I A M Ll HOC SINH Ll HOC LUA TUOI Yiu TO PHI Ldi TRONG GIAO TlIP SIT PHAM NHIK W PHlA QIAO Vlffl TS M A I T H m A O Y E N '''' Giao tiep la mdt qua trinh gom nhieu nhan to Theo quan diem ngu dung hpc, gi[.]
I A M Ll HOC - SINH Ll HOC LUA TUOI Yiu TO PHI Ldi TRONG GIAO TlIP SIT PHAM NHIK W PHlA QIAO Vlffl TS M A I T H m A O Y E N ' G iao tiep la mdt qua trinh gom nhieu nhan to Theo quan diem ngu dung hpc, giao tiep gom cac nhan td'ca ban nhu: ngUcanh, ngdn nguva diln ngdn Mpttrong cac yeu td'cd mal eac nhan to tren la yeu td phi Idi (nonverbal) Giao tiep su pham (GTSP) la su trao dd1, tiep xiic giiia thay va tro, gdp phan tao nen "moi trudng tinh than cua Idp hpc", la "phuong thuc tac dpng len eac quan he eua hpc sinh (HS) Giao tiep giua thay va trd la mdt khau quan trpng qua trlnh hinh nhan each, phat tnen tinh tich cue nhan thtic va tinh xa hdi cua HS quatrinh hinh tap the HS" (1) GTSP cung khdng the thieu yeu to phi Idi detao nen hipu qua giao tiep - tuc hieu qua day hpc Yeu to phi Idi giao tiep va GTSP Tardc het, yeu to phi Idi dupc hie'u la "nhung yeu td khong phai la yeu to kem Idi (paraverbal) dupc diing ddi thoai mat dd'i mat Thude yeu td phi Idi laei) ehl, khoang khdng gian, tiep xiic co the, tu the co theva dinh hudng cothe ve mat, anh mk (gesture, proxemies, body contact, posture and body orientation, facial expression, gaze) Cung dupc tinh la tin hieu phi Icri nhung tin hieu am nhu' tieng gd, tieng keo ban, xd ghe, tieng huyt sao, tieng cdi Cd the ke vao day ca trang phuc, bai tri cua thoai trudng ," (khdng gian, thcri gian cua cupc giao tiep) (2) Trong GTSP, nhimg yeu tophi Idi tren khdng phai la eua ngudi ndi (SP1) va ngua nghe (SP2) mdt each ehung ehung ma chinh la ciia giao vien (G V) va hpc sinh (HS) Bai viet ehl de cap eac yeu td phi Idi GTSP nhin tirphiaGV GTSP la mpt hinh thuc giao tiep dae biet Tinh dae biet d day chinh la su ehuan muc, chuan muc tn/dc het a ngudi tiiay - GV Ngoai nhifng chuan mue khac cua qua trinh GTSP, cac yeu td phi Idl cung ddi hdi su chuan muc bdi ehung se gdp phan tao nen tinh cam, xuc cam gii/a G V v a H S , tao nen mpt mdi tardng giao tiep "than tfiien", tirdd gdp phan thuc hien tPt cac muc tieu day hpc 12 Tap chi Gido due so 304 Hieu qua cua viec y thtic va phat huy yeu td'phi Idl GTSP Nhung yeu td phi kiri giao tiep cua GV c6 the duoe bieu hien b i n g cu chi Chang han, "sy im lang cua G V e d the dem den cho nguefl hpc sutiep nhan (mdt su suy nghl, mdt su du tham cbi la khdng dong y cua GV hay GV nhan manh sir nghiem tuc can phai them vao cho thdng tin a ldi ndi)" (3) Anh nhin cung vd cung quan trpng (nhin triu men, am ap, nhin khich le, nhin yeu thuffng va tham chi nhin nghiem kh§c HS cd bieu hien khdng tap trung gidhpc) Nhijng dpng tac tay hpp li eung cd rat nhieu y nghia; ngupc lai, neu vung vit thai qua hoae di lai qua nhieu, qua nhanh G V s e lam HSmat tap trung vao Idi ndi eua minh Sutiep xuc CP the d mqt ehiing mue nao dd eung cd y nghTa nhat dinh Chang han, HS met, GV cd the den ben va dat tay len tran; HS tra Idi tdt CO the vd vai khen ngpi; mdt cai nam tay cd the chia se ndi buon phien Tu the cua G V (dupe hieu la dang di, dang dung, phong thai} la mdt eae yeu td vd ciing quan trpng tac ddng true tiep den thi giae HS va tao nen hinh anh ve ngudi thay Trong day hpc, GV phai sir dung bang rat nhieu T u the dung tren bang cua GV hdp li viia giup HS nhin