y kl^n trao (J6i Sd39nam£o*^ V^N DVNG CAC CAU TRLIC DAY HQC HQ? TAC vAo (;IANG DAY H6A HQC PH6 TH6NG DAO THI HOANG HOA" T6M TAT Dgy hpc h(rp tde (DHHT) Id xu the tdt yiu trong cdc ldp hpc ngdy nay bdi[.]
y kl^n trao (J6i Sd39nam£o*^ V^N DVNG CAC CAU TRLIC DAY HQC HQ? TAC vAo (;IANG DAY H6A HQC PH6 TH6NG DAO THI HOANG HOA" T6M TAT Dgy hpc h(rp tde (DHHT) Id xu the tdt yiu cdc ldp hpc ngdy bdi nhirng Igi ich to l&n md nd dem Igi cho ngudi hpc Tuy nhiin d Vi^t Nam vi$c dp dgng hinh thite dgy hpc ndy vdo dgy hpc hoa hpc cdn hgn chi vi ngudi gido viin thiiu nhiiu kien thue vd kr ndng vi DHHT Bdi viel ndy trinh bdy DHHT theo cdch tiip cdn cdu trite, tit dd giiip ngudi dgy di ddng dp dgng ehung vdo ldp hpc Tir khda: dgy hpc hgp tdc, hpc nh6m, ck\x tnic d^y hpc hpp tdc, h6a hpc, d^y hpc ABSTRACT The application of cooperative-learning structures in teaching chemistry in high schools Cooperative learning (CL) is an inevitable trend in classrooms nowadays due to its various benefits Nevertheless cooperative-learning methods are rarely applied in chemistry classes in Vietnam due to teachers' lack of knowledge and skills in using CI This article presents a structural approach to CL by which teachers can put these methods straightfonvardly into their practice Keywords: cooperative learning, groupwork, cooperative-learning structure, chemistry, teaching Gioi thifu ve Day hpc hp'p (dc Theo Johnson va Johnson [7], DHHT la phirang phap dgy hpc d6 hpc sinh lam vi?c ciing nhOng nhom nho vai s\i huang dan ciJa giao vien nhSm toi mi hoa vi^c hpc cua cac vien nhom Co ndm >cu to de dam bao vi?c DHHT thdnh cong, bao gom: su phu thupe tich cue giua cdc thdnh vien, moi cd nhdn chju trdch nhifm ve phdn vifc ciia minh, su tucmg tde mat doi mat giira cdc thdnh vien, cdc kT ndng giao tiip vd ldm vifc theo nhom, va ddnh gid vd cung cd nhom thuong xuyin (Johnson & Johnson, 1994) I ThS, Tru'6'ng Dgi hpc Su- phgm TPHCM Nghien cmi cho thay ring DHHT dem i9i nhiing tac dpng tich CLTC den ket qua hpc t^p, phdt trien kT nSng xa hpi (h(^ tac giao tiep, Idnh d^o, ling nghe ), dong thai nang cao cdc kT ndng nh^in thiJc va tu phan bi?n [2, 6] Tuy nhien a Viv't Nam day la mpt hinh thue hpc t^p CO phan mcri me \a cac thay co vdn gdp nhieu kho khan ap dung no Vai mong muon ci^ the hoa DHHT va d^ dang dua vao day hpc, bai bao trinh bay ve DHHT theo each tidp can cdu true Cach tiep can cau true doi vdi Day hpc hpp tdc Cau true hoc hop tdc, dugc xem la nSn tang cua DHHT, id cdch thiic t6 chuc day hpc hgrp tac lop hpc lien quan Tgp chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM mpt loat cdc buac nhung khdng cung nhdc gdn lien v6i mpt npi dung hpc t^p cu th§ nao ca [8] Didu co nghia Id c^u true CO the dupc su dyng l$p lai vdi hdu nhu bdt cu cap hpc ndo, bat cii mon hpc ndo, va bat cu hogt dpng ndo mpt gido an [8] C6 the so sdnh cac ciu true voi nhChig ngoi nha nhung chua c6 noi thdt, nhu vgy npi dung bdi hpc c6 th^ dupc vi nhu la npi that ben ngoi nha Ngudi gido vien chinh la cdc nhd thiet ke npi that vdi c6ng vice thilt ke, to chuc, sdp xdp npi dung bai hpc cho hay, hi?u qud \a phu hgp vdi khung cdu tnic CO sdn Nhu va\ van de cot loi ciia each tiep cgn cau true la sii dung linh hoat cdc cau tnic da dang khac va rap phan npi dung vao cac cau true dd Nhiing cau true dugc sii dung rpng rai giang dgy hoa hpc la cau tnic ghep hinh, cau tnic STAD va cac cau tnic Kagan Cong thiic CO ban ciia each tidp can cdu tnic ddi vdi DHHT: Cau true + Npi dung = DHHT Van dung cac cau true DHHT day hpc Hoa hoc if truong thong 3.1 Cdu true ghep hinh (Jigsaw) 31.1 Khdi niem Ghep hinh (Jigsaw) la mpt cau tnic DPIHT quan trpng dugc thiet kd bdi Elliot Aronson va cac dong nghiep [4, 5] Trong cau tnic nay, hgc sinh thupc vd hai loai nhdm: nhdm gia dinh va nhdm chuyen gia Dau tien, hgc^inh gap gd Ddo Thi Hodng Hoa nhdm gia dinh vd moi thdnh vien ctia nhdm dugc giao mpt phan ciia bdi hpc, tim hidu kT Iudng dd trd thdnh "chuydn gia" ve phdn Sau dd, nhdm gia dinh tdch giong nhu nhiing mdnh ghdp ciia trd chai ghdp hinh, vd moi thdnh vien sS ket hgp vdi cac vidn cua nhihig nhdm gia dinh khac phy trdch phan bdi hpc giong minh de lap nhdm chuyen gia Trong nhdm chuyen gia, hpc sinh sd thao luan phan bai hpc dupc giao va dam bao ndm chdc nd Hpc sinh sau dd trd vd nhdm gia dinh cua edc em vd dgy Igi phan bai hpc cua minh cho cac thdnh vien cdn Igi nhdm [6] Cau tnic ghep hinh la mpt nhirng cdu tnic duge sii dung bidn nhat dgy hgc hda hpc Trong cdc nghidn ciiu vd giang dgy, ghep hinh thudng dugc sir dung day ve cdc khdi niem ca ban, cac hpe thuyet hda hpc nhu cau tgo nguyen tii, trgng thdi hda hpc, lidn ket hda hpe, can bdng hda hpc [4, 5, 6] Day Id nhimg npi dung quan trpng nhung khd vd trim tugng nhat chuang trinh hda hpc Trong cdc Idp hpc Viet Nam, chiing tdi nhdn thdy eau triic ghep hinh cdn phii hgp vdi edc gid luyen tap hay on tap vi ed nhieu thdi gian cho cac nhdm chuyen gia va nhdm gia dinh hoat dpng 3.1.2 So dd cdu true ghep hinh • Budc Lap nhom gia dinh 111 V ki6n trao 66\ ;yojy"""'' Nhi?m vy Nh6mA Nh6mD Nh6mB NhiimC Phin HSAI HSDI HSBl HSCl Phin2 HSA2 HSD2 HSB2 HSC2 Phan HSA3 HSD3 HSB3 I1SC3 Phan HSA4 nSD4 HSB4 HSC4 • Btr&c L^p nh6m chuydn gia Nh6m4 Nh6m Nh6m3 Nh6m2 Phg trich phin Phy trich phin Phy trich phin Phy trich phin HSAI HSA4 HSA3 HSA2 HSBl HSB4 HSB3 HS B2 HSCl HSC2 HSC'3 HSC4 HSDI HSn2 Hi;D3 HSD4 Lim vi^c vdi sich giio khoa, giii • Btr&c Hgc sinh quay Igi nhdm thich ciu t?o cua h?t nhin nguydn hi; gia dinh vd gidng cho cdc bgn nghe phdn bdi cita minh Thiet l$p cic m6i lien h? khie 3.1.3 VI du cdu true ghep hinh gitta so h?t proton, so h?t notron, kh6i IV dg I Gidng dgy phdn cdu tgo nguyen lupng nguyen tii, dong \ j; tir a Ddc [6] Bai dpe them: dpe sich giio khoa Nhdm chuyen gia I Thi nghifm ve sy phong \a cabon Rutherford vd cdu tgo hgi nhdn nguyen Nhdm chuyen gia Cdu tgg vd lir nguyen lir Dpe sach giao