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QUY TRINH XAY DUNG BAN DO KHAI NIEM TRONG DAY HOC VAT Ll d TRITOING TRUNG HOC PHO THONG O ThS NGUYEN H 6 N G UNH • D o tht d l sdp x I p vd td chuc k i ln thOc, gdm cdc khdi niem (KN) vd cdc dudng ndl[.]
QUY TRINH XAY DUNG BAN DO KHAI NIEM TRONG DAY HOC VAT Ll d TRITOING TRUNG HOC PHO THONG O D o tht d l sdp x I p vd td chuc k i l n thOc, gdm cdc khdi niem (KN) vd cdc dudng ndl KN duoe ddng khung cde hinh trdn, elip hodc hinh chu nhdt Dudng ndi dql di$n eho mdl quan he glOo cdc KN cd cde h> ndi nhdm mieu td rd rdng hon mdl quon h% gluo hai K N Day hoe cdc mdn hoe Id dqy mpt he thdng cde KN khoa hoc Mud'n ndng coo chd't lugng linh hdl cdc K N , edn xdy dyng vd su dyng cdc BDKN Trong phqm vl bdl v i l t , chOng tdi gldl thieu quy h-inh xdy dyng BDKN theo logic sou {xem hinh 1): f^^^C^" Hinh Cdc budc xdy dyng mdt BDKN • Budc I: Xdc dinh KN chl phil (KN giong) Cdch tdt nhdt di xdc djnh ndi dung cho mot BDKN Id xdc djnh KN ehi phdl bdng vlec ddt vd trd Idl cdu hdl h-ong tdm Cdu hdi tdm thudng h-d Idi cho cdu hdi «ld gl?" Trd Idl cdu hdl h-ong tdm Id d l xdc djnh vd'n d l cdt ldi cOo BDKN vd d l xdc djnh cde KN phy thude ThS N G U Y E N H N G U N H • ho^c chung nhdt llgn quan hi/c H i p vol KN chl phdl Cdc K N phy thudc thudng trd Idl cho edu hdl «nhu t h i ndo?" Tdt nhdt Id liet k§ vd djnh nghTa ede KN phy thudc Cdc KN duoc sdp x I p theo h-qt h/ logic, nhi/ng KN chl phd'i (KN gid'ng) duoe x ^ d dinh cOa bdn dd, nhOng KN phy thupc (KN lodi) dugc x I p d dudi theo hdng ngang d vj tri hgp Tiep tyc phdn ehio KN d cde tdng Hip theo eho d i n khdng t h i phdn ehio dugc nua Trong phdn ehio, cdn xem xdt tdng ngoql dlSn cuo cdc K N phy thude phdi bdng ngoqi dien cua KN chi phd'i - Budc 3: Sdp xep cdc KN vdo vj trf phu hgp Sou sdp x I p cdc KN d d dugc ddt cdc khung hinh chO nhdt, hinh elip hodc hinh trdn vdo vj h-i phu hgp T i l n hdnh xdc djnh mdl Il3n hS giOo cdc K N : + Nd'i cdc KN vdi bdng cdc mui t§n cd kfem h/ (hoy cym h/) md td mdl quan h§ giua chung too nen cdc menh de (propositions) M§nh di gdm hai KN (hodc nhleu hon) dugc ndl vdi bdng cde mui ten ed k6m tO nd'i tqo nen Idi phdt b i l u cd y nghTa Sou d d , ed t h i ed nhung vf dy d cud'i KN de Idm ro y nghTa cOo KN dd Cdc vi dy cung dugc boo quanh bdl hinh trdn, elip hodc hinh chu nhdt; + Ndl cdc KN vol nhou dudng nd'i ngang {cross-links) chi ro mdl quan h§ giua cdc KN (hay giCra nhOng mSnh de} h-ong nhiJng Ifnh vye khde nhou {h-ong cung mgt phdn edp hoy cde phdn cdp khde nhou) eOo BDKN Dudng nd'i ngang giup ta thd'y mdl lien he eua mgt sd h'nh vyc k i l n thuc h^Sn bdn dd vol lien quon nhu t h i ndo Trong sy tqo thdnh k i l n thue m d l , dudng ndl ngang thudng t h i hien sy sdng tqo cuo ngudi hoe - Budc 2: Xdc dinh cdc KN phy thudc (KN lodi) Cdc KN phy Hiudc Id ede KN quan h-ong nhd't * TnôiS THPT TMc t^n^m ã VI^R Kku life jiao die Vi^t Nan Tap chi filao due so 8 (ki a • 6/aoi2t - Budc4: Hiiu chinh BDKN[niu cdn) Xem xet d i l n bdi phuong h'lnh - = hdng sd; c Ddng dp lgi BDKN di cd nhung thay ddl eho hgp li v l cd Id d p sudt cuo lugng khdng ddl (V = hang ndi dung vd cdu true Cdc budc h-Sn cd t h i h-inh bdy h-6n giiy hodc sO dyng phdn m I m xdy dyng BDKN (nhu IHMC CmopTools) thi sS hi^u qud vd nhanh ehdng hon Dudi ddy Id v i dy vdn dyng quy trinh xay dyng BDKN v l qud Wnh Joiln ddl h-gng thdi eua mdt ^ ' ^ ' " ' ^ ' ^ " ° " ^ ^ ' " ^ V vd T Id quan he H le thuqn, duge b i l u dien bdl phucmg Wnh j = hdng sd; - Budc 3: Sdp xip cdc KN vdo vl fri phu hgp Ddt ede KN phy thugc vdo cdc khung hinh ehO nhdt hoy hinh elip, sdp x I p cdc ede KN vd ndl cdc K N bdng cdc mui ten {xem hinh 2); lugng li tudng (KLT) khdng ddi frong dqy hqc - Budc 4: Hieu ehinh BDKN ( n l u cdn} Vdt If 10 (bdl 32) nhu sou: - Budc 1: Xdc dinh KN chi phdl: Trong d q y hge, khd cd t h i Wnh bdy mqt bdn «Qud hinh b i l n ddl h-qng thdi cua mdt lugng d d vol ddy dO cdc K N vua chl t i l t vOo ro net If hnSng Widng d d l " Ong vdi edu hdl h-gng Idm tr§n mdt hrong gidy A V i vdy, cdn xdy dyng «Quy ludt b i l n ddi h-qng thdi eua mdt lugng KLT nhdt djnh Id gi?"; - Budc 2: Xdc dinh cde KN phy qudt v l h$ thd'ng cdc KN chO y l u cOa chuong KNehlphil (KNgling, tingqudt) BDKN tdng qudt d l glOp HS cd cdi nhin khdi thudc (KN lodi, bi phdn) Li^t kd vd djnh nghTo hay ed chucmg trinh, rdi h/ BDKN tdng qudt xdy cdc KN phy thudc cd lien quan {xem hinh 2\: d y n g cde BDKN chi Hit cho cdc bdl hqc d dqng hodn chinh; sou dd b i l n thdnh cdc fwM»Mi*»wwi.i *nitMn«n*—l d n g BDKN d q n g k h u y l t , d q n g cdm, Qi^^E^ -'*s Hinh BDKN ting qudt vi ngi dung bdl hgc + Cde KN phy thudc cd lien quan Id: d p sud't (p), nhlSt (T) vd t h i tfch (V) vd md'i quan hS giua chOng Qud trinh b i l n ddl trqng thai eua mot luqng KLT khdng ddl dugc t h i hien thdng qua mdl quon h& gluo bo dql lugng: p, T vd V ; + Mdl quan hi gluo bo dgi lugng ndy qud Wnh biln ddl trqng thdi cOo mdt tugng KLT khdng ddl Iqi dugc bleu d i l n bdng phuong trinh trgng thdi ^ = cons/; + V d n dyng phuong Wnh h-gng thdi noy vdo cdc qud Wnh ddc biet: a Ddng nhlit Id n h l ^ t d o cuo lugng khdng d o i (T = hdng sdX thi mdl quan h i gluo p vd V Id quon h§ H Id nghjch, dugc b i l u d i l n bdl phuong Wnh pV = hdng sd; b Ddng tich la t h i tieh cOo lugng khdng ddl {V = hdng sol, thi mdl quan h§ gli/a p vd T Id quon h% H l3 thudn, dugc b i l u Tap chi filao due so 8 (M a •