thay rd npi dung viet bang, vira tao cam xuc gan gui Oi kem vdi tu the co tiie gdm ca nhung yeu td ve trang phuc, tir kieu dang den mau s^c tham chi chat lieu Nhung yeu td se tae dpng khdng nhd den ngudi hpe (tac dpng v6 thuc) tao phan ung (tieh cue hoae tieu cue, ddi la phan ung chdi bd) Yeu to quan trpng den miiC nhieu trudng da phai quy djnh trang phue cho GV Van ddng cua cP the cung la mpttrong nhUng yeu td CO ban gdp phan lam tang hieu qua giao tiep gii?a GV va HS Su van ddng co the cua GV xuat hien giao tiep vdi HS Chung cd the 'TnHfig Bai boc Hong 6tfc -(ki2-2/2013) cham tu tii nhu: s u thay dd'i khoang each, tu the ngoi hay dung giang bai Trong qua trinh giao tiep, vao npi dung cua bai hpc, GV cd nhUng di chuyen phu hpp de tao them hieu qua cho Idi ndi , Van ddng cua co the hdi thoai ndi Chung cd the Imh hoat, nhung GTSP can phai nam "tinh toan" cua GV Khoang each cua co the (khoang each vat ehat) la mdt dieu ma bat cu ngudi giao tiep nao cung phai tinh den, nhat la GV giao tiep vdi HS NhCmg yeu td phi Idi nhu cu chi, khoang khdng gian, tiep xuc co the, tu the co the, ve mat anh m^t la nhung yeu toed tinh dan tpc Trong giao tiep, ngudi phupng Ddng va ngudi phuong Tay the hien cd nhung khac biet nhat dinh Ngudi phuang Ddng ludn kiem soat chat che eae ddng tac cua eo the va han che den mire tdi thieu giao tiep, cdn ngudi phuong Tay tupng dd'i thoai mai Trong GTSP, cac yeu td phi Idi tren phai duoc GV kiem soat chat che hon Nhiing tin hieu am cua GV, ngoai gipng ndi, cdn cd th§' ke den tieng ddng cua giay dep, tieng ep xat cua trang phyc, tieng ddng tir viec su dung nhifng giao eu tn/e quan cung gdp phan tac ddng tich cyc hoae tieu cue den HS Mdt ddi giay hay ddi dep phat nhung tieng ddng qua Idn thi khdng the ndi den hieu qua day hpe; mpt tieng "phieh" rait to GV de cap xudng ban chae ehan gay eho HS mpt cam giac khdng tdt Mdt nhUng yeu td phi ldi thudng de bi bd qua nhung lai cd anh hudng khdng nhd, tham chi lam dieu kien tien khdi eho hpi thoai la nhifng tin hieu cung cap thdng tin ve thoai tmdng Trong GTSP, dd la nhimg thdng tin ve mdi tnidng len Idp: hpc d phdng li thuyet hay phdng thyc hanh, Idp hpe hay ngoai trdi, phdng hpe Idn hay nhd Vdi nhifng khdng gian khac nhau, ngudi day se phal ed each giao tiep khac Chang han, phdng hoc nhd thi khdng ndi qua to va ngupc lai phdng hpc to thi khdng the ndi qua nhd; phdng hpc nhd, khoang each tiep xiic gan thi phai tinh den khdng chi am lupng cua gipng ndi ma cdn trang phuc, eiiehi, tu the, khoang each vdi HS Nhung yeu td thdng tin ve thcrt gian nhu: bua sang, budi chieu hay buo'l td'i khdng bao gid hoan toan thuin la thdi gian len Idp - tiic thdi gian ma cupc giao tiqp diln Nhieu nghien cuu cho r4ng, dnhifng thdi diem khac ngay, kha nang tiep thu cua ngudi khac GV y thuc dupc dieu ehinh la y thiie ve nang luc tiep thu bai cua HS giao tiep d nhifng thdi gian nhat dinh de tii dd ed (ki2-2/2013)- nhung dieu chinh thieh hpp ve dung lUPng kien thiic, ve thai dd, giong ndi, trang phyc Nhung yeu td phi Idi khdng chi tao lap, tri va phat trien tinh cam tdt dep giua GV va HS ma cdn gdp phan li giai nghTa ciia Idi ndi - tu'c li giai nghTa cua ndi dung bai hoc mdt each day 6u Bd Hifu Chau viet: "Chiing ta biet r&ng nghla tryc tiep, theo cau chif cua phat ngdn la Idi diln dat Nhung nhieu chinh cacyeu tophi ldi mdi giup chiing ta hieu dung Idi cua nhau" (2) Chinh nhd eae