DAC DIEM CUA QUA Ht lNH GlAO DUC QUYEN VA BON PHAN GHO HOC SIHH TifU HOG HAN TDG TAY NHNG KHU VOG VitT BAG ThS NGUYEN THI NGOC Gido dye (GD) quyln va bd''''n phdn cho hpc sinh tie''''u hpc (HSTH) ddn tpc (D[.]
DAC DIEM CUA QUA HtlNH GlAO DUC QUYEN VA BON PHAN GHO HOC SIHH TifU HOG HAN TDG TAY - NHNG KHU VOG VitT BAG ThS G ido dye (GD) quyln va bd'n phdn cho hpc sinh tie'u hpc (HSTH) ddn tpc (DT) Tay Nung nha tmdng v l ban chat la qua trinh thdng qua vide day hpc td chde eac loai hinh hoat dpng va giao ti^ bong nha tmdng vd cdng ddng ngudi Tay - Nung dudi vai trd chii dgo cila giao vien nhdm giup hoc sinh (HS) chuyen hodtichcyc, tugiae tQ nhQng quyln va bdn phdn eo ban da dupe quy djnh vao thai dp, hanh vi va ttidi quen the hign hoat dpng sd'ng Qua trinh giao dye (QTGD) quyln va bdn phdn cho HSTH DT Tay - Nung cd nhQng ddc did'm chung cila QTGD quyln va bdn phdn eho HSTH ddng thdi mang nhQng ddc tmngridngva chi 6uac the hien QTGD quyln vd bdn phdn cho HSTH DT fay - Nung khu vyc Viet Bac 1.Dac diem chung 1) QTGD quyen vi boh phan cho HSTH DT Tay • Nung la qui trinh dien vol nhung tic dgng phuc hgp Ve ban chat, hoat ddng GD cd thitiehhanh nhilu mditiudngGD khde nhu GD nhd tmdng, GD gia dinh va GD tgi edng ddng ddn tdc Ngay mdt mdi tmdrig GD ey the, tac dpng GD lai cdttieden tQ nhilu ngudn khae Trong nha tmdng, nhQng tac dpng GD cd the la cua gido vien, eua tap ttie kip, cua ban be, ndi quy tmdng Idp, cdc hogt ddng GD dupc td chiic Trong gia dinh cdttieId tac ddng cua ngudi Idn, nin nep, gia phong, tmyIn thdng Trong cpng ddng xa hdi, tac dpng dy dd'n tQ cac phuongttenttidngtin dai cliung, tQ nhQng hign tupng xay ttiuc tidn, tQ nhQng net vdn hoa ddc tmng cua cpng ddng Nhung anh hudng va tac ddng rd't phQc tap, didn tQng ngay, tiing gki, theo chieu hudng tieh cyc hoac tieu eye de'n cde ea nhdn, Vi du: Mdt ban ldp dupc ttily cd khen la rd't bidt yeu thuong va b ldng cho bd mg, me dm bidt ndu chao mdi mg dn, bilt lay ttiudc cho me udng NhQng HS khae se nhin vao dd va nhdn thde dupe la ban minh da ttiuc hign tdt bdn phdn cua ngudi con, tQ dd hpe tap lam theo ban mg bj dm Tuy nhidn, nhilu tinh hud'ng, nhung anh hudmg theo kie'u Igi cd tac dung tieu cyc Chdng han, tre thd'y ban be 6isqc cha mg mua cho nhilu dd choi dgp, dua di choi tai 24 Tap chi Gido due so 302 NGUYEN THI N G O C cae dja diem vui choi se sinh nhu cau ddi hdi cha mg minh cung phai ddp Qng td't ca nhifng nhu clu dd eua ban ttidn vi eho rdng dd la quyln dupc vui choi, giai tri ciia minh Ddi vdi HSTH ngudi Tay Nung, mdi tmdng sdng, hpc tap, sinh hogt cd nhieu dac did'm dac thu tii phong tyc, tap quan, ldi sdng, suchenh lech v l nhdn ttiQc ciia cac cd nhdn, cua mdi gia dinh cpng ddng nen cdc tae dpng GD tiJf moi tmdng xung quanh ddi vdi tre va QTGD quyen vd bdn phdn cho tre cang phiifc tap 2) QTGD quyen va bon ph$n cho HSTH DT Tiy - Nun^ cd tinh lau dai Do dac diem nhdn thQc cua Ilia tudi HSTH ddc biet Id HSTH Tay - Nung cdn han che, tre vdn non