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DiyvalHoc! GIAO DUC 0 Mde NGOAl 63 Hoc tap kinh nghiem tir mo hinh dao tao va phat trien giao vien cho the \C\ XXI cf Singapore MO DAU Nhu nhieu quoc gia khac tren the giai, thky co giao rat dugc ton[.]
DiyvalHoc! 63 GIAO DUC Mde NGOAl Hoc tap kinh nghiem tir mo hinh dao tao va phat trien giao vien cho the \C\ XXI cf Singapore ThS LE Tin NGQC NIIAN Trudng Can bd Qudn ly gido dye TPHCM MO DAU Nhu nhieu quoc gia khac tren the giai, thky co giao rat dugc ton trong xa hoi Singapore Bo GD&DT Singapore cung danh gia cao vai tro cua giao viSn viec gido dye the he tre dap ijng y6u cau phat triSn cua ddt nuac va co kha nang ijng vcri thay doi khong ngirng cua the gidi the ky XXI Vdi tam nhin chi6n luge "Nha trudng tu duy, Quoc gia hoc tap" (Thinking Schools, Learning Nation) Thu tudng Goh Chok Tong khdi xudng tCr nam 1997, Bg GD&DT Singapore da chgn giao vien nhu la hat nhan ciaa qud trinh doi mdi [3] vdi muc tieu xay dirng dgi ngu nha giao cd chSt lugng cao thong qua "Mo hinh dao tao giao vien cho th6 ky XXI" va cac chinh sach phat trien chuyen mon giao vien VAI NET VE VIEN GIAO DUG QUOC GIA Hau het cac giao vien d Singapore dugc dao tao tai Vien Giao due Qu6c gia (The National Institute of Education- NIE) Vien Gido due Qu6c gia la mgt vien dgc lap nam Dai hgc KJ thuat Nanyang, dugc Bg GD&DT tryc tiep cSp ngan sach hoat dgng Vien co nhi?m vy dao tao va phat trien dgi ngu giao vien, boi dudng can bg quan ly trudng hgc va nghien ciru khoa hgc [2] Trong Ke hogch chien lu^c phdt trien giai dogn 2007-2012, Vien xay dung Ig trinh chien luge 3:3:3 de thuc hien tam nhin "la mgt vi?n cd nhung dac trung rieng, doi mdi de vuon tdi su xuat sac giang day va nghien cdu" vdi sir mang "xuat sac dao tao giao vien va nghien cdu giao due" S c d & l Lp trinh 3:3:3 50 5-2013 JJgl/i/ilHi?C 64 Ld Irinh 3:3:3 cd nghTa Id try cdt, fTnh vye chien lupc vd nhan td edng Bg try cdt dap Ung nhu eau eua cac ben lien ddi, dugc qude te cdng nhgn thdng qua cac nghien cQu giao due va cd nhieu anh hudng d i n cac nghidp dodn gido due tren the gidi Ba ITnh vyc c h i l n lupc: gidng day, nghien cUu vd hd trp cac dodn i h l Ba nhan td cdng: tfnh phQ hgp, khd nang dap Qng va ehat lupng D l Ihuc hidn Id tnnh dd, Vien Gido dye Qude gia da eat tien chUOng trinh, xay dyng "Md hinh ddo tgo giao vien cho the ky XXI" (Teacher Education Model for 21^' Century-TE^') bdi vi hp nhdn rdng "Nhan Id quan trpng nhat d l nang cao chat lupng giao due, tinh hieu qua vd chat lupng cua ngudi hge dd chfnh Id chat lugng ddo lao gido vien" [5] M HiNH DAO TAO GIAO VIEN CHO THE KY XXI SINGAPORE Singapore Id mdt dat nude khdng cd nhieu ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien nen gido dye dugc chgn