Pham Xuan Qui vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 106(06)''''61 65 THI NGHIEM VAT LY THAT, THI NGHIEM TlTOiNG TAG TREN MAN HINH VA CAC BIEN PHAP SU" D^JNG PHOI HgfP CAC LOAI THI NGHIEM TRONG DAY HOC VAT[.]
Pham Xuan Qui vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 106(06)'61 -65 THI NGHIEM VAT LY THAT, THI NGHIEM TlTOiNG TAG TREN MAN HINH VA CAC BIEN PHAP SU" D^JNG PHOI HgfP CAC LOAI THI NGHIEM TRONG DAY H O C VAT L V Pham Xuan Que', Nguyin Thj Thu Hk^' Tru&ng Dgi IIQC Suphgm Hd N 'Tru&ng Dal IIQC Suphgm - DH Thai Ng TOM TAT Hifin nay, giang day mon V^t ly is cic iru&ng thong vi nhieu ly khic mi cic loai thi nghiSm v^t ly chua duoc chii y khai thic vi sir dyng diing miic Difiu niy di khien hgc sinh thy dgng qui trinh hgc tap, anh hudng d^n chat lugng nim viJng kiln thirc ciia hgc sinh Hon nira, li luan va thuc tien hien cung dang d^t nhitng vin d^ can nghien ciru lien quan den sir sii dung phoi hgp cic loai thi nghiem, vi dy nhu: nguyen tic sii dyng phoi hgp cic loai thi nghiem; cic bien phap sir dyng phoi hgp cic lo^i thi nghi?m vi hinh thiic to chiic day hgc cin thay doi nhu thS nio de co the phit huy dugc tinh tich eye, tir chii vi sing tao ciia hgc sinh Trong bii viet niy, chitng toi se trinh biy mgt so vin de hen quan dkr\ thi nghiem vgt ly that, thi nghiem tuong tic tren man hinh vi cic bien phip sii dyng cic lo^i thi nghiSm tr6n day hgc vat ly nhim phat huy tinh tich eye vi ning luc sing tao cia hgc sinh Tir khoi Dgy hpc vdl ly, thi nghi?m thgl, thi nghiem tuang tdc tren mdn hinh, phoi hap cdc logi thi nghiem vdt ly CAC LOAI THI NGHIEM VAT LY VA CHUC NANG CUA THI NGHIEM TRONG DAY HOC VAT LY Cac Ioai thi nghiem vat ly Thi nghiem (TN) vat ly (VL) la: "sir tdc dpng cd chu dinh, cd he thong cua ngifdi vdo doi tupng cua hien thuc khdch quan Thong qua sir phdn tich cdc dieu hen md da dien SIT tdc ddng vd cdc ket gud cua sir tdc dong, la cd the thu nhdn duac tri thirc mai" [3j Nhu vay, vdi each dinh nghTa tren, TN VL co hai dau hieu ehinh la: - Doi lugng nghien ciru la hien thue khach quan - Trong TN dien sy tac dgng co ehii djnh ciia ehu the nghien eiiu Ien doi tugng nghien Cliu, lam bien ddi doi tugng nghien ciru theo mue dich, trinh tu nghien cijru rieng eua minh va nhan dugc cac ket qua tuang irng, Co nhieu each phan Ioai TN VL, dua tren nhirng tieu chi khae se eo nhu-ng loai TN khac Tel- 0983752675 Emad Nguyenhadhspind^mail.ci • Neu ean cii vao mge dich Iy luan day hgc cua TN, TN gom cac loai sau: TN bieu dien va TN thyc tap ciia HS Trong TN bieu dien lai CO cae Ioai: TN md dau, TN nghien ciru hien tugng va TN eiing co Trong TN thuc tap Iai CO cac loai: TN true dien, TN thuc hanh va TN va quan sat VL d nha [3] - Neu dg"a vao moi trudng Iam viec eiia TN, la Iai CO the chia TN Iam nhu'ng Ioai sau: TN that va T~N ao TN that la nhirng TN dugc thue hien Irong moi trudng phong TN TN that Iai dugc ehia lam hai loai: + TN Iruyen thong la TN ngudi hgc thu'c hien TN d phong TN va khong co sy ho trg ciia may vi linh, + TN that CO su ho trg ciia may linh la TN viec tien hanh TN dugc thyc hien moi trudng phong TN va may linh dugc sir dung nhu la mgt cong eg ho trg viec thu thap va xir ly so lieu Vi dy: TN ghep noi may tinh TN ao la nhu'ng TN dugc thyc hien