yeu td phi ldi ma GV cd the' Idi cud'n HS vao bai day, cung nhu cd the dieu ehinh cac hanh vi lech chuan gid hpc cua HS Diing nhu A.A Leonchiev da nhan dinh: "Su giao tiep tao dieu kien tdt cho sy phat then ddng co cila HS va tinh sang tao cua hoat dpng hpe tap, cho sy phat trien diing d§n nhan each HS, tao nen bau khdng xiic cam day hoc" (Dan theo 4) Cac yeu td phi Idi la thu yeu nhung rait quan trpng, GTSP lai cang dae biet quan va anh hudng Idn den hieu qua day hpc nha trudng ArtDereromble cho rang: "Chung ta ndi bing eac eo quan cau am nhung chiing ta hdi thoai bing ca CO the ehung ta Nhifng sy kien kem ngdn ngu (paralinguistic) xuat hien song song vdi ngdn ngu ndi va cung ngdn ngif ndi hinh nen mdt he thd'ng giao tiep trpn ven " (Din theo 2) Do dd, vai trd cua cac ye'u tophi Idi GTSP qua la khdng nhd GTSP la ca mdt nghe thuat va GV ddi liic la mdt dien vien thyc thy GV khdng chi can cd kien thiie chuyen mdn, phuong phap sU pham ma cdn phai sang tao tilmg gid len Idp, biet each "trinh dien" n h i ^ g muc tieu day hpe eua minh den "edng chiing" - HS mpt each "dep" va hieu qua nha't vdi ta't ca tinh yeu, trach nhiem va Idng say me nghe nghiep Gdp phan lam ndn nhifng dieu dd chinh la cac ye'u tophi Idi GTSP Vi vay, su''kie'm soaf cila GV dd'i vdl nhifng ye'u td giao tiep vdi HS se la mdt nhifng nhan tdquan trpng hudng tdi thuc hien tdt cac muc tieu day hpc da de Zi (1) A.A Leonchiev Giao ti^p sir pham NXB Gido duc,H 197-9, (2) Dd Hi^u Chau Dd HOii Ch^u tuy^n t$p, tap NXB Gido due, H 2005 (3) Vo L$ Hoa "Kheo leo Irong giao li^p, ung xu su pham" Tgp chi Gido d^e, so 2.'*6/20IO (4) Hoing Anh - NgO COng Hoan Giao tii^psirpham l^XB Gido due, U 2002 (Xem liep trang 27) Tap chi Gido due so 304 13 djnli muc tieu va yeu cau giao due: thong qua HD Iham quan bao tang giup HS hieu thenn ve tniyen thong ijeh st; dung nudc va giu nuoc cua nhan dan ta Li lua chqn: md rpng va cung cokieh Ihiic ' / V u * Bai VietthdlLy Tran' Bao lang co rat nhieu nqi dung phong phu va hap dan cho viec hoe Ljch s i i va 5; dat ten: *W£) tham quan hoc tap tim hieu tnjyen thong giunudc thdlLy, Tran' lap ke hoach chi tiet cho cuqc tham quan; ki hop dong vol hudng d i n vien lam cac cong viec theo yeu cau de tac vat c h i l cd tinh Injc quan (quan sat, do, udc luong, lat, gid cac hien vai ) ket hop vdi cac Ihao lac tinh than (phan loai so sanh, ddi chieu, phan tich, khai qua! hoa, cu the hoa, md hinh hoa ) de hinh kien thiic ve lich sii danh giae cua thdi Ly Tran Cac HD cd the la: - HB Tim hie'u to chuc, bien che quan ddi thdi Ly, Tran: GV gidi thieu so bg, xen ke minh hoa bSng mo hinh hoae sd to' chde, bien ehe cua quan dpi thdi Li, Tran HS quan sat, ghi chep va Ira Idi cac cau hdi GV dat Budc2 Phan giai npi dung HO tham quan ra; - W£) Xem va lim hie'u luge dd tran danh tren cau tmetogk:tudng minh: Tien hanh tham quan giup sdng ehd'ng quan Tong lan 2, luge Iran chien HS md rpng va cung cd kien thuc ve truyen Ihdng tren sdng Bach D i n g (Ihuc hien cac hanh dong; Q\0 nudc Ihdi Ly, Tran, G V phai tim hieu ve cau tnJc, nghe gidi thieu va xem tn;c liep luge do; chu y nhan npi dung tn/ng bay cua bao tang de g i n y giao manh vj tri dia li eua nude ta xua cd ten due Iheo muc tieu giao due djnh san Xae dinh ngi Dai Viet; xem va ghi nhd cac tuyen phdng thu noi dung nao can nhan manh; khu nao phan anh H0 dong quan; thuc hien cac thao tac' ghi chep sd