aiCN OAN BIAO DUC VAI SUY NGHI VE DOI MQTI PHirONG PHAP GIANG DAY GIAI PHAP QUAN TRONG NANG CAO CHAT LlfONG DAO TAO • • • NGUYiN QUANG HONG * IKhai quat ve phffOng phap giang day va va linh hoat nha''''t[.]
aiCN OAN BIAO DUC VAI SUY NGHI VE DOI MQTI PHirONG PHAP GIANG DAY - GIAI PHAP QUAN TRONG NANG CAO CHAT LlfONG DAO TAO • • • NGUYiN QUANG HONG * I Khai quat ve phffOng phap giang day va • Sff can thiet phai ddi mdi phffong phap giang day Phuong phap giang d^y hay phuong phap day hgc la mdt pham trO eo ban ly luan day hgc Dd la hoat ddng phffc tap cua ngffdi day, vffa mang tinh khoa hgc, vffa mang tinh nghe thuat Trong giang day, ngffdi day phai bidt lya chgn va sff dung phffong phap giang day linh hoat, mem deo, sang tao phu hgp vdi tffng hoan canh, tffng ddi tffgng ngudi hgc, tffng ndi dung truydn dat Giang vien giff vai trd chu dao, dinh hffdng, dieu khidn, hudng din, td chffc cae hoat ddng hgc tap cua ngffdi hgc nhim dat eae mue tieu day hgc dd Tuy nhidn, ndu khoi day dugc tff sang tao, tfnh chO ddng va nang ddng cOa ngffdi hgc thi chat Iffgng giao due dao tao se cao Cha't lugng giao due dao tao phu thude chO ydu vao ydu td quan trgng nhat (tao tam giac su pham la mue tieu dao tao, ndi dung dao tao va phuong phap dao tao[4] Phuong phap giang day chju sy chi phdi cOa muc tieu va ndi dung Ngoai ra, nd cung tae ddng trd lai lam cho ndi dung dao tao cang hoan thien hon va giup cho dat dugc muc tieu dao tao Trong qua trinh van ddng phat tridn khdng ngffng kidn thffc thdi dai, mue tieu, ndi dung va phuong phap giang day cQng ludn thay ddi cho phO hgp, dd phuong phap giang day bidn ddi thudng xuyen ; „.,- - „ ^, , , ^ „ * Pho Gido sU, Tien si, Hgc vien Chmh tri Khu vuc I TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) va linh hoat nha't Hau hdt cac nha khoa hgc, nha giao due, nha quan ly ddu cho rang phuong phap giang day la ydu td quan trgng ed anh hudng rat Idn ddn chat lugng dao tao Phuong phap giang day khoa hgc, phO hgp se lam eho giang vien phat huy hdt kha nang cOa minh viee truyen dat kidn thffc va ngffdi hgc phat tridn tu ITnh hgi kidn thffc; lam cho ea giang vien va ngudi hgc say me, hffng thu va sang tao qua trinh dao tao Chfnh nha khoa hgc, nha giao due thien tai, ngudi da dao tao rat nhidu nha khoa hgc ndi tidng, Albert Eistein da ndi: "Tdi khdng bao gid day hgc trd cua tdi, ma tdi ehi cung cap nhffng didu kien dd hg ty hgc hdi"[5] Trong he thdng giao due bac cao hien chO ydu tridn khai theo phuong phap giang day lay ngudi day lam trung tam (teacher centered) hay cdn ggi la phuong phap truyen thdng va phuong phap hidn dai lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam (leaner centered), Cdt Idi cOa phuong phap truyen thdng la "thay giang, trd ghi va nhd", giang vien day cho ngudi hgc each hieu cae khai niem, thao luan theo tinh hudng djnh sin, chi nhffng gi khdng dung, tim cai dung nhat Rd rang, phffong phap giang day nhu vay ehi tap trung vao ky nang tu ptian tfch, lam mat di mdt hinh thai khac rat quan trgng eua tu dd la tu sang tao Chfnh tu sang tao mdi tap trung vao kham pha cac y tudng, danh gia su vat tren moi gdc nhin dd dua a a „ n BIEN BAN GIAO BUC nhidu giai phap, tim nhieu phuong an tra Idi cung dung thay vi chi dua mdt phuong an Hien d nhieu co