ndt, it kinh nghidm sdng, tu cliua logic, chua bin vihig, mat khae QTGD quyen vd bdn phdn la QTGD phQc tap vd da dgng v l cae quyln va tid'n phdn cua tre ciing nhu hinh thQc the hign ehung nen de dat dupc kit qua GD mong mudn ein phai trai qua mdt thdi gian dai nhat djnh QTGD phai di tQ nhiem vy ddu tidn la trang bi cho HS ndm dupc eac quyen va bd'n phdn cP ban; thQ hai, giup HS ed nhdnttiQctich cyc va dung ddn ve quyen ciia ban thdn va bdn phan phai thuc hidn; thQ ba, HS phai cd hanh vi phu lipp vdi cac quyln va bd'n phdn, bilt van dyng linh hoat eac tinh hudng khae Thyc chat vide liinh thdnh ca chu trinh chuye'n hoa nhdn thQc ttidnh hdnh vi cua HS la qua trinh thay dd'i v l chat, la su hodn thien nhdn each ciia dOa tre nen phai tudn theo quy ludt cua sy van ddng vd phat trial, vi vay khdng ttie hoan thdnh ttonp mdt, hai Ode bidt, ddc did'm Ida tudi, HSTH ehua ttie hinh ttianh eac net nhdn each mang tinh bin vung ma ddi hdi phai dupc lap di, lap lai ttong hoat ddng sdng Vdi hinhttiQcbieu liien da dgng cila eae quyen va bdn phdn ddi sdng, d tre phai dien cae hoat ddng da'u tranh banttidngiua nhQng quan nigm, nhQng ttidi quen chua dung vdi hanh ddng dung vaphu hpp vdi cac quyen yd trach nhigm cua minh Chang han, tt'i quan nigm rdng "minh cdn nhd chua ttie lam gi giup cha mg' nhung ban ttidn dda tre vdn ban khoan vi cho ring minh chua chia * Nua Tan h-Gat dK,1nMg Bai hfc tfphp B^ hfc Thai N0qM — (ki2-1/2013) se duc« su vai va vd cha mg Neu tre nhanttiucdung cua tre em khdng mang tinh khai quat Ii ludn md chi rdng dd la mpt frong nhung bdn phdn cua minh, tre ton taidnhdn ttiiic don gian cuafrenhu mudn cd giao se dd'u tranh de vupt qua tdm Ii "ngai vide" Su dd'u phai td chuc eac hoat ddng vui chai, ddi hdi cha mg tranh ban thdn a HSTH khdng phli luc ndo cung dupc di choi tai dja dilm vui choi, giai tri, ddi hdi su ttianh cong ma trai lai cd nhung ldc "that baP Trai quan tdm, ydu thuong eiia cha me, dupc "lam nung" qua qua trinh dd'u tranh lien tyc tre mdi hinti ttianh cha rne Tre cung nhdnttiucdupc bdn phan eua minh dupc quan niem dung, thai dp tich cue va cac hanh la phai yeu ttiuong ctia mg Mdt dac dilm rat de nhdn vi phu hpp Qua trinh ay phai dupc didn mdt ttily dfre bdc tieu hpc la nliu clu tlie hidntinhcam rat ttidi gian nhat djnh va phai phu hpp vdi ddc diem phat cao Tre rat mudn ndi nhung kji yeu ttiuong vdi dng trien Clia tre tai eae ttidi did'm GD nhat djnh ba, cha me neu thudng xuyen nhdn iuac sy yeu 3) QTGD quyen vi bd'n phan clio HSTH DT thuong tu hp, nhilu tranh vide lam giiip cha mg vd Tiy - Nung co sir thd'tig nhat biin chdng vdi rat hdng hai dupc cha me nhd viec Mat khaci tre qua trinh day hgc a tieu hgc Qua trinh day hpc budc vao bdc tie'u hpe la chuye'n hi dang hogt ddng cho HSTH la qua trinh phat trie'n ndng lyc hogt ddng chii dao la vui choi mang tinh giai tri vdttioaimdi eao tri tug cua HS, giup eac em ndm vQng he tlidng tri sang hoat ddng hpe tap khd khan hon, bj rdng bude ttiuc kT