nhu Id mdt nhQng nhan td chinh de phat tnen dat nQdc; dd cdng lac ddo tao, phdt trien ddi ngu nhd gido rat dupe quan tam dau tu Bd GD&DT dupe giao nhigm vy chinh Irong vige luyen chpn, dao tao, cap bang, bd nhiem, phdn edng giao vien den ode trudng hpe Bd GD&DT khdng thyc hign nhiem vu ndy mdl each doe lap ma ed tham khao y kien eCia Vien Gido dye Quoc gia, cae trudng phd NGU&IHOCCUA thdng vd cac ben Jien ddi (giao vien, phg huynh, ede bp, nganh khde, ede trudng dai hgc vd ede doanh nghidp) [3] Vdi quan diem de cd dugc nhOng gtao vien gi6f thi trude h i t phai tuyen dUdc nhQng sinh vien gidi, td dau, khdu tuyen chgn da dupc thyc hien rat nghiem tOc Chi cd nhOng hgc sinh tot nghigp trung hpe cac trudng dQng ddu cd nudc mdi dUi^c tuyen chpn Cac sinh vien su pham dugc nha nUdc ho trd hgc phf, cac logi phi khac va trp cap hdng thdng vdi mUc tuong dUOng 60% luong gido vten Tuy nhien, cae sinh vien phai cam k i t trudng phgc vy gidng dgy ft nhat ba nam [6] Neu hgc khdng dgt ydu cdu hodc trudng khdng phyc vydu thdt gian nhu cam ket thi hp phdi bdi hodn lai sd tien md hp dd nhgn [4] Ngodi ra, de khdng bj lang phi ddo tgo va de chpn duge nhQng gido vien tuong lai cd tam huyet vdi nghe, hpe sinh trudc dupc tuyen ehgn vdo ngdnh sU phgm se dUpc hudng nghigp de hilu rd hon v l nghe vd ty ddnh gid xem bdn than cd i h l dap Ung cae yeu eau ma nghe ddi hdi Mgt khac, chf tieu tuyen sinh hang nam tuong duong vdt sd giao vien cdn Ihieu nganh nen dam bdo dugc vigc ldm eho sinh vien tdt nghigp Sau dupe tuyIn chgn, eac sinh vien nganh su phgm dupe ddo Igo tgi Vien Giao dye Qude gig theo "Md hinh ddo tao gido vien cho t h i kJ' XXI" Md hinh dQpc dp dyng xuyen sudt Irong qud trinh dao tgo, tU giai doan mdi bit dau den giai dogn phdt triln chuyen mdn eho giao vien sau TK2S - TRUNG TAM CUA CACMUC Tliu OAO T^O GIAO VIEN (s Truong h ic^m ^h - CAC GIA TRI CAC KY NANG Sodd Mo hinh dio tgo giio vien cho thik^ XXI[5] Vdi quan ni^m "Ngudi hpe eua the ky XXI ddi hdi phdt ed ngudi dgy cCia the kJ XXI" Vi^n Gido dye Quoc gia xem "ngUdi hgc cua the ky XXr nhy Id tmng tdm eua ode myc tidu dao tgo gido vien Hg tin rdng mpi dUa trd cdn dupc nudi dudng d l phdt trien tdi da ndng lyc tri lud, dgo dQc vd tham my Vi#c dao tgo gido vien phdi hudng tdi vide dgt dUpc chuIn ddu theo y&u eau cCia cae trudng hgc Cdc sinh vien sU phgm phdi dupc ddo tgo theo Khung kiin thdc ky ning vi cic gii trj[5] • • • • • C^ dii'nh sadi vd nen tang giao due Noi dung Giao brinh Hpc^rfi Sir pham Ti/lia dirdng Ky rung su pham Ky nang giao tiep Ky nsng phan anh Cd^ k^ nang can thiet cho ca nhan Ky nang quan ly Oiamsocva Tontrpi^ quan tam den sir khac tat ca hs Wet Cam ket vJ cdng hien dro nghe nghiep Hprptac,diia se, co tinh than dong dpi Khao khat Tlntirdngtat