tren moi tru'dng may vi tinh, dien su tuang tac ciia ehii the nghien ciiru len doi tugng 61 Pham Xuan Que vd Dig Tap chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ nghien cii'u bang vi?c chii the Ihao tac tren man hinh thong qua he Ihong ban phim, chugt TN ao gom hai loai: + TN mo phong, la TN d do, doi tirgng nghien ciru la mo hinh dugc md phong + TN ttrang \hz Ircn man hlnh (TTTMIt) la IN ma d do, doi lirgng nghien ciru la doi tugng Ihuc (dugc quay ho^c chyp Iai) dirdi dang goc Nhu vit> TN TTTMH la nhu-ng IN ma doi lugng nghien ciru la cac hi?n tugng, qua Irinh VL Ihyc dirge ghi lai (quay I^i ho^e chgp lai) dudi dang gtic va dua vao may linh, bang cong eg phan mem may linh, qua ngudi hoe se thao tac iren man hinh de luang lac vdi doi tugng nghien ciru, lam bien doi doi Iugng nghien ciru iheo cac mue dieh, trinh tg- nghien CIJ'U rieng ciia minh va nhan dugc cac ket qua luong irng Chirc nang ciia thi nghiem day hoc Vat l> Trong day hgc VL TN co vai tro quan trgng viec to chire hoat dpng nhan thiic tieh cue, tu luc va sang Iao cOa bgc sinh (HS) Chinh vi le do, qua trinh day hgc, TN phai dam bao duge cac chire nang sau: - Trinh bay Irudc IIS doi tu'ang nghien ciru (cac qua trinh hay hien tugng VL) dudi dang goc hay nhirng mo hinh khac - Thu thap cac thong tin ve doi tug-ng nghien cii'u - Trinh bay cae thong tin Ihu thap dugc dudi cac dang khac - Phan lich, xii ly cac thong tin theo cae myc dich khac Ho irg HS de xuat gia Ihuyet \;in dk nghien ciru - Giiip HS kiem tra cac gia Ihuyet khoa hgc (hay cac he qua dugc riil tir gia Ihuyet) [ I ] Vdi nhirng chire nang tren, TN Iham gia vao qua trinh day hgc vdi nhirng mue dich sau: - Lam xuat hien van dk nghien cii'u, dinh hudng hanh dgng, kich thich hiing thu hoc lap VLciiaHS - Minh hga kien thirc, qua giiip HS co cai nhin true quan ve doi tugng nghien ciiu 106(06): 6! -65 - H6 trg de xuat \kn de nghien ciiu; dua nhOng dy doan, gia thuyet - Kiem tra tinh dimg din ciia gia thuyet (he qua suy lir gia thuyet) - Cimg c6 kien thirc ky nSng ciia HS (on lap, dao sau, md rgng va he Ihong hda, van dgng) - Kiem tra kien thire, ky nang cua HS SU' DUNG PHOI HOP CAC LOAI THi NGHIEM TRONG DAY HQC VAT LY N H A M PHAT HUY TINH TICH CUC TU LUC VA SANG TAO CUA HOC SINH Nguyen tac sir dung phoi hop cac Ioai thf nghiem day hgc Vat ly nham phat huy linh tich circ, tir lire va sang tao ciia hoc sinh M6i Ioai TN deu c6 nhiing uu, nhugc diem nhat dinh vdi nhirng chire nang, muc dich Iy luan day hgc khae Chinh vi vay, qua trinh day hgc, de phal huy duae tinh lich cue,lu Iuc va sang tao ciia HS giao vien (GV) phai biet ket hgp, sir dyng phdi hgp cac Ioai TN qua dd phat huy nhiiTig uu diem, khac phue nhugc diem eOa tirng Ioai TN Nhung sir dung phoi hgp cac loai TN day hgc VL phai dam bao nhirng nguyen lac sau: Chi su dung nhu-ng TN ao TN that khong giiip HS nhan thiic mgt each day du, chinh xac kien thirc vat li can nghien ciru hoae khong ho tra tot viec td chirc qua trinh boat dgng nhan thue eua HS mgt each tich cue, lu luc va sang tao - Co the sir dung TN \ a sir dung phoi hgp cac Ioai TN d cac khau khac ciia qua Irinh day hgc, cac giai doan ciia qua Irinh nhan thirc nhung phai dac biet luu y ehiic nang ly luan day hgc ciia tirng loai TN de sir dung