ndng, kT xao vd hinh dupe d HS nhQng bdi ndi quy, quy djnh ciia tmdng Idp mdt each rd net CO so ban dlu ciia the gidi quan khoa hpc va nhQng hon nen it nhilu se gay nen nhQng klid khan nhat pham chdt nhdn each eua ngudi cdng ddn, ngudi djnh dd'i vdi tre Vi the, vide dd ed nhung nhdn ttiuc lao dpng tuong lai nhat djnh ve eac quyln va ddc bigt Id bdn phdn ciia ^ QTGD quyln va bd'n phdn eho HS Id nhigm vy ban ttidn se tao tdm the va kha ndng ttiich iimg tdt cua GD tieu hpe, khdng tach rieng mdt hon dtre, giup tre khde phuc dupc nhung khd khdn d nhigm vy GD ey t h i nhung dan xen cac nhiem bdc hpc mdi vy GD khde nhu: GD dao dQc, GD lao dpng, GD Cd the ndi, QTGD tre d mIm non da d l cap de'n ttiam mTva GD the chat gdp phan thye hidn nhigm cac quyln yd bdn phdn eua tre Tuy mdi ehi dung lai vy chung cua GD tie'u hpc Cd the ndi, cung hudng d nhung bid'u hien don gian cupc sdng ma chua dd'n mdt myc dich chung khie'n cho QTGD quyln phai Id nhung nhdn thiic sdu sdc mang tinh khai quat va bdn phdn - mdt bd phdn cua QTGD HSTH va song qud trinh ay cd vai trd rat kin tiring QTGD quyln quattinhday hpcdtieu hpc edsy thdng nhat vdi vd bdn phdn tie'p theo cho HS d bdc tie'u hpc Olthyc hidn dupc QTGD quyln vd bdn phdn eho Oac diem dac trung cua QTGD quyen va HSTH cin phai tan dung mdt each huu hieu nhat vai bdn phan cho HSTH DT Tay - Nung trd GD dgy hpc d tie'u hpc Day hpc dupe xem /) QTGD quyen ya bd'n phan cho HSTH DT Id dudng co ban de GD quyln va bd'n phdn cho Tay • Nung phii gin vdi khai thic tri thuc vin HSTH Khi tre da nhdn thuc dugc quyln va bdn phdn hoi dac trung cua DT QTGD quyln va bd'n phdn cua minh se xac djnh dupe dpng co hpc tap, cd y cho HSTH ngudi Tay - Nung phai ddc bigt quan tdm thuc ty giac va nd lyc de hpc tap dat kit qua eao din dac did'm nhdn each cua nhdm HS ddn tdc (DT) Qua trinh tac ddng qua lai giua hoat ddng GD quyln thie'u sd Do mdi tmdng sd'ng va tmyIn thdng va bdn phdn vdi hoat ddng day hpc ed tinh bign chQng, cua DT, hlu hit cac em tdn tai vdi cac mdi quan he hd trp Idn cung phat huy vai trd va higu qua cpng ddng dja phuong, chua tilp xuc nhilu eda tiing qua trinh _ vdi mpt mdi tmdng sd'ng ben ngoai TQttiuatho be, 4) QTGD quyen vi bon phan cho HSTH DT each ung xutmyin thdng ciia cha mg, nhung ttdchoi, Tay • Nung phai dua tin casdtUp ndi vaki'thua nhung cdu sii, cdu lupn, nhiing trd chai ddn gian, nghe cac ket qua GD mm non Tmde den vdi bde ttiudt tao hinh tat ca da de Igi da'u In sdu dam b^ong hpetieuhpe, tre da dupc ttiam gia vao hogt ddng GD mdi dOa tre sinh va Idn len edng ddng ngudi dttudng, d k^ mau giao ma chu dao la vui choi Ngoai Tdy - Nung Oe nhQng dilu ludt, nhung quy djnh eung ldp mlu giao, mdi tmdng sinh hoat ehu ye'u cila tre la nhde tra ndn dd hieu, d l cam nhan va cd tae dyng gia dinh, vi the cae em ehiu nhieu tac ddng GD gia GD khdng cd eon dudng nao higu qua hon la tich dinh Tre chua cd giao tiep nhilu vdi mdi tmdng ben hop ehung eae gia trj van hoa tinh than vdn rat ngoai, dd