sd dao tao, phuong phap giang day truyen thdng vin cdn chidm uu thd, nhidu giang vien ehua ehu trgng ddn vide gidi thieu, yeu cau, bit budc ngudi hgc phai tham khao nhffng tai lieu gi, tim d dau, ehu y ddn nhffng ndi dung gi Tff do, ngffdi hgc thudng nghT hoac cdn quan niem rang chi can hgc nhffng gi giang vien giang tren Idp la dO Phuong phap giang day nhu vay se din den sy thu dgng eua ngudi hgc vide tidp can tri thffc: sy tri tre, ngai dgc tai lieu, ngai tranh luan, kem thuydt trinh, ludi suy nghTva kem tinh sang tao hoat ddng Phuong phap giang day hien dai, hay cdn ggi la phuong phap giang day tich eye {hmh sau) PHUONG PHAP MUC TIEU Phuong phap giang day tfch eye la nhffng phuong phap giang day phat huy tfnh tich cyc, chO ddng va sang tao cua ngudi hgc, tffe la la'y ngudi hgc lam trung tam Phuong phap hudng tdi vide hoat ddng hda, tfch eye hda hoat ddng nhan thffc eua ngffdi hgc chff khdng phai la tap trung vao ngudi day Phuong phap giang day tfch eye cd nhffng da'u hieu dac trung eo ban: i)Day hgc thdng qua cac hoat ddng cOa ngudi hgc; ii)Day hgc ehu trgng each ty hgc cOa ngudi hgc; iii)Tang cudng nghien cffu ddc lap, phdi hgp vdi hgc nhdm cOa ngffdi hgc; iv)Kdt hgp danh gia cOa giang vien vdi ty danh gia cOa ngffdi hge.[5,7] Trong phffong phap giang day tfch cyc, ngffdi hgc la trung tam, nhung vai trd mdi eua giang vien trd ndn rat quan trgng, la nhan td ggi md, kich thfch va khoi day niem say me cOa ngudi hgc, ren luyen nang lye nghien cffu ddc lap, tang cffdng kha nang td chffc, sff dung kidn thffc va kha nang sang tao ffng dung kidn thffc vao thye tien cOa ngudi hgc[6] Ngoai ra, vide ap dung phuong phap giang day mdi cung can phai cd nhffng tai lieu va cdng cu phuc vu giang day phO hgp Tai lieu eho phffong phap giang day mdi ddng bd vdi 74 NOI DUNG phffong phap kiem tra, danh gia mdi nham khuydn khfeh kha nang tu logic, ky nang thye hanh sang tao cOa ngudi hgc Trong bdi canh qudc td nay, tidn bd vugt bac cOa cdng nghe thay ddi nhanh chdng khdng ngffng, nen kinh td tri thffc dang dffgc hinh rd net va xu thd qudc td hda, toan cau hda dang didn manh me tren mgi binh didn cOa xa hdi Dae biet, cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng dang thay ddi eye ky nhanh chdng, dang trd mdt ngudn lye quan trgng cOa phat tridn xa hdi hien dai nffdc ta, qua eOa qua trinh ddi mdi dang ehuydn manh sang nen kinh td thj trffdng djnh hffdng xa hdi chO nghTa, sy nghiep CNH,HDH dang dffgc thuc day va ndn kinh td tri thffc dang dan hinh va phat trie'n Nhffng didu dd dang la ddi hdi bffe thidt ddi vdi viec nang cao chat Iffgng giao due va dao tao, ma cdng viec dot pha trudc tien phai xac djnh la ddi mdi phuong phap giang day Trong phuong phap giang day mdi, vai trd cOa giang vien dugc thay ddi, vj tri quan trgng ed tinh djnh hudng va quyet dinh eOa giang vien cang dugc nang cao hon trudc trach nhiem ddi vdi chat lugng dao tao ddi hdi cao TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY LUAN SO 218 (9/2014) BIEN BAN GIAO BUC cua thdi ky mdi Hidn nhidn, tat ca chOng ta ddu tha'y rang, kidn thffc rat da dang va thay ddi rat nhanh theo thdi gian Vi vay, khdng va khdng cd each nao ed the truydn dat ddn ngffdi hgc ta't ea mgi kidn thffc can thidt Do dd, chi cdn each la ren luyen tu