TN cho phli hgp vdi tii'ng giai doan - Gan \ lec sir dgng phoi hgp cac loai TN vdi he thong cae hoat dgng tri tue-lhue lien eua HS qua trinh TN (thiet ke phuang an TN, lap ke hoach TN, thu lap s6 lieu va xii' ly s6 lieu), qua dd kich thieh su tranh luan lich cue, ly luc va sang lao ciia HS qua trinh hgc tap Pham Xuan Que vo Dtg T9p chf KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 106(06): 61 -65 Cac bien phap sir dung thi nghiem that, thi nghiem tirong tae tren man hinh day hoc Vat ly nhSm phat huy tinh tich cue va nang lure sang tao ciia hoc sinh + GV md ta hoan canh thyc lien lao nen mgl tinh huong "gay can" va yeu cau HS du doan hien tugng xay Nhiing bieu hiin cua tinh tich cite, tu- lax hpc tap Vat ly cda hpc sinh ' Co hirng thu hgc lap, cham chu nghe giang, hang hai tham gia phal bieu y kien, phal hiijn dugc van de nghien ciru - Tim each dgc lap, ly Imh hgi, giai quyet van de hoe tap, ty may mo tim cac hudng khac de tim ldi giai hgp ly nhat cho van dk can giai quyet - Chii dgng van dung kien thiic, ky nang da hgc gap linh hudng mdi, co sang lao giai quyet van de, lim cai mdi, van dyng kien thiic da hgc vao thue lien + GV hu'dng dan HS phat bieu van de ciia bai hgc Liic dau GV c6 the dua mirc dg yeu cau cao de HS co the ty lye phat bieu van de, sau GV hudng dan va giam bdt kho khan cho HS de cuoi eiing HS phal bieu duae van de nghien ciiu ([2][3]) Nhung bieu hien ciia ndng lire sdng tao hpc tap Vat ly cua hpc sinh - De xuat duoc gia Ihuyet hoac de xuat giai phap giai quyet van de dat ra, - Dua dvcac phuang an TN kiem Ira he qua duge suy tir gia thuyet - Thiel ke cai tien TN (trong qua trinh lam TN) - Nang Iyc nhin nhan mpt van de dudi nhii'ng goc khac nhau, xem xet doi lugng d nhii'ng khia canh, each giai quyet khac nhau, doi mau thuan de tir tim cac giai phap la, CO hieu qua phii hgp vdi dieu kien, hoan canh ey the Cdc biin phdp sir dung tlii nghiem that, thi nghiem tieffng tdc tren mdn liinli day hpc Vat ly nhdm phdt huy tinh tich ctrc vd nang lire sdng tao cua hpc sinb Tir nhiing bieu hien boat dgng nhan thiic ti'ch cue, ty luc va sang tao ciia HS hge t§p VL va chiic nang ciia tiing Ioai TN day hgc VL, ehiing toi thay co thi sir dyng phoi hgp cac loai TN va eae phan mem mo phong TN day hgc VL nhim phat huy tinh tich eye, tu luc va sang tao cQa HS bang eae bien phap sau: - Sir dung TN that, TN TTTMH lam xual hien vdn di nghien cuu Trong gian doan lam xuat hien d HS van de nghien ciru, GV co the sir dgng thi nghiem theo nhiJng bude sau: + GV lam mgt TN bieu dien, hoac GV cho HS lam mgt TN dan gian de HS thay dugc hien tugng diln „ khong phii hgp vdi dy doan ciia minh - Sir dung TN that TN TTTMH di hd tra vice xdy dimg dir dodn de xual gia thuyel cua HS Trong giai doan GV hudng dan HS xay dung dy doan hay de xual gia thuyet, T>l co the dugc sir dgng theo cac budc sau: -I- GV yeu cau HS dua du doan/de xual gia thuyet cho van de da dugc phat bien d giai doan trudc + Neu HS van khong dua dugc du doan/de xuat dugc gia thuyet thi GV tien hanh TN de cung cap them cho HS ve hien tugng, qua trinh, moi lien he ciia cac dai luang hien tugng dang nghien ciru giup sinh vien khai quat duoc cac ket qua quan sal de dua dy doan([2][3]) - Cd the sir dung cdc logi TN that TN TTTMH