khoa ve sy phong \a; ' Tien hanh thi nghifm \ c tTnh difn Tien hanh thi nghiem \'i cic di$n va difn ma sit; tich va tinh chat cua chung; Lam vif c vdi sich giio khoa va giai Tien hanh thi nghi$m mau cua thich cau t^o \d ngu\en tii, sy phan bd Rutherford; elecu-on \ a quy tic bit tii (octet); Lam vifc vcri sach giao khoa, giai \'iet cac cau hinh electron cua cac thich thi nghiem cua Rutherford; nguyen tii khie nhau; Tinh toan m6i lien h$ gitta kich Dpe sich giio khoa v^ ning lupng thuoc ciia hat nhan va nguyen tii; ion hoa, \ e kham phi vd nguyen tii; Bai dpe them: Cupc dM cua Bai dpe them: Dpe sich giao khoa Rutherford ve cic nguyen to hiam nhu la cic Nhdm chuyen gia Cau tgo hgi Uo cic bdng den nhdn nguyen tir )'/ dg Gidng dgy phdn cdn bdng hda Tien hanh thi nghifm ve lyc hiit hgc a Thd NhTKi [5] tlnh difn; Nhdm chuyen gia Trgng thdi Lam mau luc hut vdi cac nam cham cdn bdng vd cdc vdn di dinh tinh ciia cdn hinh tron; bdng Can bang hf hda hpc; 128 Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM - Hdng so can bdng bidu diln bdng dp suat; Cac hdng so can bdng vd can bdng he nhieu pha; Dieu ki?n can bdng dgng Nhdm chuyin gia Hdng sd cdn bdng vd cdc moi lien hf gitra cdc hdng so cdn bdng Tinh gid tri ciia hdng sd cdn bdng; Tinh todn cde nong dp can bdng; Du dodn chidu ciia phdn img Nhdm chuyen gia Diiu kifn biin 36i cdn bdng: Nguyin li Le Chatelier Anh hudng ciia viec thay ddi lugng tac nhan phan ling Idn cdn bdng; Anh hudng ciia su thay doi dp suat hoac thd tich Idn cdn bdng; Anh hudng ciia nhiet dp Idn can bdng; Anh hudng ciia chat xiic tac Idn can bang Nhdm chuyen gia Tinh todn cdc hdng so cdn bdng Y nghia va tam quan trpng eiia cdc hdng so can bang; Tinh cde hdng sd can bang Vi du Gidng day phdn lien kit hoa hpc dTh6NhTKi{4] Nhdm chuyen gia J Lien ket ion Tinh chat ciia lien kdt ion; Hgp ehat ion; Cau tnic tinh thd ion Nhdm chuyen gia Lien kit cpng hoa tri Tinh chat ciia lidn kdt cdng hda tri; Phan hi phan cyc vd khong phdn cyc; Hgp chat cpng hda trj Nhom chuyen gia Cdc liin kit khde Lien kdt hidro; Ddo Thi Hodng Hoa Lyc hut van der Waals; Nhdm chuyin gia Cdc vdn di khde cua lien kit hda hpc Gdc lidn kk\ Cku tnic Lewis; Ndng lugng lien ket; Cau dang ciia phdn tii; Lien ket lidn phdn tii vd npi phan tii 3.1.4 Y nghia cdu triic ghep hinh Cau tnic ghdp hinh dugc ddnh gid la mpt nhChig cdu tnic DHHT uu viet va cd hipu qud cao [6] Cdu tnic ndy xem trpng sy tucmg tde binh dang ciia cdc vidn nhdm, dd mdi thdnh vidn ddu cd tdm quan trgng nhu Vi vgy, nd ngdn chdn hdu nhu hodn toan sy 3n theo (social loafing), chi prfioi (dominating) va tach nhdm (free-rider) 3.2 Cdu true STAD 3.2.J Cdc budc cua STAD [1] Gido vien trinh bay bai hpc; Giao vidn chia hgc sinh thdnh cdc nhdm ngudi; Hpc sinh hoat dgng nhdm va dam bao rdng tat ca thdnh vidn deu ndm vimg bai; Hpc sinh lam bai kidm tra Idn 1, gido vien cham diem; Hgc sinh hgc nhdm mpt lan nira dd gidi dap edc thac mac ciia lan kiem tra