duy, khai thac va tan dung ndi lyc cOa ngffdi hgc dd hg se ty hgc sudt ddi Ndi each khac la phai day each hgc eho ngudi hgc De lam dugc dieu dd, hien dang cd xu hudng hien dai vd phuong phap giang day, dd nhan manh "ngudi hgc la trung tam cOa he thdng giao due" Mudn vay, giao vien phai thay ddi phuong phap giang day va ngudi hgc cung phai thay ddi each hgc Trong qua trinh dd, khdng the khdng cd sy hd trg cOa cdng nghe thdng tin, truyen thdng va cac thidt bi, phuong tien giang day hien dai ed thd giOp ngudi hgc tim va xff ly thdng tin de bidn tri thffc thdi gian ngan nha't Giang vien khdng chi la ngudi truyen thu kidn thffc, cung cap thdng tin ma cdn la ngudi hudng din, tu van va hd trg cho ngffdi hgc each tim, chgn va xff ly thdng tin phuc vu muc dich eua minh Giang vidn phai nim bit dugc nhu eau cOa ngudi hgc, ddng vien hg tham gia vao qua trinh nang eao nang lyc nhan thffc va tu Giang vien cdn chi din va giOp dd ngudi hgc phat tridn cae ky nang ty hgc, ty nghien cffu dd lidn tue phat tridn sau rdi nha trffdng Noi dung ddi mdi phffong phap giang day hieii nay: ' Phuong phap giang day mdi ed rat nhidu sy khac biet so vdi phffong phap truyen thdng, co ban nhit la thay ddi vai trd cOa giang vien va ngffdi hoe Mue dfeh quan nhat eua phffOng phap gidng day mdi la bidn qua trinh "hoe - nghe" eua ngffdi hoc tff thu ddng sang chO ddng, tff viee chi nghe giang va nhd sang tff ddng nao, kich thich kha nang sang tao, kha nang lam vide theo nhdm va lam vide ddc lap, kha nang ty nghien 6ao tao gan vdi san xuat kinh doanh, nha trudng gan ydi xa hoi Da't nudc ta dang thdi ky ddi mdi, day manh CNH,HDH vdi nhffng thay ddi nhanh chdng tren tat ea mgi tinh vyc cOa ddi sdng xa hdi Ly luan khdng phai la bat bidn, biet lap, so effng, ma ly luan luon luon van ddng, thay ddi, bd sung va hoan thien bang nhffng kdt luan mdi dugc rut tff thyc tidn Vi vay, nhffng thay ddi eua thye tidn phai dugc phan anh ndi dung giang day, nhffng van de ly thuydt phai dugc minh chffng bang thyc tidn sinh ddng cua xa hdi Tuy nhien, cac kdt^ luan khoa hgc khdng thd tra Idi, giai thich cu the, tryc tidp eho tffng trudng hgp cOa thyc td vdn rat phong phO, da dang va ludn van dgng ma la co sd phuong phap lu$n ed tinh djnh hudng va tdng thd cho nhffng gi didn Do dd, giang day, giang vien lam eho ngudi hgc nim chac co sd ly luan, phuong phap luan cua cac van dd can truyen dat, tijr^dd giup ngudi hgc van dung dd ly giai nhffng van de gap phai thyc tidn Trong giang day ly thuydt, giang vien can lay vi du cu thd bang nhffng van dd thyc td da va dang dien dd minh hga Vdi nhffng chO trffong, dudng Idi, chinh sach cOa Dang va Nha nude, giang vien can phan tich can cff ly luan, co sd khoa hgc dd dffa cac quydt sach dd Tff dd, giang vien giOp ngudi hgc khdng nhffng nim vffng va hidu dffgc dudng Idi, chu truong, chfnh sach dang thye thi, ma cdn nim dugc eo sd ly luan dd tff dd cd thd ty phdn tich, nhan djnh, danh gia va dffa dugc each quan ly hieu qua nhat ca ddi vdi nhffng van dd mdi sinh thyc tidn Thir hai, diem ca ban va quan trong doi mdi phuang phap giang day ia giang yien phat huy toi da kha nang tir dgc Ifp kha narig tu hoc cua ngudi hoc bang cach neu van de thong qua bai tap tinh /jt^o^g/^^s^ s udyj hoac bai tap cffu va tff hoc sudt