Kep hJC hoc ca hs deu c6 tap, doi mc the hoc }ajat5lc So Khung kiin thdc, ky nang vi cic gii tri [2] Gido trinh dUpe thilt k l tap trung vao eac ndi dung kien IhQc, cae ky ndng su phgm de dgy eac mdn hpe cy the, eac ky nang giao lilp, tdm \^, triit hpe va xa hpi hpe Vi$c ddo tgo giao vi§n thyc hi$n theo phuong chdm: Ly thuylt phdt gan liln vdt thyc hanh mdi giai dogn hgc tdp khac nhau, sinh vidn duyc dua d i n ede trudng hgc d i thgc hdnh vdi nhQng mye tieu va thdi lupng khac Tong thdi gian ddnh cho thye hdnh la 22 ludn duge chia nhU sau: Hge tdp kinh nghidm tnJdng hgc tuan Trp gidng tuan Thyc tdp gidng dgy tuan Thyc tdp gidng dgy 10 tudn Tong cgng: 22 tuan Trong qud trinh sinh vien den cdc trud/ig phd thdng thyc tdp, cdc gidng vien cua Vidn ludn theo sat de Iheo ddi, hUdng dan, tuvdn vd glQp dd Nhd t h i , cac sinh vien trudng d i ddng thfeh nghi vdi mdi trudng lam vipe d cac Irudng hgc vd Nang lire chuyen mon Nudi day Dam bao ch^t lugng hoc tap cho hpe sinh Td chiic c^c hoat dpng ngoai kho^ cd chdl lugnp cho hpe sinh Trau ddi cdc kien thirc: - ve chuyen mdn - ve tu phan bi?n - ve tu phan tfch - ve nhiHig sang kien - ve mpt tieu diem tuong lai cd t h i dng phd vdi nhQng biin doi nlu cd 8&n cgnh v i ^ Irang bi eho sinh vien nhQng kiln IhQc, ky nang sU phgm, Vidn Giao dye Qude gia eung chu trpng den vigc ren luydn cho sinh vien cd khd nang ddnh gid Idp ke hogch danh gia; thiet ke cae phQPng phap ddnh gid; hieu ro mye dich va cdc tieu chf ddnh gid; phdt trien khd nSng ty ddnh gid; phdn hdi cho ngudi hpe; qudn ly, cham dilm vd gidi thfeh kit qud eho ngudi hpe; nh^n bilt dugc cdc hdnh vi gian Idn, vi phgm cdc quy dmh kiem Ira danh gid Cdc khd ndng trdn r l l cin thiit cho viec thye hidn doi mdi cdng tdc kilm tra, ddnh gid d cdc irudng hpe theo ehu trUPng cua Bd GD&DT Singapore: cdn ddi giQa ddnh gia vide hgc vdi ddnh gid vi vide hgc; cdn ddi giQa vide hpe cdc ndi dung kiin thdc vdi phal trien cdc ky nSng, phat tnen ddng lyc bdn Irong cua ngUdi hgc Vign Giao dye Qude gia cung xdy dyng Chuin diu raeho sinh vien sQ phgm dupe ddo Igo theo md hinh NhQng smh vien tdt nghigp phai cd dupe cdc khd ndng sau Nang lire lanh di|o va quan Iv Chiem dupc trai tim va khoi dc ngudi khac: i Hieu dugc moi trudng li Phal trien nhihig ngudi khac N9ng \ifc ban than Hieu bi^ ban than va ngudi khac: - Ty ren luy^n - Hoan thi?n ban than vd cd Unh than trach nhi?m - Hieu va tdn trpng ngudi khac - Ben bi va cd kha nSng thich ung Lam vi?c vdi ngudi khac - Hgp tac vdi phu huynh - Lam viec nhdm Cfic nSng Vc tr&n daoc djnh nghTa, mo ta rSt ro rang v^ cy thi ChuIn d^u C6 the n6] Chuan dau cWnh la sy cam l(St c£ia Vi$n Gido dye Qu6c gia ve chat iyyng sinh vign tot nghi$p theo "M6 hinh ddo tao giao vien cho the tty XXI" PHAT