng, khdng kem phdn quan trpng, viee hien thflc hda sfl binh dang thdi gian n h a n rdi gifla ngfldi lao ddng la mdt nhflng dieu kien tien quyet de cd chinh sach tri thflc doan ket Ta cd phfldng trinh bieu hien mdi quan he gifla cac yeu to'; dd, thdng tin tri thflc (K-knowIedge) cua mdi ca n h a n la h a m so' cua ddu tfl phat trien ngudn ltic ngfldi (Ihrd) va thdi gian n h a n rdi (FT); K = / - ( I h r d , FT) Viec hpc tap phuc vti tai san xua't tri thuc can cd thdi gian n h a n rdi Neu khdng cd dii thdi gian n h a n rdi, mdi ca n h a n ngUdi lad ddng khdng the tri va n a n g cao trinh dp tri thflc ma he thdng san xua't yeu cdu Ndi chung, ngfldi lao ddng cd t h u n h a p thap phai lam viec thdi gian dai va cd thdi gian nghi ngdi ngdn, ng^di lao dpng cd t h u n h a p cao chi phai lam viec thdi gian ngdn hdn va cd thdi gian nghi dai Do dd, cd sfl tfldng tac tich cflc gifla yeu to thdi gian va yeu td mflc tien cdng Dieu se dan de'n su p h a n cflc thdi gian n h a n rdi gifla nhflng ngfldi Iao ddng 'Vi vay, giam thdi gian lam viec mdt each binh dang la cdn thiet de ed dfldc chinh sach tri thflc doan ket "ThUdng lUdng thdi gian" thdi gian n h a n rdi cung can thiet ben canh viec thUdng lUdng tri thflc(ll) Thdng thfldng nen kinh te san xuat hang loat, Idi n h u a n thu dfldc tfl viec tang nang suat phdn ldn dfldc danh de tang Ifldng Tuy nhien, ddi vdi chinh sach tri thflc dean ket nen kinh te tri thflc, cae Idi n h u a n nen dfldc phan chia lam ba phdn de tang tien cdng, tang ddu tfl phat trien ngudn n h a n Iflc va tang thdi gian n h a n rdi Vi vay, thfldng Ifldng tap the de cd dfldc chinh sach tri thflc ddan ket nen bao gdm ba yeu td: Thfldng Ifldng tien cdng, tri thflc va thdi gian(12) Ket l u a n Chinh sach tri thflc doan ket la mdt hinh thflc mdi ciia chinh sach doan ket (11) ThUdng lUdng thdi gian nen dupc thuc hien tai cac nganh hay cap qud'c gia nham ngan chan sU phan cUc ve thdi gian nhan roi giQa cac xi nghiep (12) Giam thdi gian lam viec ma khdng cat giam tien cdng cd the la chien lUdc thUdng lUdng cho mdt chinh sach tri thilc doan ket 49 HYUXGKEE KIM de phat trien ngfldi ben vflng nen kinh te tri thflc Cach tiep can vat cua C.Mac va each tiep can nang lUc cua Amartya Sen ddi vdi p h a t trien ngUdi da chi sii cdn thiet ciia sU binh dang ve cd hdi ddi vdi viec nang cao tri thflc cua mdi ca n h a n Khai niem chinh sach tri thflc doan ket cho sfl phat trien ngfldi ben vflng cd the dfldc bat ngudn (suy dien ra) tfl cac each tiep can ciia C.Mac va Amartya Sen ddi vdi viec phat trien ngfldi Chu nghia binh quan dfla tren tai san la triet ly nen tang ma chi'nh sach tri thflc dean ket dfla vao Nguyen tae cd ban cua chinh sach tri thflc doan ket la "tri thflc cho mpi ngfldi", nghla la phan phdi ddng deu tri thflc cho cac chii the kinh te Do cd xu hfldng phan cflc