dcri[5].' ' "dhien cCm khoa hgc (NCKHM ^ Mdt ehu y rat quan trgng qua trinh giang m nhat, giang day can quan triet nhat quan nguyen ly giao due cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin: ly day la chu trgng den qua tnnh ty hge,^ ty nghien luan gan lien vdi thuc tien, hgc di doi vdi hanh, cffu eua ngffdi hgc Trong dd, giang vien neu TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) 75 BIEN BAN GIAU BUC van de hoac khuydn khich ngudi hgc dd xua't van de de tim hidu, nghien cffu Vide ty hgc, ty nghien cffu, thao luan, tranh luan, dd xuat y tudng va qudn diem cOa ngudi hgc se ren luyen va nang eao nang lye van dung ly thuydt vao NCKH, phan tieh cae van dd quan ly thyc tien Ndu kdt hgp dugc nhu vay, viec giang day mdi trd nen thidt thyc, bd ich ddi vdi ngffdi hgc ca hien tai va tuong lai So vdi eae phuong phap giang day truyen thdng, phuong phap giang day bing bai tap tinh hudng se thay ddi thff ty cOa hoat ddng day hgc Trong phuong phap truyen thdng, kidn thffc dffgc giang vien cung cap eho ngudi hgc theo thff ty tff tha'p ddn eao, ngudi hgc se ehi ly giai dugc mdt van de dat hg da dugc trang bi day dO kidn thffc can thidt Van dd can giai quydt cd thd la mdt hien tffgng ty nhien hoac tinh hudng hay sy kien da, dang hoac cd the se xay thye tidn hoac van dd gia dinh dd ham chffa dyng nhffng didu can dugc giai quydt Phuong phap mdi giup ngudi hgc tidp can vdi van dd giang vien bit dau bai giang Tren co sd tinh hudng ed van dd dugc neu ra, ngudi hgc ty xac djnh va ty tim ngudn thdng tin giup giai quydt van dd, giang vien chi hudng din djnh hudng ^e lam dffgc nhff vay, ehfnh ngudi hgc phai ty trang bj cho minh nhffng kidn thffc va ky nang can thidt dd tidp can, thu thap va xff ly thdng tin nham giai quydt van dd neu Trong phuong phap giang day theo tinh hudng, giang vien can hudng ngudi hgc tinh than lam vide theo nhdm (team work), coi thao luan nhdm la hoat ddng cdt Idi Thdng qua dd, nhdm ngffdi hgc se chia se eae ngudn thdng tin vdi nhau, cung dffa y tffdng ve eac phffong an va gia thuydt de giai quydt van dd Qua hoat ddng nhdm, ngudi hgc dugc tieh IQy them kidn thffc, ren luyen them eac ky nang can thidt khudn khd chuyen mdn lh(j ba, SII dung cong trinh nghien cii'u khoa hgc giang day Giang day dai hgc va bdi dudng hidn can 76 tidp tue xu hudng giam nhe vide ap dat va nhdi nhdt kidn thffc, ma phai phat huy cac phuong phap khac qua trinh day va hgc dd giup ngudi hgc khdng chi ITnh hdi dugc nhffng kidn thffc co ban nha't ma cdn dugc trang bj phuong phap tu duy, lam vide khoa hgc Nhu vay, se giup hg khong ngffng ty lam giau them vdn kidn thffc cOa minh, nang eao nang lyc thich ffng vdi thyc td sau trudng Ndi dung dao tao d eac trudng, hgc vien cung can gin bd nhieu hon vdi thyc tidn kinh td xa hdi va san xua't kinh doanh nffdc va thd gidi Mdt bien phap hieu qua la tff vao trffdng da dffgc tidp can vide NCKH NCKH d ddy la ehi cac cdng trinh nhff luan an, de tai khoa hgc, cac bai vidt, bao eao nghien cffu cac hdi thao khoa hgc, dffgc dang tren sach, tap chi NCKH la phffong thffc hieu qua di giang vien cd the nang cao trinh va cha't Iffgng chuyen mdn cOa minh va cung la mdt yeu cau ddi vdi ngudi hgc tOy tffng mffe khae Vl vay, giang vien can tao didu kien, hd trg ngudi hgc NCKH Tham