TRIEN CHUYEN M6N CHO GIAO VIEN BO GD&DT Singapore khfing chl quan tSm den qua trinh ddo t^o gido vl6n md c6n tao di§u i(i$n thulin ldi cho gido vidn Bfip tyc phdt triln chyydn m6n sau tnJdng B$ trudng BO GD&DT Singapore nhdn manh: "Day hpe id mOt nghi d6i h6i phdi hpe nhidu hon bdt cii nghS ndo tchac Gido vidn hdy rdn luydn tay nghd bdng vide hoc vd tidp tyc hoc suOt sy nghidp day hoc cCia minh." flhannan Shanmugaratnam, 2006] Trong - ndm ddu g'Ang ddy cac gido vidn mdi sd dddc cac gao vien CO vdn hudng dan thOng qua vide dU giO, lU vdn, huan luydn, thyc hdnh DOi ngO gido vidn c6 vdn gOm cdc gido vidn cao cap cdc gido vidn cO nhidu ndm kinh nghidm, vd cdc Idnh dao nha trudng Cdc gao vidn ci) vdn duoc tham gia cdc Idp ddo tao cSa BO GD&DT vd cdc kjr ndng ciS vdn vd duOc glim gB day trdn Idp Hi cO thdi g^n Idm cOng tdc cd vdn Chuong trinh co van ddnh cho cdc gfio vidn mdi trudng dUdc BO GD&DT thiSt kd gdm ba phdn chlnh- bSt ddu am quen vOi nghd (gk)i thiOu ting quan vd hd thOng gido dye), c6 vdn l«i twdng (hudng din cdc cOng vide hdng ngdy, hudn luydn dd phdt triSn cdc ky ndng vd kidn thilc lidn quan ddn vide gidng day vd qudn ly hoc sinh); chUdng tnnh hoc tdp (ddo tao theo hudng thuc hdnh vd ky ndng qudn ly Bp hoc k} ndng tu vSn vd ky 66 nang ddnh gia) [1] Ngoai ra, hdng nam giao vien dupe hudng 100 gk) boi dudng chuyen mdn Dilu ndy dugc thye hien bang nhiiu each khde Gido vien ed the tham gia cae khoa hgc dUpc td ehUc tgi Vien Gido dye Quoc gia de ndng cao nang iyc giang dgy bp mdn hoac hpe lilp de lay bdng cao hpn nhu bang Thgc sy Nhilu khod bdi duSng td chdc tgi trQdng dQpc hQdng d i n bdi cdc chuyen gia ed nhiiu kinh nghiem vipe giup eho giao vien khac phyc nhQng mat cdn hgn che, vi dy nhu bdi dudng ve Qng dyng cdng nghe thdng tin hoac phQong phdp dgy hge theo dQ an [6], Ben cgnh viec tham gia eac Idp bdi dUdng tnJdng hoac Bd GD&DT td chQc, ede giao vien cdn duge nhd nude ho trp kinh phi IQ 400 den 700 dd la Singapore/nam d l ly chpn cdc khod hpe nhQ mong mudn [4] Ngodi ra, mdl IrQdng cung cd ngudn quy d l hd trp cho sQ phdt trien gido vien, bao gdm ea viee dua gido vien nudc ngodi hpe tap kinh nghiem Vao eudi nam 2010, Trung tam giao vien Singapore dupe thdnh lap d l khuyen khieh gido vien tham gia tfch eye vigc chia se nhQng kinh ngfiiem thyc tidn diln hinh [6], BAi Hpe KINH NGHIEM Qua nghien cQu Md hinh ddo tgo vd phat trien giao vien eho t h i ky XXI d Singapore, ehung ta ed the rut duge mdt so bai hgc kmh nghiem cho cdng lac ddo tgo vd bdi dudng gido vien d nudc ta nhU sau: a/ Cai lien md hinh dao tgo giao vien eho ddp Qng dugc yeu cau ci!ia dat nude vd xu t h i phdt Irien cQa thdi dgi Trong dd, can ehu Irgng gdn ly Ihuyet vdi thyc hanh Thdi gian kien tap tuan vd thyc tgp tuan danh