ho trp qud trinh thiet ke phircmg dn TN De qua trinh thiet ke phuang an TN dien nhanh chong va hieu qua GV co the huong dan HS sir dyng cac Ioai thi nghiem, dae biet la TN TTTMH de ho trg theo cac budc sau: + GV giiip HS nhan thirc ro dieu ma hg lien hanh TN de kiem tra va gpi HS nhd Iai nhu'ng kien thii'c va kmh nghiem lien quan + GV to ehirc cho HS (c6 the Iheo tCrng nhom) sil' dung T>J ho trg de de xual phuo'ng an TN de kiem tra gia Ihuyet hoac he qua suy lir gia thuyet + GV to chirc cho HS trao doi, phan tieh tinh kha thi ciia moi phuang an va ehgn phuong an CO nhieu trien vgng nhat ([2][3]) 63 Pham Xuan Que vd Dtg T51P chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE - Sit dung TN that TN TTTMH de kiem tra gid thuyet hogc h(' qua suy tir gid thuyel Khi to chirc cho HS dimg TN de kiem tra dy doan/giii tluiyi-i GV ed Ihc ticn hanh Iheo nhiing birdc sau: + GV djnh hirdng IIS lya chgn, bo tri dyng ey, thiet bj TN, dy kien lien trinh TN, xiic djnh nhirng hien tirgng, qua trinh can quan sal bg so lieu can Ihu Ih^ip, cac phuang in xir ly so lieu + GV hoac HS lien hanh TN dudi sy hirdng dan ciia GV de kiem tra gia Ihuyet hoSc h? qua duge suy lir gia thuyet ([2][3]) - Sir dung TN thai TN TTTMH frong giai doan cung co, vdn dung kien thuc De HS co the van dung dugc kien thire mgt each sang lao, tam cho kien thiic ciia HS trd nen sau sac, ben vii'ng, GV co the giao cho HS nhiing nhiem vu doi hoi phai sii dung TN Ihco each each sau' + GV giao cho HS nhiem vu doi hoi phai sii dung thiet bj, dgng cy TN quen biel de lap rap va tien hanh mgt TN mdi hay mgt phuang an TN khac hoac sir dung thiet bj TN san co de lien hanh TN theo yeu cau + GV giao nhiem vy doi hoi HS phai che tao dyng eg TN va ticn hanh TN vdi no Vdi cac each tren, GV co the to chirc hudng dan HS sii dung TN giai doan van dung kien thiic theo cac budc sau: + GV giao cho IIS nhiem vg doi hoi phai sudung TN de giai quyet van de dat + GV chia nhom HS, to chire eho HS thao luan dc lya chpn, thiel ke, ehe tao dgng eg TN, lap ke hoach TN + GV hudng dhi HS lien hanh TN, Ihu thap vaxirly k^tquaTN([2][3]) - Sir dung TN TTTMH de hd tra qud trinh on lap chudn bi bdi trirdc lai lap, irir&c gid thuc hdnh cua HS Vdi dac diem ciia cae loai TN tuang tac tren man hinh la moi trudng 64 106(06): 61 lam vi?c dugc Ihyc hien tren may tinh, ehinh vi v^y HS hoan loan co thi su dung TN ao de ehuan bj bai hgc trudc tdi Idp, trudc gid thyc h^nh TN tren phong TN hay qua trinh dn tap kien ihuc Dieu khong nhimg tiet ki?m thdi gian lam TN th^t eiia HS d tren Idp, Iren phdng TN ma phal huy tinh lich eye va ly Iyc ciia HS qua trinh hgc tap - ,S';/' dung TN TTTMH di hd Irp^ qud Irinh kiim ira, ddnh gid kien thuc, ky ndng cua HS (ky ndng thiet ki) Mgt vai TN TTTMH dugc thiet ke co chirc nSng luu lai nhirng kel qua cLia vi?c lya chgn thiet bj, bo tri TN, bp so lieu TN, ket qua xir ly s6 lieu, cac ket Iu|n d\xgc rdt hay cd them modun h? Ih6ng cau hoi trdc nghiem khaeh quan de ngudi hgc ty kiem tra, danh gia Vdi nhirng TN TTTMH cd chirc nang nhu tren hoan loan co the dugc sti dgng dk hd trg qua trinh kiem tra, danh gia kien thiic, ky nang cua HS KET LUAN Nhu vay, TN VL that va TN TTTMH c6 thi tham gia vao cac giai doan ciia qua trinh day hge VL Dae