VAN H 6 A XA HOl DUOC QBIf GIRDl HUE Glfll OOflN I803 IS08 Di lich Quoc Tu Gidm ndm d ben bd bdc ddng sdng Huong, lien ke vdi cac khu di lich Khdi Thdnh Tu den Vdn Thanh, dinh Idng An Binh, den Vd Tha[.]
VAN H A - XA HOl DUOC QBIf GIRDl HUE Glfll OOflN I803-IS08 Di lich Quoc Tu Gidm ndm d ben bd bdc ddng sdng Huong, lien ke vdi cac khu di lich Khdi Thdnh Tu den Vdn Thanh, dinh Idng An Binh, den Vd Thanh, Nhd hat Bin Xudn, Chiia Thien My each Kinh ihdnh Hul 5km vl phia tdy nam, each chiia Linh Mu I km ve phia ddng Trudc ddy Quoc Tu Gidm thupc Idng An Binh, xa Huong Hd huyen Hucmg Trd thupc phudng Huong Ho, thj xd Hucmg Trd, tinh Thda Thien Hue Trdi qua thdi gian trudc nhirng bien dpng ciia ljch su dnh budng cua kbi hau thdi tiet vd cd sy vd y thuc ciia ngudi ddn mpt thdi gian ddi dd bien gdn nhu lodn bd cdc hang myc kien tnic ciia di lich Qudc Tu Gidm trd pbe tich bien dang, bj su dung vdo nhimg myc dich khac Nhin tdng the loan bp khu vyc di tich Qudc Tu Gidm ngodi cdng Tam quan va hai cdng phu hai ben cdn khd nguyen ven (dugc triing tu ndm Khdi Djnh thu 4/1919) cdc cdng trinh cdn Iai ciia di tich bj triet giai hodn lodn Nhd Qudc Tu Gidm (vj iri khai quat) chi cdn tro Igi nen mdng, he thdng cac chdn ldng phia nam, ddng tdy bj xd lech, sai vi tri mpt sd bj thdt lac cdc day Idp hpc, cdc cdng trinh phy trg khdc chi cdn tu lieu ljch sd Ddy la trd ngai Idn nhdt xdc djnh chinh xdc ten gpi vj tri cdc cdng trinh kien tnic thupc di tich Qudc Td Gidm Quan sat thyc te, cd the thdy tinh trang tdng the ciia di tich Qudc Tu Giam hien (dien tich 3,6Ra) hoang tdn, dd ndt Cung nhu cdc trieu dgi phong kien trudc dd Qudc Tu Gidm tgi Hue Id co cau qudn Iy gido dye ciia trieu Nguyen, ddng tbdi Id hpc phii ldi eao ciia trieu dai phong kien cudi ciing d Viet Nam Ddy chinh la noi dao tgo nhdt ciia qudc gia ciia nhd nudc Viet Nam liic bdy gid, Id dja chi sdn sinh nhieu the hp quan chdc uu tii phyc vy cho chinh quyen phong kien nhd Nguyen vd cung chinh noi ndy xudt hipn nliieu the he cdc sT phu yeu nude ddu the ky thu XIX cho den nda ddu the ky XX tham gia cdc phong trdo dau tranh chdng Iai cdc the lyc de qudc thuc ddn phong kien Dudi trieu dai nhd Nguyen, sau thdng nhat dat nudc (1802), Nguyen Vuong Gia Long, da quyet djnh chpn Hue ldm kinh dd cho cd nudc, vd cung chinh la nguyen nhan khai sinh tmdng Qudc Tu Giam Ihd hai ciia dat nudc Viec ddi trudng Qudc B A N T I N KHOA Hpc VA CdNG NGHf T I N H THO'A THI^N HU£, 12/2012 VAN H A - XA HQI Tu Gidm lai Hue boi ly don gidn, mdl co cau qudn ly giao dye ddng thdi Id hpc phii tdi cao ciia trieu dgi ciia qudc gia thi khdng the cdch qua xa Kinh Thdnb-trung ldm chinh tri, quan su kinh te, vdn hda ciia ddt nudc Chinh vi vdy sau Ien ngdi Hodng de khdng Idu Thdng nam 1803 gifta bao bpn be cdng viec ciia mdt trieu dgi mdi, ciing cd, xdy dung he thdng ehinh quyen lu tmng