gifla nhflng ngfldi cd tri thflc va ngfldi khdng cd tri thflc, nen chinh sach tri thflc doan ket rat cdn thiet de hien thflc hda sfl phat trien ngfldi ben vflng Mdt sd chfldng trinh ciia chi'nh sach tri thflc doan ket da dfldc de xuat treng nghien cflu Tha nhdt, tri thflc, chfl khdng phai la tien vd'n, vdi sd' Ifldng nhieu hdn va cha't Ifldng cao hdn cdn dfldc dau tfl vad Iao ddng Cdn cd dfldc sfl can bdng gifla vdn tri thflc va Iao ddng tri thflc, nghla la can thiet phai tao dfldc sfl can bdng gifla dau tfl nghien cflu va phat trien va ddu tfl phat trien ngudn n h a n ltic Tha hai, cdn phai thiet lap quyen sd hflu tri tue tdi flu ddi vdi chinh sach tri thflc doan ket Tha ba, edn xay dflng he thd'ng khoa hpc gdp phdn chia se va 50 phd bie'n tri thflc d ca'p qud'c gia Tai ndi lam viec, can thiet lap he thdng lien ket "khoa hpe cdng nghe ky nang'' ('science-technology-skill'), dd qua trinh truyen dat tri thflc tfl khoa hpc sang ky nang va t h a n g tang trfldng tri thflc tfl ky n a n g tdi khoa hpc cd the tfldng tac vdi ThU ta, cdn md rpng mang Ifldi tri thflc de ehia se tri thflc ngdm Tha ndm, eae lien doan Iao dpng nen dfla vao chfldng trinh hoat ddng ciia minh viec thfldng Ifldng ve tri thflc nhdm n a n g cao trinh dp tri thflc cho ngfldi lao dpng Cuoi ciing, thtic hien binh dang ve thdi gian nhan rdi gifla nhflng ngfldi Iao ddng la mdt nhflng dieu kien tien quyet de cd chinh sach tri thflc doan ket Can phai tien h a n h thfldng Ifldng ve thdi gian ben canh thfldng Ifldng ve tri thflc de cd sfl binh dang ve trinh dp tri thflc Chinh sach tri thflc doan ket cho sti phat trien ben vflng dfldc nhan manh nghien ciiu cd the la mdt sfl thda hiep mdi gifla nha tfl ban vdi giai cap cdng nhan Do tri thflc la mdt yeu to chi phdi viec tao gia tri nen kinh te tri thflc, nen viec thfldng Ifldng ve tri thflc gifla ngfldi lao dpng va nha quan ly cd the la mdt sfl thfldng Ifldng ddi ben ciing cd Idi Mdt chinh sach tri thflc doan ket ed the la ban dap cho sfl phat trien eon ngfldi tfl xa hdi mdi vfldt ngoai chu nghia tfl ban.Q Ngiidi d i c h : NGUYEN HONG DlTC (Viin Triei hgc, 'Vien Khoa hgc xd tipi Viet Nam) Ngflcrt hieu dinh: ThS TRAN TUAN PHONG (Vien Triei figc, Vien Khoa hgc xd hpi Viet Nam) ... sdch tri thac dodn ket: Tri thac cho mpi ngUdi O gde dp coi tri thflc la yeu td quan trpng de phat trien eon ngfldi, van de la khdng phai ta''t ca mpi ca n h a n deu dfldc tiep can ngudn tri thflc... cflu va phat trien cac xi nghiep tao ngudn vd''n tri thflc ddu tfl phat trien cac ngudn Iflc ngfldi Iai tao lao dpng tri thflc D a u tfl nghien cflu va phat trien va dau tfl p h a t trien ngudn... tfl tri thflc Neu ty le ddu tfl p h a t trien ngudn Iflc ngfldi (phat trien ngudn Iflc ngfldi / ddu tfl tri thflc) Idn hdn ty le ddu tfl nghien cflu va phat trien (ddu tfl nghien cflu phat trien