cho sinh vien dgi hpe su phgm nhu hien Id it, can tang Ihem thdi gian kiln tap, Ihyc tap d l smh vien IrUdng de dang Ihich nghi vdi mdi irudng lam viec d trudng Ihdng va ed I h l Ihyc hidn tdt cdng tdc giang dgy Ngodi ra, qua Irinh sinh vien den cac trUdng thdng kiin tdp, thyc tdp, giang vien trudng su phgm eung can theo sat sinh vien thdi gian ndy de nam bat tinh hinh, ho trg smh vien kip thdi va de biet ndi dung, chUdng trinh giang dgy d cdc IrQdng sQ phgm ed dap Qng dugc yeu eau thye l i cua trudng thdng hay khdng TQ dd, cdc tnjdng sQ phgm cd ke hogch cai lien chQOng trinh giang dgy cho td'l hOn, Song song vdi viec tang thdi lupng thyc hdnh, ode Irudng SUphgm cung can quan tam nhiiu d i n viee ren tuyen nang lye quan ly vd lanh dgo cho smh vien Cdc ndng lyc ral can thiet de gido vien cd the quan ly tdt Idp hpe gid dgy, d l thye hien lot vai trd eua ngudi gido vien chu nhiem hogc d i dam nhiem vai Ird cua mpt to trudng chuyen mdn dupe lin nhiem b/ Xdy dyng mdi quan hp chat che giQg Bd GD&DT, cdc trudng su phgm, cac Sd G D&DT, cdc trUdng thdng, Trong dd, ddc biet chu y den la mdi quan he giQa cac trudng su phgm vdi cdc trudng phd thdng Tn/dng su phgm Id noi dao tgo giao vien vd trudng phd thdng la noi sQ dyng gido vien; vl the, mudn eung ddp dng cau thi cung phai nam rd eau dang can gi, can bao nhieu Id du Cd nhu t h i mdi tranh dugc tinh trgng that nghidp cua gido vien mpj trudng Ngodi ra, de thu^n Ipt vide dua sinh vien din cae tnJdng Ihdng kiln tap, thyc tgp, cdc trudng su phgm phai Igo mdt quan hd gan bd vdi Sd GD&DT vd cdc trudng phd thdng c/ Ben cgnh cdc chinh sdeh ihu hut sinh vien ngdnh su phgm, Bg GD&DT cin kiln nghj voi chfnh phCj cdf cdch c h i dd 30 5-2013 Lkfljy^HpC lien luong cho giao vien de thu hut dupc nhiiu ngudt gidi vdo nganh SUphgm vd gtQ chan dupc cdc gido vien gidi ngdnh Tuy nhien, sinh vidn hpe tdp khdng dgt ydu cau, khdng thi tdt nghiep hoac sinh vien trudng di dgy khdng dQ thdi gian nhu cgm kit thi kien quylt thu hdi cdc khodn kinh phf da dupc hd trp Ngoai ra, de chgn dugc eac giao vien cd tdm huylt vdi nghe, ede trudng su phgm can den cae tnJdng thdng tu van, hudng nghiep d l hpe sinh hieu rd v i nghe va cac yeu eau cua nghi tnjde thi vdo Ddng thdi cQng nhSc nhd ede em hpe smh dQng chf vi thay cdi Ipi trudc mdt la dugc hudng cdc che dd uu dat ddnh cho sinh vien nganh sU phgm md ddng ky thi vdo Nhu vdy cd t h i ddn den tinh trgng bd hpe nQa chUng hogc ta/dng khdng the di dgy khdng cd nang khilu su phgm va khdng yeu thich nghe Dieu dd se gdy lang phf rat nhieu eho Nha nude, nha trUdng vd gia dinh ei^ia cac em d/ Tilp tyc bdi dudng chuyen mdn, nghiep vy eho gido vien hang ndm Ben cgnh cdc Idp bdi dudng Sd/Phdng GD&DT Ihudng td chUe irong dip he, Higu trudng cac trudng