it chju anh hudng cua cdc tae ddng xa ddi than quen cua cdng ddng DT, dd la nhdng cdu h$i Chinh dilu da hinh thdnh qtre nhdn ttiuc v l ca dao, tyc ngd due ket nhQng bai hpc dao dQc, la mpt sd quyln nhdt djnh nhu: quyln dupe vui chai, nhung edu ehuyen ke vdi nhQng hinh tupng nhdn quyln dupc sdng chung vol cha me, quyln dupc chdm vdt dien hinh, nhQng phong tyc, tap quan, nghi ttiiic sdc, nudi dudng Su nhdnttiQcve mpt sd quyen sinh hoaL Vi du: Oe giup tre hieu dupc bdn phdn (ki2-1/2013) Tap chi Gido due so 302 25 "Ydu quy, kinhttpng,hilu ttiao vdi dng bd, cha mg " (dilu 21 Luat bao ve cham sdc, GD tre em) cha mg cd ttie sd dyng cde edu tyc ngQ phd bie'n edng ddng ngudi Tay - Nung nhu: "Tinh dm pd me diy kin, tinh cim ban din pai nan" (\am djch: Nghe bl cha mg lam dupc dn, nghe \d\ thien hit nghiep) Hay, mudn (3D cho tt'i v l quyln dupc sdng ehung vdi cha mg (dieu 13, Luat bao ve chdm sdc, GD tre em), quyen dupc cham sdc nudi dudng (dilu 12, Luat bao ve cham soc, GD tre em), cd the su dung Idi hat m ndi v l su gdn bd cua cha me, cdi, cua tinh cam gia dinh 'li L/ li nogng slay ti nodn, li nogngpen tidu"ijam djeh: Ru ru, m em be ngu ngoan, m em quy ngu ngoan ) Cdu hat m khdng chi ttie hign tinh cam qua ca tQ ma edn quatinhcam ciia ehinh ngudi hat, qua didu, nhjp, phach Tilng hat m vang len ttia ttiiet, bay bdng ydu thuang, gieo vdo long ngudi nhirng cam giac yen a, binh va dm dp tinh gia dinh Oilu dd se giup tre hieu v l vai trd cua gia dinh, trdn trpng gia dinh, biet ddi hdi quyln dupe sdng vd hudng thy biu khdng gia dinh Nai chi bien cho \re la cac em ed cae quyen trdn ma khdng dua tre vdo sy trai nghigm rd rang v l cac quyln ay, tre se khdng hilu thyc chat cdc quyln la gi va nd ed y nghTa nhu t h i ndo dd'i vdi cudc sdng cua tre Vdi nhQng uu t h i khae bigt, nhd GD nen luu y viec lua chpn cde ndi dung quyln va bdn phdn phu hpp de tich hpp GD cac tri thQc vdn hod dac sdc cua DT Oilu mot mat C3D dupc quyen tre em nhu quyln dupe glQ gin ban sac, dupc hudng nen van hod cua minh (Didu va 20, Cong udc Qudc te ve quyen tre em), mat khae phu hpp vdi quan dilm ehi dgo cua Oang vd Nha nudc ta Chien lupc phat trie'n GD 2009-2020 Id day mgnh hpl nhdp qudc t l phai dya tren cd so bao tdn va phat huy ban sdc van hod Dl, gdp phln xay dyng nin GD giau tinh nhdn van, tidn tie'n, hidn dgi 2) QTGD quyin ya bd'n phan cho HSTH DT Tay • Nung phai ket hap chat chi giua GD nhi trudng, GD gia dinh vi GD cdng ddng DT Do ddc didm eua HSTH ngudi Tdy - Nung vd ddc dilm cila QTGD quyln va bdn phan eho HSTH nhu da phdn tieh d tten, ed the thd'y, ehu trinh chuyen hoa td nhdn thiic tdi hanh vi phu hpp d ca nha GD va tre em ddi hdi phai cd sy ttidng nhat cao, tao nen mdt chu trinh khep kin QTGD quyln va bd'n phdn cho HS Nha tmdng la mdi tmdng ehinh thdng cung cap cho tre nhung hie'u biet cd he thdng, khoa hpc vd day du v l eae quyln va bd'n ptidn tre em Thdng qua qua tiinh day hpe va hoat ddng ngoai gid len bp nha tmdng, tre se linh hdi