biet, vdi TN TTTMH, vdi dac thii mdi irudng lam \ iec la ao (tren may tinh) nen vao muc dich sii dgng TN khac (co tlie la TN nghien ciru khdo sat hi^n hrang hay T\ kiem nghiem) ma GV co the sir dung TN TTTMH Iren phoi hgp vdi cac TN day hgc that (neu eo) de dap iing dugc muc lieu day hgc da de Them niia, HS cd the sir dung TN TTTMH de on tap, cimg co kien Ihirc d nha sau da hgc tren tdp, ly kiem kiem tra danh gia kien thiie; chuan bj bai trudc thuc hanh TN that, ly dn lap truoc thi va giam bdt Ihdi gian thyc hanh lai phong TN Ngoai ra, bai viet phan biet dugc TN ao (TN TTTMH) vdi cac loai phSn mem mo phong TN va kha nang sir dyng cua eae phan mem md phong TN viec phoi hgp vdi cac loai TN VL nham phal huy tinh tich cue, tyc lue va nang Iyc sang tao cua HS qua trinh day hge Pham XuSn Que vo Big Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE TAI L l J U T H A M K H A O Pham Xuan Q u i (2007), -irng , , , • , , , nghe Ihong tin lo chuc hogt thuc vdt ly lich cue lu chd vd sdng Dai hoc Su pham dung cong ^ , dpng nhgn tgo", Nxb 106(06): 61 - 65 Nguyin Biic ThSm, Nguyen Nggc Hung (1999), To chuc hoai dong nhan Ihuc cho HS day hoc Kd;/;! NxbDai hpcQu6cgia HJNpi, Nguyen Dire Tham (chu bien), Nguyen Ngoc ^^^^^ p ^ , ^ Xuin Qui (2003), Phuang phdp dgy hpc Vdl ly d Irudng phd thdng "Nxb Ba\ hoc Su pham SUMMARY REAL EXPERIMENT, INTERACTION EXPERIMENT ON THE COMPUTER S C R E E N A N D M E A S U R E S C O O R D I N A T I N G T H E EXPERIIV1ENTS IN PHYSICS TEACHING Pham Xuan Que', Nguyen Thi Thu Ha^* Hanoi University of Ediicalion ^College of Education - TNU Currently, because of many different reasons kinds of physics experiments untapped and underutilized in Physics teaching This made students passive in the leaming process, affecting the quality of firm knowledge of students Moreover, at present, in theory and practice are set out to study the problem coordination of experiments in teaching Physics, for example: the principles of coordinating experiments, the measures coordinating experiments and how to change the form of teaching institutions to promote positive, autonomy and creativity of students In this article, we will present a number of issues related to real experiments, interaction experiment on the computer screen and measures coordinating the experiments in Physics teaching to promote positive, autonomy and creativity of students Key words: Teaching Physics, real experiment, interaction experiment on the computer screen, coordinating kinds of Physics experiments Ngdy nhdn bdi- 15/5/2013; Ngdy phdn bien 04/6/2013; Ngdy duyet ddng: 26/7/2013 ' Tel- 0983752675; Emad Nguyenhadhsptn@gmad.com ... CIJ''U rieng ciia minh va nhan dugc cac ket qua luong irng Chirc nang ciia thi nghiem day hoc Vat l> Trong day hgc VL TN co vai tro quan trgng viec to chire hoat dpng nhan thiic tieh cue, tu luc va... Ihong hda, van dgng) - Kiem tra kien thire, ky nang cua HS SU'' DUNG PHOI HOP CAC LOAI THi NGHIEM TRONG DAY HQC VAT LY N H A M PHAT HUY TINH TICH CUC TU LUC VA SANG TAO CUA HOC SINH Nguyen tac sir... dat ra, - Dua dvcac phuang an TN kiem Ira he qua duge suy tir gia thuyet - Thiel ke cai tien TN (trong qua trinh lam TN) - Nang Iyc nhin nhan mpt van de dudi nhii''ng goc khac nhau, xem xet doi