ddu tien, sau dd lam bdi kiem tra lan 2; Giao vien chdm diem lan 2, ddi chidu vdi kdt qua Idn 1, tinh diem nd lyc ciia nhdm; Nhdm nao cd didm nd luc cao nhat se dugc khen thudng 3.2.2, Sa dd STAD vd vi du cdch chdm diim 129 S639nttm20l2 V ki4n trao dfii Hpc sinh HSl HS2 HS3 HS4 Kiem tra Ik Kiem tra Ita HShpc nh6ni lan IIS hgc nhdm l^n 8 Diem nSltfC cua c i nhdn Tong d i ^ no lire (=8-7) 2(zZ:5L_ 2(=H2-K)-1) L _0(^9^9) -1 (=7-8) Trong bii nghien ciiu vh STAD cd tinh diem n8 lye theo cich khie sau day [3]: Di^m nd lyc ciia ci nhan 1 | Diem bii ki^m tra lin (cao nhat li 10 diem) it hon tren diem so vdi lin it hem di^m hojc bing diem so vdi lin Nhieu hon diem so vdi Ian I Nhieu hon tren diem so vdi lin Di^m cua nhdm bii kiem tra Thinh viSn cua nhdm A B C D Ket qua tinh toin Tdng diem no luc Diem lin Diem lan Diem no luc 9.5 7.0 5.5 7.5 CLia nhdm Trung binh nhdm 9/4=2.25 Moi vien nhdm cd dupc 2.25 diC'ni (hudng 3.2.3 Ynghia eua STAD Cdu tnic STAD thuan Igi viec gidng dgy nhihig van dd dugc djnh nghia rd rang vdi mpt ddp an diing Vi dy cac khdi ni?m hda hgc, cac dO: ki?n thyc tc - Cdu tnic STAD cd ba ddc didm sau: phan thudng cho nhdm, trdch nhi?m ca nhan vd ca hpi binh dang cho thdnh cong Thii nhat, phdn thudng cho nhdm ghi nhan sy cdng dat dugc muc tieu cy thd ciia nhdm Thii hai, cdng ciia 130 nhdm phy thugc \ao sy tham gia ciia cdc ca nhan, nghia la cac \ ien ddu phdi chiu trdch nhiem ddi vdi nhdm Ngoai ra, cau tnic ST.\D de cao su ddng gdp ciia cac hgc sinh ydu kem va nang sy ddng gdp nhan td quyet dinh Thir ba, CO hdi thdnh cdng dugc chia ddu cho cac vien vi tich dugc tinh tren diem nd lyc ciia timg ca nhan va cua nhdm, chii khong phdi la didm sd ciia cdc ca nhan [3] T?p chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Cau true STAD lo?i bd tinh tr?ng Sn theo va chi ph6i vi dupc thyc hifn theo nguyen tic: hpc nhdm cung nhung kiem tra ci nhin 3.3 Cdc cau trdc Kagan 3.3.1 Giallhlfu Cic cau true dupc lay theo ten cua Kagan Spencer, nha su phjim vi nhi khoa hpc noi tieng vif c nghien ciiu Ddo Thj Hodng Hoa DHHT vi cich tiep c ^ ciu tnic Ong da sing tjo rat nhi^u cau tnic DHHT cd tinh ung dyng eao [10], Theo Kagan, cd nhieu cau triic DHHT nhim sil^dung cho cic myc dich khie Cd mpt s6 cau triic trdng thi cd vi giong nhung thyc l?i khie rd rft, gidng nhu hai ciu true dudi day: [8] Thao lugn nhdm | Ba bu-dc phong van ' Cdc budc tidn hanh ' Giao vien ddt cau hdi gay nhieu Hinh thdnh hai cdp nhdm ngudi tranh cdi giiia cac vidn nhdm tidn hanh phdng van theo cdp Hpc sinh thdo luan dua quyet djnh Hpc sinh hodn ddi vai trd: ngudi phdng van thdnh ngudi dugc phdng vdn Hpc sinh luan phien chia se thdng tin hpc dugc cudc phdng van Dac didm - Tham gia khdng binh ddng - Tham gia binh ddng - Khdng phai tat ca ddu tham gia thao luan - Tat ca ddu tham gia thao luan - Khong cd trdch nhiem cd nhan - Trdch nhidm ca nhan - Vl ca ldp thdo lugn tai mgt thdi didm - Vl ca ldp thao luan tgi mdt thdi