gia tieh eye va chO ddng NCKH se giOp ngudi hgc gin "hgc vdi hanh", phat tridn tu ddc lap, ren luyen phuong phap luan va tinh sang tao cdng tac Dya tren nhffng djnh hudng NCKH cua tffng khoa, giang vien phai cd kd hoach nghien cffu de tai va ddng thdi cd kd hoach huy ddng mdi nhdm ngffdi hgc vao thyc hien mdt phan cOa de tai Khi tham gia NCKH, ngudi hgc phai thye hien rat nhieu hoat ddng nhu tham khao tai lieu, lam vide nhdm, thu thdp, xff ly thdng tin, dff lieu, ngoai cdn phai tim ngudn tai trg, lien he vdi cac chuyen gia Vi vay, tff dd se ren luyen tfnh nang ddng, each sip xdp thdi gian khoa hgc, td chffc va phdi hgp cong viec, va tinh than chju trach nhiem vdi cdng viec qua trinh hudng din ngudi hgc NCKH, giang vien cung phai tang cffdng tim tdi, nghien cffu nham md rdng ndn tang kidn thffc cOa minh Vl vay, day cung la mdt dgng lye quan trgng dd giao vien thay ddi phuong phap giang day Giang vien khdng cdn la ngudi giff vai trd ap dat TAP CHi GIAO DUC LY LUAN - s 218 (9/2014) BIEN BAN GIAO BUC kidn thffc ma trd ngudi khoi day sang tao, cf/ doi vdi viec thay doi each danh gia ket qua hgc djnh hudng tu cho ngudi hgc, giOp ngudi hgc tap cOa ngudi hgc phat huy tdi da kha nang sang tao cua minh Phuong phap truydn thdng, danh gia kdt qua thu nhan kidn thffc hgc tap cOa ngudi hgc ehi ehu trgng ddn diem thi NCKH ed thd dugc dua vao qua trinh day hgc cudi ky Cach danh gia dd chi nhim danh gia kidn dudi nhidu hinh thffc khac nhau, phu thudc vao thffc ma ngudi hgc nhd dugc, chua ehu y den mue tieu va hinh thffc cua mdn hgc Ndi dung eac phat huy tu duy, kha nang sang tao, nghien cffu NCKH can phO hgp vdi trinh ngffdi hgc, phu ddc lap, lam vide nhdm cua ngudi hgc Vi vay, hgp vdi ndi dung mdn hgc, didu kien nha trudng ddi mdi phuong phap giang day cQng phai ddng va xa hdi Theo mffe tham gia cOa ngudi hgc, bg vdi vide thay ddi each danh gia kdt qua hgc tap cd cae phuong phap dua NCKH vao day hgc ddi vdi ngudi hgc Can danh gia kdt qua hgc tap gdm: i) Dua thdng tin mdi vao bai giang: chi thdng theo qua trinh gdm: kiem tra ngin dot xuat, bai bao kdt qua nghien cffu lien quan bai giang; luan lam d nha, dd an mdn hgc, nghien cffu khoa ii)DOng cdng trinh NCKH lam tai lidu tham khao hgc, tidu luan, thi giffa hgc ky, thi cudi khda va ea cho ngffdi hgc: ngudi hgc dgc va kidm nghiem kdt thao luan nhdm va cae nhdm danh gia eho diem qua nghien cffu; iii)DOng cdng trinh NCKH lam lin Trong danh gia nhu vay, cae dd thi se "van de" eho qua trinh day hgc: neu van de tff phai cd tinh md cao, ngudi hgc dugc sff dung tai nghidn cffu cu thd dd ngffdi hgc thao luan, nhan lieu, danh gia chu trgng vao phan tfch, so sanh, xet, so sanh; iv)Td chffc eho ngudi hgc bao cao nhan xet rieng cOa ngudi hgc Danh gia nhu vay chuyen dd dya tren cdng trinh NCKH: danh thdi se lam eho ngudi hgc khdng chi chu y nim vffng gian dd ngffdi hgc tim hidu van dd, tim tai lieu va ly thuydt ma phai ehu y vide ap dung kidn thffc ly trinh bay quan diem; v)Td chffc Idp hgc thao luan thuydt vao thyc td qua danh gia, so sanh, suy vd cdng trinh NCKH: eac nhdm khac cd luan, phan tich giai quydt van dd thyc tidn Lam nhffng nhan xet, phan bien, danh gia nhau; vi)Td nhff vay, giang vidn se khuydn khich sinh vien tim chffc eho Idp hgc thyc nghiem lai cdng