1 IM HIEU KIEN THUC J CHURN Bl CHO SINH VICN KHOn GIRO DUC TI€U HOC PHnr TRICN LOI NOI TR€N BINH DI€N NGI/ BM UE PHUONG NGA Oe lam chu dupe edng eu ngdn ngtf mpt each cd hieu qua, hpc sinh phai lam eh[.]
1 IM HIEU KIEN THUC J CHURN Bl CHO SINH VICN KHOn GIRO DUC TI€U HOC PHnr TRICN LOI NOI TR€N BINH DI€N NGI/ BM UE PHUONG NGA Trircmg DHSP Ha Noi Oe lam chu dupe edng eu ngdn ngtf 1.1 Npi dung luyen tap ehia lam hai mpt each cd hieu qua, hpc sinh phai lam ehii mang Idn: luyen phat am (dpc, ndi) dung (luyen dupe mat am ciia ngdn ngi/ Trong viec chinh am) va luyen dpc, ndi hay, diln cam giao due ngdn ngtf eho hpe sinh d trudng tieu Viec chua ed ehuan ehfnh am (nhu da ed hpc hien nay, mat am ciia tieng me de chuan ehinh ta) trudng hpe la mpt khd ehua duoc chu y dung mure, vi the hpe sinh ndi khan Idn eho eac trudng su pham, De luyen va dpc chua td't Mudn cd hieu qua, viec ren phat am dung cho sinh vien, trudc het va thuc luyen ky nang dpc, ndi cua hpe sinh phai dupc ehat phai giai quyet van de phuong ngtf Mue tien hanh mpt each ed ke hoach, ddng bp, bat tieu eua ehiing ta la luyen eho sinh vien dpe, dau tu viee xac dinh eae muc tieu luyen tap, xac ndi diing va hay, ed hieu qua pham vi djnh eae nguyen nhan cua tinh trang ndi, dpc giao tiep rpng han phuang ngtf hep eua minh chua td't hien tU ca ba phia, cung la ba nhan Dd la viee vuon den mpt tieng ndi dan tpc Viet td tham gia vao qua trinh day hpc: nhung khd thd'ng nha't, dep de ve mat am khan ciia hpc sinh, nhumg han che ciia giao Hien nay, mac dau chua cd mdt van vien va sir bat cap eua eae tai lieu day hpe, tir ban ehinh thurc nao quy djnh nhung dd xay dung npi dung luyen tap, de xua't cac trudng hpc, mpt each tu nhien, he thd'ng ngtf dudng, bien phap va eae ky thuat luyen am dupe phan anh tren chir viet dupe eoi la dpc, ndi cho hpe sinh ciing vdi he thd'ng bai tap he thd'ng ngtf am ehuan muc cua tieng Viet tudng ifng Trong khudn khd eua bai nay, ehiing hien dai Thuc chat dd la each phat am lay tdi chl trao ddi mpt vai kinh nghiem ve viee can phudng ngu Bac Bp (tieu bieu la tieng Ha Npi) chuan bj cho sinh vien Khoa Giao due Tieu hpe bd sung them ba ye'u td tfch cue eua phu am nhu the nao de hp cd the tie'n hanh hoat dpng dau mien Trung, nhtfng am dupe bieu hien phat trien Idi ndi cho hpe sinh tieu hpc tren binh tren ehtf viet bang cae eon ehtf tr, s, r va hai dien ngtf am cd hieu qua van uau, uu (chiing ta gpi each phat am Doi dieu ve muc tieu va noi dung luyen la phat am dung chinh ta) Day la each phat tap am ed su khu biet am vi hoc tdi da eiia ehtf 44 x: TIM HIEU KIEN THU( viet de khac phuc nhung am da mat di hoac lech chuan chu viet hai nhdm: nhdm ldi da bj bien dang eiia tieng dja phuong Dd la phat am va nhdm bien the phuang ngtf each phat am tdi uu de viet diing ehinh ta Gia Chiing tdi ehi luyen cho cac trudng hpp dupc tri thuc tiln va tinh hpp ly cua each phat am xem la mac Idi phat am cdn dat van de chap la d diem Day la chua ke gipng Ha nhan hai chuan chinh am cho cac trudng hpp Npi tieu bieu cho tieng dja phuang mien Bac, dupc xem la bien the phuang ngu, Sd dT dat lai la gipng ndi Ijeh, d l thuang Vi vay, van de nhu vay la vi xet tu gdc dp tam ly, xa each phat am theo ehuan chu viet la can cir hpi, cung tir mdt am (eiia he thdng phat dau tien de chiing ta khao sat phat am cua am chuan chu viet) dupc phat am mpt sinh vien va xac dinh cae trudng hpp phat am am khae (theo each phat am cua tUng dja lech chuan chu viet, phuang) nhung chi cd nhdm thir nha't gay cho Nhung luyen phat am chi cd tinh kha ngudi nghe cam giac ngudi ndi mae ldi hoac thi nd dupc tie'n hanh mpt each tu nhien, ehi it each phat am tao mpt sd da'u tir nguyen, khdng di ngupe vdi nhung quan hieu am de ngudi nghe nhan giong niem va tinh cam ciia nhtfng cpng ddng ndi que nhu each phat am lan l/n hay khdng trdn tieng dja phudng, Neu cirng nhac ehi chpn vanh, rd tieng kieu cudn cua bia bia (con cd phat am theo ehtf viet, nghTa la cho rang tat be be) ciia mpt sd ngudi mien Bac, Nhung ea cac each phat am khac he thdng ngtf am each phat am lam can trd hoac lam giam dupc phan anh tren ehtf viet la mac ldi thi ehiing ta se bupc sinh vien tat ca eac tmh ndi gipng Ha Npi pha mpt sd yeu td eua mien Trung, bupc sinh vien Nam Bp ndi tieng Bac, Oieu dd la khdng hpp ly, khdng hpp tinh, khdng can thiet va khdng the De lam viee, chimg ta can chpn giai phap chap nhan nhieu ehuan ehinh am Vay nhifng trudng hpp nao xem la sinh vien mac ldi phat am va trudng hpp nao can chap nhan ehuan chfnh am thir hieu qua giao tiep, it la d nhung cap ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe nha't djnh nao dd Tat nhien, phai thira nhan, cam giac ve phat am hay hay khdng hay, cung la danh gia tinh hieu qua giao tiep ve mat phat am ndi nang, ed the mang tinh chii quan, tiiy theo ngur cam cua ti/ng ngudi nghe Chang han, ban than tdi la mdt ngudi ndi cd phan biet tr/ch, r/d/gi, s/x vin cam thay each phat am khdng cd ba phu am quat ludi cua ngudi Bae la hay, nhe nhang, dang yeu, nhung nghe ngudi Nam hai? Bp ndi c/ch, d/gi, s/x thay eho tr, r, s (hien Dua vao tam ly cua ngudi ban ngtf, tdn tai ea hai each phat am ed phan biet va chiing ta ed the ehia cac trudng hop phat am 45 TIM HIEU KIEN THLfC khdng phan biet nhtfng cap phu am dau d Sinh vien thude phuong ngtf Nam Bd nen sinh vien Nam Bd), tdi lai cd cam giac ndi ddt, hudng den each phat am cua tieng Sai Gdn gipng nhe, hdi the ludi, bdi vi ngudi Nam Bp nhu phat vien dai phat thanh, truyen da phat am nhtfng am theo kieu eau am hinh Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh Chap nhan hai sau hdn, tao nhi/ng 111 hay ehinh la /j/, /s/ chuan phat am, sinh vien va hpc sinh phuong Nam Bp mat ludi va mpt Icl Nam Bp cd eau ngQ Bac Bp khdng bat bupc phai phat am am mat ludi sau hon Icl phuong ngi/ phan biet cac cap phu am dau ch/tr, r/d/gi, Bac Nhung cam giac dd cua tdi khdng han s/x Vdi cac sinh vien, hpe sinh Nam Bp, sir dudc nhung ngudi khac, nhat la nhtfng ngudi phan biet eac cap phu am dau r/d, h/g (trude thupe phUdng ngtf Nam Bp ehia se Vi vay, am dem), eae cap phu am cudi n/ng, t/e cung chiing ta se khdng dat van de ehifa nhifng khdng bat bupc Va nhu the, luyen phat am each phat am nay, ed chang la vdi nhtfng sinh khdng ed nghTa la bat ngudi eac tmh ndi, dpc vien dpc, ndi gidi, ta ehi' dua them mpt nhan gipng Ha Npi, bat ngudi Nam ndi, dpc gipng xet, mong mud'n cd tinh chat ca nhan Tdi cd Bac ma hudng sinh vien de'n ndi, dpc mpt cam giac rang neu phat am cd s/x, tr/ch, r/d gipng Bac, mpt