didm Chinh vi sy khde biet nhu trdn, Thdo ludn nhom la sy lya chpn dd dgng nao va dgt den sy nhdt tri nhdm, Ba budc phdng vdn tdt han nhidu d khia canh phat tridn ngdn ngii, kT nang nghe cung nhu thiic day sy tham gia binh dang Khi ngudi giao vidn y thiic dugc dnh hudng ciia cac cdu tnic khac nhau, ho cd the thiet ke giao dn vdi muc tieu dd dugc xac djnh trudc [8] 3.3.2 Su khde biit giira cdu true cgnh tranh vd edu trdc hap tdc Kagan cung chi su khac biet giira cdu trdc cgnh tranh (competitive structures) vd edu triic hpp tdc (cooperative structures) [8], De hidu ro su khac nhau-ndy, chiing ta cung so sanh hai cau tnic sau ddy: 131 Y kiln trao 6&\ S6 39 ndm 2012 c i u triic Ci l&p Ird l&l cdu hdi Giio viSn dit ciu hdi Hpc sinh nio mu6n tri Idi ciu hdi thi gio tay len Giio vien gpi hpc sinh Hpc sinh c6 ging dua cau tri Idi dung c i u trie Bdnh sS vi chgm dau Igl Giio vifin dinh so cic sinh viSn m^tnhdm: 1,2,3,4 Giio vien d$t ciu hdi Giio viSn ndi vdi hpc sinh "chym dau \^i" dk dim bio mpi ngudi nhdm diu biet ciu tri Idi Giio viSn gpi so (1,2,3 hojc 4) vi sinh viSn cd s6 dd neu bilt cau tri ldi cd thi gio tay tri Idi Trong cau tnic 1, vi cac hpc sinh muon tim kiem sy chu y vi Idi khen ngpi eiia giio vien, gitta cic em s5 sinh sy cjnh tranh tieu cyc Dd li vl giio vien gpi mpt hpc sinh, cic hpc sinh khie se mit CO hpi tri ldi; hay mpt hpc sinh tri ldi sai s6 t^o co hpi cho cic em khac tim kiem sy chii y vi ldi khen ngpi ciia giao vien Do dd cic hpc sinh sS doi chpi nhau, phit sinh eac moi quan hf xi hpi tieu cyc [8] Trii ngupe vdi ciu true 1, ciu tnic bao gdm cie nhdm cd su phu thugc lich cue vi trdch nhifm cd nhdn, tit ci di^u dd tao nen su tuang tdc hgp Idc gitta cac hpc sinh Phy thupc tich eye la bdi vi, neu mpt hpc sinh biit cau tra ldi, ning cic em khie cung bijt sg ting len Trich nhifm ci nhan li d cho, sy giiip dd chi d lilc chym dau lai vdi nhau, cho nen giio vien gpi so, mdi hpc sinh phii ty minh tri ldi cau hdi dd Hpc sinh gidi chia se cau tra Idi vi cac em biet so ciia minh cd thi khdng dupc gpi, vi muon ring nhdm ciia minh cd thinh tich tit Hpc sinh kim hon ling nghe can th^in vi cic em biet so ciia minh cd the sS dupc gpi Cau true trii ngupe vdi cau tnic d cho vdi ciu tnic chi cd hpc sinh gidi mudn tham gia bai hpc dd hpc sinh kem thi bj bd mic [9] 3.3.3 Cdc nhdm cdu tnic Kagan [10] Cac cau injc hpp tic Kagan cd the phan thinh cie nhdm nhu sau: Ciu mic xay dung nhdm (teambuilding); true xa\ dyng ldp Cau (classbuilding); Cau triic xay dyng kl ning giao tiip (communication building); Cau tnic xa\ dyng ki ning lam ehii (mastery); Cau tnic phit triin khii niem (concept development) 132 Tap chi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM Bio Thf Hoing Hoa Khai qudt mpt st cau true Kagan tidu bieu Cau true Md t& tdm tdt Chij-c ndng hpc thuat vd xd h9i CSu true xay d ^ g nhdm an phien c goc phong - Bdy td y ki^n, f tudng; tao' Mdi hgc sinh Idn lugt chia sd dieu gi