lieu, quan sucho thdi ki lich su; hien vat nao la minh ehung su kien, so sanh ludng tudng khai quat hoa, cu eho eae siJ kien lich sii tCf do, thiel ke cae Hfi luong the hoa ): - HB Tim hie'u vu danh giae: GV Ihieh vdl mue tieu GD hudng d i n , giai thieh, minh hoa cho HS xem cac BUCK Phan bae HBGDNGLL cac Hfi nhdm hien vat vu (dao, kiem, cac loai eung ten phan: Tren eo sd eau tnjc trung bay va npi HD quan su Nhan manh epc chong tii dung giao due eua bao tang, phan chia HD Iham sdng Bach D i n g duoc sii dung trong cupc quan kJn (bae 1) Ihanh eae HD phan Chang chien chdng quan Nguyen - lan thd3 •HB4:Tm han, td HD ehung tim hieu ve each danh giae thdi hie'u so luge each danh giae thdng qua diln bien mpt vai Iran danh die'n hinh HS nghe Ihuyel Irinh, Ly, Iran, ch'H Ihanh cac Hfi nhd hon (bae 2) Butk Thiet ke eae HD tUdng thich vdi xem md hinh: luge dd tran danh Iren song chdng ngi dung HD: Toan bp HD Idn (Iham quan hpc lap quan Tdng lan 2; Iran Bach D i n g vdi cgc chdng lai bao lang) ehia Ihanh eac HD phan nhu: Id sdng Bach filng ehd'ng quan Nguyen - lan Ihii •HB Tim hieu (so luoc) ve to chdc va bien ehe 3, cae mui lien cdng cua djeh va hudng phan edng quan dpi lhcô Ly, Tran; ã HB Xem va tim hieu luoc cua ta giup HS Ihay each danh Ihong minh, sang Iran danh Iren sdng chdng quan Tdng lan 2, luoc tao qua viee Igi dung Ihuy trieu de dat epc chdng tran chien tren song Bach OJng; - HB Tim hieu ket hgp vdi hoa edng, choc Ihung thuyen chien cua vu danh giac thdi Ly, Tran; • HB 4: Tim hieu so giac; Igi dung dia hinh, dja vat mai phuc, dung luce each danh giac Ihong qua diln bien mpt vai Iran vu de lieu hao luc lugng dich) Sau nghe va danh dien hinh; - HB 5; Tim hieu ve eon ngudi, su tim hie'u, HS tu ghi chep, neu eae y kien ca nhan; nghep cua ngudi chi huy lieu bieu: Ly Thudng Kiet, - HB 5;Tim hie'u ve ccn ngucn, su nghiep cua ngudi Tran Hung Dao; • HB 6:Tdng ket, chdt lai kien Ihuc ehi huy tieu bieu (Ly Thudng Kiel, qua cac hien vai va l u lieu lai bao tang); • HB 6: Td'ng ket, chdt 2) Giai doan td'chuc HB lai kien thiic Budc Hudng dich, ggi dpng cd Hfi eho HS: GV (ngudi id chiie) neu mue dich cua bud'i tham Budc Kiem Ira, danh gia, dieu chinh cac HD quan (can linh hpi nhung kien thdc nao), ddng thdi, cho dung muc dich, yeu cau; GV (ngudi Id'chifc) Iheo neu yeu eau cua HDGDNGLL; HS tiep nhan cac ddi, kiem tra, danh gia theo tdng Hfi phan nhu yeu cau, dieu kien phai Ihue hien va chuan bi tam thietke dtren the budc vao HD 3) Giai doan td'chuc tong ket danh gia, nil Bux Hudng d i n HS Ihue hien eae hanh dgng va thao tac nhu da thiet ke: GV (hudng d i n vien) neu van de, ggi md hudng d i n HS lam eac Ihao 26 Tap chi Gide due so 304 kinh nghiem Buac 8.-Vet thu hoach, Ihao luan, phan tich, danh gia ket qua HD: GV neu Idm tit cac HD Iham quan, -Cki 2-2/2013) ... co the (khoang each vat ehat) la mdt dieu ma bat cu ngudi giao tiep nao cung phai tinh den, nhat la GV giao tiep vdi HS NhCmg yeu td phi Idi nhu cu chi, khoang khdng gian, tiep xuc co the, tu... tpc Trong giao tiep, ngudi phupng Ddng va ngudi phuong Tay the hien cd nhung khac biet nhat dinh Ngudi phuang Ddng ludn kiem soat chat che eae ddng tac cua eo the va han che den mire tdi thieu giao. ..cham tu tii nhu: s u thay dd''i khoang each, tu the ngoi hay dung giang bai Trong qua trinh giao tiep, vao npi dung cua bai hpc, GV cd nhUng di chuyen phu hpp de tao them hieu qua