giong Nam Bp trau chudt hon, thi se hay hdn, nhung dieu dd la khdng bat hay hdn Cung vi vay chimg tdi khdng tan bupc, ngudi ndi ed quyen lira chpn Cung vi each lam eua mpt vai Sd Giao due va vay, de tranh ehu quan, nhtfng trudng hpp ma Dao tao phia Nam: Chi chpn cac giao vien giao vien su pham, ngudi nghien ciru xem la ngudi Bac, ndi tieng Bac thi giao vien gidi vi ldi phat am de dua sira ehifa deu dupc xem eho rang chi nhtfng ngudi mdi ndi, dpc xet lai bang ngtf cam cua tap the sinh vien chuan, ndi dpc hay Tdm lai, de lam viec, chimg ta se lira 1.2 Tuy xem tieng Ha Npi, tieng Sai chpn ehuan phat am kha mem deo bao gdm Gdn la dieh ly tudng can hudng tdi nhung hai chuan phat am Mlu hinh phat am ly tudng luyen phat am phai ed su van dung mem deo, cho cae sinh vien ti/ Ha TTnh trd hoac la phan luyen tap cd chia npi dung bat hudng den each phat am cua he thdng ngtf bude va npi dung lira chpn Cd the ke mpt am phil hpp vdi ehtf viet: Phat am theo gipng sd npi dung bat bupc cho sinh vien nhu chOra Bac (tieu bieu la Ha Npi) bd sung them eac loi lan l/n d phuang ngtf Bae, lan cap phu am yeu td tich cue cua mien Trung hoac phat am dau tr/t, s/th d mpt sd vimg Thanh Hda, Bac hoan toan nhu ngudi Ha Npi, nhu phat Giang va ea ngoai thanh phd Hd Chi vien dai phat thanh, truyen hinh trung uang Minh, lin b/v d mpt sd huyen Thanh Hda, Hda 46 TIM HIEU KIEN THUC Binh, phat am r/d/gi /r/ (rung) d mpt sd ngtf dieu (hieu theo nghTa rdng), Oe ndi, dpc huyen Thai Binh Ninh Binh, Nam Djnh Vdi hay, sinh vien phai lam ehu dupe cac thdng sinh vien phuang ngu Nam Bp cd cae ldi phu sd am ciia gipng nhu: cudng dp: dd Idn, am dau nhu khoai lang phai lang, trdi nhd, manh, yeu (ndi, dpe to nhd, nhan), tdc dd: treo tdi tong tea, sang dp nhanh, cham, chd ngirng, nghi, trudng dp: thao thang, suang sa thuang tha, rdng keo dai (ngan), khdng keo dai (khdng ngan), rgc gdng ggc, cac ldi phu am dau va eao dp: dp cao, tha'p (nang giong, gipng) van nhu khuya khoat phia phae, khoe Sinh vien ehi' lam chu ngu dieu dpc, ndi ed phe, ba gda ba gia, ldi am ehinh kha nang sir dung phdi hop, tdng hda cac yeu nhu long dong Idng ddng, nhieu trudng td am de phd dien cam xue eiia hpp de mat am dem nhu Ide loet le let, minh va tai hien cam xiic ciia tac gia van ban thue the, loan loong, toan dupe dpe Trong thue te ndi, dpc eiia sinh tang, khuya khia, tuyen truyen vien ed hai kieu Idi dpe, ndi sai am vj: hoac la tieng trieng phat am hoan toan tu nhien chu nghTa theo Ve dieu cd cae ldi lin cap am phuang ngu bj xem la ldi nhu da ke d tren dieu: nang/ nga d Nghe An, Ha TTnh, lin hoac la phat am khdng tu nhien, chi' hudng huyen/sac d mpt sd huyen Ha Tay, lin den mue dieh chinh ta nhu each dpe, ndi sai hdi/nga d Thanh Hda, lin hdi/nang ran mudp, rao bai tap, hoac chi it thi bat hpc d mpt sd huyen Ha Tay va ngoai Ha Npi sinh luyen ba phu am dau quat ludi rat nang Cae Idi phat am cua sinh vien cung ne nhu mpt sd giao vien d cae trudng Ha Npi ed the dupc xem xet theo pham vi (qui md) Dpe, ndi sai ngtf dieu eung ed hai kieu ldi mac ldi Cd nhi/ng ldi xua't hien pham vi ngupc nhau: hoac la dpc, ndi mdi d muc giai phuang ngtf rpng nhu lin l/n a phuang ngi/ ma ky tu, trdn tirng am tiet, dpc, ndi deu deu, Bae va ehi ed nhUng ldi chi xua't hien rdi rac