uong den dja phuong vua Gia Long van quyel dinh uu tien xdy dyng trudng Qudc Td Gidm, nhdm nhanh chdng ddo lao mpl the he nhting ngudi cd dii ldi vd due de gdnh vac viec bdo ve va xdy dyng kien thiet dat nudc tten ldt cd cdc ITnh vuc Ddy cd the coi Id mpt quyet djnh chinh xac va bit sue sang suot cua Vua Gia Long Mat chinh Qudc Td Gidm quay hudng nam, nhin sdng Huong, cdnh vgt hiiu tinh tho mpng Khdc vdi tmdng Qudc Tu Giam d Thdng Long, liic so khai ttudng Qudc Tu Gidm d trung tdm chinh trj mdi Phu Xudn, thdi gian ddu dugc ddt ten la Ddc Hpc Dudng (sau ddi thdnh Qudc Hpc Dudng) Mai den ndm Minh Mgng thu nhdt (1820), nhd vua quyet dinh cho ddi ten Ddc Hpc Dudng Qudc Tu Gidm vd cho " dung nhd Qudc Tu Gidm: Gidng dudng gian chdi Di ludn duang gian chdi, hai nhd hgc ben Td ben Hiru deu gian chdi Bon chung quanh xdy luang bdng gach, phia truac phia sau deu ma mgt cua ' (Khdm Dinh Dai Nam hdi Dien Su Le tap 13, NXB Thudn Hda trang 167) Ke tu dd cdi ten Qudc Tu Gidm ldn tgi d Hue cho den ngdy hdm tiem thdc cua ngudi ddn xu Hul ndi rieng vd nhan dan ca nudc ndi chung Tuy nhien, trudng Qudc Tu Gidm xdy dyng dudi thdi vua Gia Long (1803) ndi tren khdng phdi la ngdi tmdng Qude Tu Gidm dang hien hun ben cgnh Hodng thdnh Hue nhu chiing ta dang thdy va dang la noi trung bay ciia Bdo tang Lich su va Cach mang Thua Thien Hue Su djch chuyen vj tri trudng Qudc Tu Gidm ben cgnh Van Mieu den Qudc Td Gidm ben eanh Hodng Ihanh Id mdt cdu chuyen dai tiln trinh Ijch su khd phuc tap cdn tim hieu Vai net ve qui mo Quoc Tv Giam giai doan (1803-1908) qua tu- li^u Ijch sd Qude Tu Giam thdi ky ddu dugc thilt lap tai lang An Binh, xd An Ninh, phia ldy ngodi Kinh thdnh vd ddng thdi ciing d phia tdy Van Mieu thupc dia phdn xa An Ninh Thugng, huyen Huong Trd (nay thudc phudng Huong Hd, thj xa Huong Trd) Luc bdy gid, tmdng mdi chi cd mdl Ida nhd Idn chinh gifta vd hai day nha d bai ben ddnh cho quan Ddc hpc vd hai quan Phd Ddc hpc (ngudi ta thudng goi Id Gidp va At de phdn biet) sinh hogt, vd gidng day cho hpc vien Qua trilu Minh Mang, viec tuyen chpn nhdn tdi vd Id chuc ddo tgo cdng dupc coi trpng va bdi bdn quy eu hon, nhdm dao tgo mdl dpi ngu ddng dao nhiing nho sinh cd kien B A N T I N KHOA Hpc VA C N G NGHg TlNH THO'A THIEN HUE, 12/2012 VAN H A - XA HQI thuc todn dipn, tai ndng de xdy dyng dat nudc, dugc d^t nhu m$t nhu cdu buc thiet ddi vdi chinh quyen nhd nudc phong kien duong thdi Dd cDng chinh Id myc dich xuyen su6t cho cdc ddi vua sau dd phan dSu tbyc hipn Ndm Tdn Ty (1821) ndm Minh Mgng tbu hai, thdng bdy, Quoc Td Gidm xay dyng xong B0 Ll bdn tdu rdng.' "Nhd hgc hi^n ddt fa Id de Ihi hdnh li nhgc tuyen bd dire hda, sdng td van minh, Itru hdnh an dgy Id diin li rdt l&n The Td liic mai dgi djnh, yet mieu Khdng Tir dg-ng lgi Vdn Mieu d{fng hgc cung a phia lay nen mdng dd thdnh md cdng vi^c chua xong Hodng lhu