dd cdu chuydn ' vdi bgn ciing nhdm Vi dy, minh thich vd - Tham gia binh ddng, ldm : khdng thich mdn hda d nhung diem nao? quen vai cdc bgn trong! nhom Cau true xay d u n g Idp - Gido vien dua cde lya chpn Cmg vd! •• Thay d u g i cac gid thuyet cac gdc phdng Vi dy: Neu cac em cd ca khde nhau, cdc gid tri, cac hpi lam vi?c nhirng ngdnh lien quan den cdch tiep can gidi quydt van hda hpc, cac em s6 chpn nghd ndo? Vi dy: dd kT su hda dau, kT su hda thyc phdm, - Hiiu biet vd ton trpng cde chuydn vidn dieu tra hien trudng tpi phgm quan diem khac nhau, gap (hda hpc phap y), bac sT (hda sinh), dupc gd bgn ciing lap sT (hda dugc), giao vidn hda, doanh nhan (ban hda chat thiet bj) - Hpc sinh im Idng suy nghT thai gian ngan de lya chpn cau tra ldi va vidt kien ciia minh Idn manh giay nhung khdng cho ban khac biet - Giao vien bdo hpc sinh di chuyen ddn cac gdc phdng, va thao lugn vdi cdc bgn khac ve lya chpn ciia minh - Giao vien chpn mpt vai hpc sinh tu cdc gdc phdng dd trinh bay y kien ciia minh Tp V&i toi «m tra tirng cap Cau true xay dung kl ndng giao tiep Hpc sinh dugc phdt tdm danh thiep cd ghi cdc dii kien hda hpc vd chay xung quanh phdng dd tim ban cd dir kidn gidng minh - Ghi nhd bai hpc - Ki ndng giao tiip Cau true xay dung ki nang ldm chu - Lap cac cap va dua cho mdi cap cac bai - KT nang gidi todn toan hda hgc (hay eac cau hdi trdc - Giiip dd, khen ngai nghiem) - Hpc sinh gidi mot bai toan, hpc sinh ddng vai gido vidn Hp ciing trao ddi, 133 V ki^n trao aSi dong y vdi dip in - Hpc sinh gidi m^t bii toin khie, hpc sinh ddng vai giio viin Hp ciing trao dii vi ding ^? vdi dip in - Sau dd hp kiim tra dip in vdi c?p khie Tit ci hpc sinh ciing lim vi^c di xic djnh dip in dilng cho hai bii toin vi chuc mCmg lln Ciu trdc phit triin Idiii nifm - Giio viin dua mdt vin di ddi hdi cao sy phin tich, dinh gii, ting hpp - Hpc sinh ty minh suy nghi vin di dd Sau 30 giiy, hpc sinh quay sang b?n cimg Suy nghi - Bdt c^p cip vdi minh di chia s6 y kien, quan diem Chia si - Sau dd hpc sinh ciing chia s6 quan diem vdi ca Idp Vi dy: Nhthig vin n^n mdi trudng nio lien quan den hda hpc dang de dpa hinh tinh cua ehiing ta? Da chirc ning - Giio vien dua mpt cau hdi vdi nhieu dip in Vl dy: viet cic ddng phan lham cua C,H|i,02 - Hpc sinh ngoi nhdm ngudi, vdi Bdn trdn mpt mau giay \a ca\ \let chi, thay phien viet dip in, vi chuyen sang cho b ^ ben e?nh - Khi het gid, dpi nio cd nhieu dip an ddng nhat sS thing 3.3.4 Y nghia cdc cdu triic Kagan Cic cau triic Kagan cd y nghia vo cimg to Idn vl chiing don giin nhung da dang, linh hojit, dl sir dyng, vi cd the su dung thdi gian ngin phii hpp vdi dieu kifn tiet hpe 45 phut d Viet Nam Cac ciu tnic eiia Kagan thda man nguyen tie DHHT dng dl dd la: phu thugc tich cue trdch nhiem cd nhdn, tham gia binh ddng, vd tuang tdc tich cue 134 !