nhu dem tirng tieng mpt, khdng cd pham vi hep, nhdm cu dan nhd hoac trpng am tU, khdng cd trpng am eau, khdng mang tinh chat ca nhan nhu cap phu am dau cam xue (kieu ldi thudng gap d sinh vien tr/t, s/th Khi len ke hoach luyen tap, can uu viing huyen) Hoac la kieu ndi, dpc phan anh tien ehifa nhtfng ldi ma sinh vien d l mac ngudi ndi, dpe ed y thire rd ve diln cam nhung 1.3 Luyen dpe, ndi dimg, hay, khdng da diln khdng dung cam xue can diln, dimg lai d viee phat am dimg eac am vi (luyen chang han ed nhtfng giao vien (thudng la d chinh am) ma cdn phai luyen dpe, ndi dung phd) gap bai nao cung dpe vdi gipng 47 IIM HIEU KIEN THUC tha thiet, thdn thurc, cd giao vien thi bai nao 2.1.1 Dat van de cho sinh vien luyen cung yeu cau hpc sinh dpc vang, manh nhu phat am hudng de'n each phat am cua phat dpc kjch Cdn nhifng giao vien khdng cd y thirc vien Ha Npi (cho phuong ngif Bac) va phan biet dpc trudng hpe vdi diln kjch, phat vien phd Hd Chf Minh (cho dpe vdi ke' ehuyen nghe thuat Cd the ndi sinh phuong ngi/ Nam Bp) ti/ nam thur nha't vien d cac he chi'nh quy, tai churc va tU xa budi dau tien khoa td ehire gap mat mac eac Idi ndi, dpe du ca cac mire dp khac sinh vien gidi thieu ve trudng, khoa, ddng thdi tif trinh dp chi di/ng d ky nang giai ma eanh bao eho sinh vien chfnh quy ve su can bac mpt, tu chu am khdng tfnh gi den trd cua phuong ngu di thuc tap su pham d giai ma bac hai nghTa, cam xirc den nhtfng Idi dja ban Ha Npi Mdi trudng giao tiep rat quan phd diln sai cam xiie, mac dau rat ed y thifc trpng nen viec giao due y thirc luyen phat am dpe, ndi diln cam cho sinh vien chinh quy va chuyen tu hpc tap Mot vai kinh nghiem luyen phat am, doc, noi cho sinh vien trung d Ha Npi d l dang hdn luyen eho sinh vien cac Idp tai chire va ti/ xa tai cac dja phudng 2.1 Trude het phai giao due cho sinh Nhieu sinh vien (cung la giao vien) ed the ndi vien cd Idng ham thich ndi, dpc dung, hay va dung chuan nhung d dja phuang lai ngai, cd y thirc tu dieu chmh de minh dpc, ndi dung nguang va so ngudi khac eudi minh dpc, ndi hon, hay hon, cd y thirc chau chudt Idi ndi eua dieu va eho rang phat am dung chuan nhu the minh ve mat am la khdng tu nhien sinh vien su can trd Hien vin cdn nhieu sinh vien khdng phai la ky thuat phat am ma hp bj can phat am qua tu nhien chii nghTa, thoai mai trd ve mat tam ly Trong trudng hpp nay, eae lam cho mdi trudng van hda ngu am cua lenh rat cd hieu lire Mpt giao vien ngudi ehiing ta giam di ve dep Viee giao due y thifc Thieu Hda, Thanh Hda day bai tap dpc Ngdi van hda phat am se lam cho sinh vien cd y trudng mdi (Idp 2) da dpc: Nhirng mang tudng thirc quan tam de'n each phat am cua minh de vang, ngdi diia (do) nhu nhirng diia (dda) hoa doc, ndi hieu qua De giao due sinh vien y lap liia (Id) cay Khi riit kinh nghiem gid thirc van hda phat am, chiing ta can ed nhtfng day, tdi yeu cau giao vien dpe lai eau tren bien phap pha rao can phudng ngtf lam eho theo each dpc tdi dua ra, chi lan thir hai la chj viee dpc, ndi dung chuan trd bat bupc da dpc dupe, hdi, ehj khang dinh khdng chut nhung ddng thdi eung tu nhien, tu nguyen Cd ngap ngi/ng rang each dpc thir hai hay hPn the ke d day vai viee: Tdi dat van de lai tai lai bd each dpc hay 48 " ' ' ' ^ S nDlIlEIIl n < H f p i mnn