trinh hieu, tham khao nhidu tai lieu, tang cudng hgp tac NCKH: ngudi hgc ty kidm nghiem thyc td tren co thao luan nhdm, manh dan dua quan didm sd NCKH da thyc hien[6] rieng Nhu vay, se tranh dugc tinh trang chi hgc Bai tap NCKH cd mffe ydu cau cao hon vd thude Idng ly thuydt ma khdng hidu, khdng bidn kidn thffc va ky nang so vdi bai tap khac De tai kidn thffc kha nang tff va xff ly thyc tien cOa bai tap NCKH la mdt van de khoa hgc can cua ban than ngffdi hgc nghien cffu he thdng tff ly luan, thyc td ddn ThCr nam, phuang phap giang day mdi rat can phffong hffdng giai quydt De tai cd thd giang su ho trg cua phuang tien hien dai: may tfnh, may vien dua hoac ngudi hgc dd xuat tha'y hffng chidu, internet va nhffng phan mem phuc vu thu va mudn tim hidu Dudi sy hudng din, djnh soan giao an dien tff va giang day nhu hudng cOa giang vien, ngudi hgc chO ddng tim powerpoint, video conferencing Nhffng phffong hidu cae ly thuydt ed lien quan, didu tra va tim tien nay, ngoai vide trg giup giang vien cdng hidu thffc tidn dd chffng minh nhffng gia thuydt vide chuan bj bai giang va truyen dat tren Idp, cdn khoa hoc, hay bac bd nhffng quan niem sai lam tac ddng tich eye vao giac quan ngffdi hgc, tao sy hoac tim nhffng didm ydu dd de xua't giai phap hffng phan va thich thu, khich Id sang tao va tff khic phuc van de dat Qua lam bai tap NCKH, cOa ngudi hgc Nhu vay, cdng nghe thdng tin nhan thffc cOa ngffdi hgc va kha nang NCKH sau da tao nhffng co hdi mdi, nhffng cung dat nha dffgc phat huy eao giao dai hgc trffdc nhffng thach thffc mdi ddi hdi ThCr tu, doi mdi phuang phap giang day phai giang vien khdng ehi gidi ve chuyen mdn ma cdn TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY LUAN - so 218 (9/2014) 77 BIEN BAN GIAO BUC phai lam chO dugc cdng nghe thdngtinva truydn thdng hien dai phuc vu cdng tac giang day Tuy nhien, can tranh quan didm cho rang phuong phap giang day hien dai ehi la thay vide thay dgc, vidt len bang va trd ghi bang trinh chidu bai giang tren may tfnh va may chidu Phuong tidn may mdc hien dai, slide bai giang dep, phdng hgc khang trang chi ddng vai trd hd trg eho cdng vide giang day Cdt Idi la d each neu van dd, each truydn dat, each khoi day sy tfch eye, chO ddng cOa ngudi hgc qua trinh day hgc Nhffng ddi hoi mdi ddi vdi giang vien va nha trffdng de ddi mdi phffong phap giang day: Mgt la, thay ddi thai va each nghT cOa giang vien vd va'n de ddi mdi phffong phap giang day Mdi giang vien phai tha'y dugc ddi mdi phffong phap giang day la thyc sy can thidt, sdng cdn ddi vdi sy nghiep giao due va dao tao ndi chung va ddi tffng co sd dao tao ndi rieng, la ydu td hieu qua de nang cao cha't Iffgng dao tao trudc yeu cau cOa thdi ky mdi Phai xac dinh ddi mdi phuong phap giang day la cdng vide khd khan, vat va ddi vdi giang vien vl phai thay ddi thdi quen tff rat lau vd each nghT, each lam va phai bd vao lam cdng tac giang day eac giang vien tre De lam dugc viec thudng xuyen, can dao tao mdt sd giang vien chuyen nghien cffu va giang day v§ phuong phap dao tao; bien soan he thdng tai lieu, giao trinh vd phuong phap giang day Trong viec danh gia giang vien gidi, can chu y ddn danh gia phuong phap giang day Eon la, ngan sach Nha nudc va eac nha trudng can danh khoan chi thfch dang cho ddi m