_ '•- - T30 vi kiem tra cic thuyit, kl ning quy diln djch, img dyng - Tham gia, lien hf - Danh gii cac kien thiic hpc, thye hinh kl ning, lai kien thire - Xdy dung nhdm, tdt cd • lham gia (Kagan, 2001) Tir dd loai bd hoan toan hien tupng in theo, chi phdi va tach nhdm Ket luan va de xuat Cic ciu tnic DHHT da dupc trinh bay rat eu thi, da dang, de ap dung va dugc thue tien chimg minh la dem lai hieu qua cao Tuy nhien, so vdi cac ldp hpc d Bic Mi va chau Au, nai ddi ciia cic ciu tnic DHTT tren, cac ldp hpc chau Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM A noi chung vi Vift Nam ndi rieng cd nhihig dac thCi rieng, nhit li vin hda lim vifC ca nhan vi so hpc sinh rit ddng mpt ldp Dieu niy khien cho vifc ap dyng cic ciu true hpc hpp tic gip khong it khd khin, vi cic giio vien khd giir dupc ban chat nguyen thuy eua cic ciu true Tic gii bii viet hi vpng cd Bio Thi Hoing Hoa nhttng chia sS vi mit thyc tiln di DHHT theo cich tiep can ciu tnic khdng chi la sy dii mdi vc mit phuong phip ma cdn la nit vin hda day hpc, qua dd trang bj cho ngudi hpc kT ning song vi lim vifc mdi trucmg ddi hdi sy cpng tic eao eua the ki XXI TAI Llf.ll THAM KHAO Balfakih, N M A., (2003), "The effectiveness of student team-achievement division (STAD) for teaching high school chemistry in the United Arab Emirates", International Journal of Science Education, 25(5), pp 605-624 Bilgin, I., & Geban, O (2006), "The effect of cooperative learning approach based on conceptual change condition on students' understanding of chemical equilibrium concepts", Journal of Science Education and Technology 15(\), pp 31-46 Carpenter, S R., & McMillan, T (2003), Incorporation of a cooperative learning technique in organic chemistry" Journal of Chemical Education, 80(3), pp 330-332 Doymus, K (2008a), "Teaching chemical bonding through jigsaw cooperative learning" Research in Science & Technological Education, 2(5(1), pp 47-57 Doymus, K (2008b), "Teaching chemical equilibrium with the jigsaw technique" Research in Science and Education 38, pp 249-260 Eilks, I (2005), "Experiences and reflections about teaching atomic structure in a jigsaw classroom in lower secondary school chemistry lessons" Journal of Chemical Education 82(2), pp 313-319 Johnson, R T., & Johnson, W (1994), "An overview of cooperative learning In J Thousand", A Villa & A Nevin (Eds.), Creativity and Collaborative Learning Baltimore: Brookes Press i Kagan, S (1989) The structural approach lo cooperative learning Retrieved January 25, 2011, from http://wwwascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_1989l2 kagan.pdfivwwkaganon line com Kagan, S (2001) Kagan structures and learning together - what is Ihe difference? Retrieved January 25, 2011, from http://www.kaganonline.com/free_arlicles/dr_spencer_kagan/ASK13 php 10 Kagan, S (2003) A brief history of Kagan structures Retrieved January 25, 2011, from hllp://www kaganonline com/free_arlicles/dr_spencer kagan/ASK20.php (Ngiy Tda soan nhin dugc bdi.2S-12-2011, ngiy phin bl$n dinh gii 12-01-2012 Viy chip nhin asng-10-8-2012) 135