hpe cung can ed ke hogch to chdc nhieu 16p bdi dudng Ihudng xuyen tgi trUdng d l ddp Qng nhu cau thyc t i ci!ia gido vten Niu cd thi, tnJdng nen ho trp kinh phi cho gido vien ty ddng ky tham gia ede khoa boi dudng iheo nhu cau cd nhdn nhung can thilt eho edng tdc gidng day Ngodi ra, Bd GD&DT eung can quan tdm, tgo dieu kign cho cae gido vi§n trudng phd thdng nude ngoai hpe tap kinh nghidm, nang cao tay nghi KET LUAN Nlu nhu nhQng Ihgp kj/ trQde Singapore phdi d i n cdc nudc khac de hpe tap kinh nghiem thi ngdy nhiiu nUde trdn Ihl gidi xem Singapore nhU Id hinh mSu dang de hge tgp Trong eac nhdn td gdp phan tgo nen sy phdt triln vygt bdc eiia Singapore khdng the khdng k l den gido dye Chlnh nin giao dye tien lien dd tgo ngudn nhan lye chat lugng eao eho dat nudc ndy vd Vign Gido dye Qude gia chinh la cdi ndi dao tgo nen cdc nhd gido cQa the k^ XXI cho Singapore Xin dugc Inch ddn hai eau bai bao cdo eua Vidn Gido dye Quoc gia Singapore ve "Md hinh ddo tgo gido vien eho thi ky XXI" d l kit thue bdi viet ndy: "Ngudi hgc cQa thi k^ XXI ddi hdi phii cd ngUdi day cua the 1^ XXI" va "NgUdi day cda the k^ XXI ddi hdi phii cd ngudi lanh dgo cda the 1^ XXI" TAI LIEU THAM KHAO BpGiaodycvaDao tao Singapore (2ID06),S&ie/^tfjerwisf Teacher Development- The Structured Menionng Programme for Begin Teachers, Website www.moe.gov.sg, tnjy cap 24/02/2013, hVpJ www.moe gov.sg'media/press/200&pr20060126 htm 2.S.K.Lee (2012), Sing^xre Teacher's Pre-service Training an Ptofessional Dev^opment, Vien Giao due Quoc gia Singapore S.Sleven K.S.Tan, Angela F.LWong, S.Gopinathan, Kim Chuan Goh, Isabelle Y.F.Wong, Kong Hong Ong (2007) JheOualriicaionso the Teaching Force: Data from Singapore, CPRE in USA 4.Susan Sclafani, Edmund Um (2008), Rethinking Human C^x^ in Education: Singapore As A tvhdd for Teacher Devekipment, Wa ffigtonD.C 5.VienGidoducQu6egiaSingapore(2012),/ireac/7er&iJca»of) Afcde/fortfje^?tfiCer7ft;/y,Singapore Vr/en Stewart, How Singapore Devetoped a High-Quality Tea Worktorce, Website www.asiasociety.org, truy cap 22/0^2013, httpy'/asiasociety.org'edueatioiV leamng-worid'how-singapore-developed-high-qualrty-teacher-wofWonM ... k^ XXI cho Singapore Xin dugc Inch ddn hai eau bai bao cdo eua Vidn Gido dye Quoc gia Singapore ve "Md hinh ddo tgo gido vien eho thi ky XXI" d l kit thue bdi viet ndy: "Ngudi hgc cQa thi k^ XXI. .. ngoai hpe tap kinh nghidm, nang cao tay nghi KET LUAN Nlu nhu nhQng Ihgp kj/ trQde Singapore phdi d i n cdc nudc khac de hpe tap kinh nghiem thi ngdy nhiiu nUde trdn Ihl gidi xem Singapore nhU... tap kinh nghiem Vao eudi nam 2010, Trung tam giao vien Singapore dupe thdnh lap d l khuyen khieh gido vien tham gia tfch eye vigc chia se nhQng kinh ngfiiem thyc tidn diln hinh [6], BAi Hpe KINH