nhQng tri thQc v l quyln va bdn phan tre em Qua trinh tre trai nghiem, 26 Tap chi Gido due so 302 hinh thdnh nen y thiic v l quyln eua tie em lai chu ye'u dupe diln mdi tmdng gia dinh ya dupe kiem chiifng ttidng qua cpng ddng xd hpi bdng eac hanh vi phu hpp Han nua, ddy khdng phai la qua trinh chi tac dpng d&i tie em ma cdn la "QTG D ddnh cho cae nha GD" So vdi HSTH ndi chung, HSTH ngudi Tay - Nung cd mdj tmdng giao tie'p han chl hon HS d bdetieuhpc tilp xuc vdi cdc ngudn thdng tin phong phu, ddi ed ca nhung thdngtintrai chieu, vdy d cac em hinh kha ndng thich img va kTnang lya chpn nhQng tac ddng tich cyc d i t y hoan thign minh Tre em ngudi Tdy - Niing chi tie'p nhdn thdng tin mdi tmdng cdng ddng DT tuong ddi hgp, tre chua ed kT nang lya ehpn tac ddng GD mdi tmdng GD cdn tuong ddi gin gui vd than thign Do vdy, eac tac ddng GD tQ nhd tmdng, gia dinh va cdng ddng xd hdi phai ludn thd'ng nhdt vdi d l nhung kit qua nhdn thde, trai nghiem vd kie'm chiimg d HSTH ngudi Tdy - Nung ciing tiem can dd'n mpt kit qua thdng nhat *** Oe thuc hign tdt QTGD quyen vd bd'n phan cho HSTH Tay - Nung cae nha tmdng tie'u hpc khu vyc Viet Bdc cin ed sy phdi hpp thdng nhat cdc tae ddng GD tQnhilu lyc lupng GD.Tuy nhien, denhQng dilu ludt "khd eung" trd ndn de hie'u, de nhd vd dd van dyng ddi vdi HSTH ngudi Tay - Nilng, rd't can chu trpng khai thac kho tang van hoa tai dja phuong de tich hpp GD ddng thdi tao sy phd'i hpp eae lyc lupng GD cdng ddng dja phuong • Tai li£u tham l(hao Cdng iro'c quoc te ve quySn tre em NXB Chinh trf qudc gia, H 2008 Ducmg Bach Long - Nguyfin Van Hi£n - Nguyfin Xuan Anh Hoi dap phap lu$t sk b§o v$, chSm sdc va giio due tre em NXB Chinh tri quic gia, H 2008 DJng Vu Boat - Nguyfin H&u Hpp Giio dye hpc tieu hpc II NXB Dai hpc Suphpm, H 2008 Luat bao ve chim soc, giio due tri em NXB Chinh tri qud'c gia, H 2008 Luu Thu Thuy (chii bien) Dao diic (sach giao vifin) NXB Gido due, H 2006 SUMMARY The article discusses several characteristics of educaUon of rights and duties for students of Tay Nungethnic minorities in Viet Bac area: lasUngand complex process: dialeclically united with the teaching process at primary level on the basis of following and inheriting results ofpre-school education, closely linking with ethnic cultural knowledge and the coordination among school - family - ethnic community (ki2-1/2013) ... ddng GD mdi dOa tre sinh va Idn len edng ddng ngudi dttudng, d k^ mau giao ma chu dao la vui choi Ngoai Tdy - Nung Oe nhQng dilu ludt, nhung quy djnh eung ldp mlu giao, mdi tmdng sinh hoat ehu ye''u... trinh day hpc budc vao bdc tie''u hpe la chuye''n hi dang hogt ddng cho HSTH la qua trinh phat trie''n ndng lyc hogt ddng chii dao la vui choi mang tinh giai tri vdttioaimdi eao tri tug cua HS, giup... phdn tie''p theo cho HS d bdc tie''u hpc Olthyc hidn dupc QTGD quyln vd bdn phdn eho Oac diem dac trung cua QTGD quyen va HSTH cin phai tan dung mdt each huu hieu nhat vai bdn phan cho HSTH DT Tay