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NSmEHCJUCHUNBHlA MAC LENIN nnUONE HB CHl MINH MOI QUAN HE GlUA LOGIC BIEN CHUTNG VAPHEP BIEN CHIJING BUY VAT V an dd thdng nhat giffa phdp bidn chung, ly luan nhan thffc v i Idgie hpc da dffpc cae nh[.]
NSmEHCJUCHUNBHlA MAC - LENIN nnUONE HB CHl MINH MOI QUAN HE GlUA LOGIC BIEN CHUTNG VAPHEP BIEN CHIJING BUY VAT NGUYEN NGOC KHA * V an dd thdng nhat giffa phdp bidn chung, ly nhat ay, dd la bien ehffng khaeh quan, bdi vi phep luan nhan thffc v i Idgie hpc da dffpc cae bidn ehffng, ly luan nhan thffc v i Idgie hpc deu la n h i kinh didn ciia ehO nghTa Mae - Ldnin nghidn bidn ehffng ehO quan, l i su phin i n h bidn ehffng cffu, khang djnh vd tIdp tuc dupe quan tam bdi nhieu khich quan vao bd nao eon ngudi Trong dd, nha tridt hpc mae-xit va ngoai nude C Mac la ngudi dau tien da s i dyng logic bien phep bidn ehffng l i sy phan i n h bien ehffng khieh quan v i o nhan thffc cua eon ngudi; ly luan chitng vdo vide nghidn cffu ehO nghid Iff ban vd bd nhan thffc chinh la bidn ehffng eua ban than qua "Tu b i n " effa dng Id mdu muc ciia sy van dung Idgie tn'nh phan anh; edn Idgie bidn ehffng chinh la bidn bidn ehffng cQng nhu khang djnh ve sy thdng nhat chirng eua tu duy, nghTa Id nghidn cffu tu blen giffa phdp bidn ehffng, ly luan nhan thffe va Idgie chirng Lidn quan den van de ndy, Ph.Angghen hpc Ve van de niy, V.I Lenin vidt: "Maix khdng dd da phdn bidt bidn ehffng khieh quan va bien lai eho ehffng ta "Ldgieh hoc" (v(Ji ehff L Viet hoa), ehffng ehd quan: "Bidn ehffng gpi Id khieh quan nhung da dd lai eho ehung ta ldgieh eiia "Tff ban", thi ehi phS l o i n bd gidi ty nhidn, edn bidn va e i n phii tan dung day dff nhdt Id-glch dd dd giii ehffng gpl l i chu quan, tffc l i tff bidn ehffng, q u y ^ van de m i chung ta nghien ciru Trong 'Tff thi chi l i phin i n h sy ehi phdl, trpng l o i n bd gidi bin", Mae ap dung Id-gieh, phdp bidn ehffng vd ly ty nhidn, eiia sy van ddng thdng qua nhffng mat luan nhan thffe [khdng can ba tir: dd Id cung mdt cdl ddl lap thdng qua sy dau tranh thudng xuydn nhat] eiia chii nghTa vat vdo mdt khoa hpc eiia ehung v i sy ehuyen hda "'" nhat; md ehff nghTa vat thi da lay d Hd^hen Xuat phat tff npl dung phong phu, phffc tap v i y tat ea cdl gi ed gid tri va phit tridn thdm Idn""' Bong nghTa quan trpng eua phep bien ehffng vat ndn thdi, V.I Ldnin khang anh: "Ldgieh l i hpc thuydt ve khudn khd b i i vidt nay, lac g l i ehi mudn l i m nhan thffc La ly luan nhan thffe"'" rd hon nffa mdi quan hd giffa Idgic bidn ehffng va Nhffng tff tudng ve su thdng nhat giffa phdp bidn phdp bidn chirng vat ehffng, 1^ luin nhin thffc vd Idgie hpc eOa cdc n h i Tff each tidp can ddn ddi tffdng nghien cffu kinh didn ciia chCi nghTa Mie - Ldnin da dupe eae vd val trd cija Idgie bidn ehffng v i phep bidn nha tridt hpc mac-xit tidp thu va nghidn effu Tuy ed chirng, c i c t i l lieu triet hpc cua LIdn Xd nhffng y kidn khae ve eac phudng dien khac trude day ed hai quan diem khic ve mdi cOa sy thdng nhat, song deu ed mdt diem quan he giffa Idgie blen ehffng v i phep bidn Chung la thffa nhan cd sd khach quan eOa sy thdng chirng vat: (i) ddng nhat Idgie bidn ehffng vdi phdp bien ehffng; (ii) xem Idgic blen ehffng la mdt khoa hpc ddc lap * Tien ^, Dai hoc Supham Thdnh phd'Hi Chi Minh Lidn quan vdi quan didm thff nhat, chdng ban - V I L4nin, Toan tap, tap 29, Nxb Tieh bo, Mdtxcaia, 1981, tr.359 - 360 • V.I LSnin, Toan tap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bo, - C Mac ud Ph Angghen, Toan tap, tap 20, Nxb Chinh Iri quocgui Ha Noi, 1994, tr 694 Udtxcdoa, 1981, Ir 192 TAP CHl GIAO UgC LY LUAN - S6 220 (2014) NBHIENCliU CHU HSHlA MAC-lBm,nnufyieHe M.Ph.Vdrdbidp eoi Idgie blen ehffng ddng nhat hodn CHi MINH cua ban than tuduy"'" todn vdi phdp bien ehffng; E.V.Ilencdp khang djnh Khi ban ve n\& quan hd giffa cac pham tnj ciia Idgic bidn ehffng Id thyc chat cua phep bidn ehffng; tu vdi c i c quy luat effa thd gidi khaeh quan, B.M.Kedrdp iai xem logic bidn ehffng Id mdt mat eua V.I.Lenin khang djnh: "Chii nghTa khieh quan: phdp bien ehffng; P.V.Kdpnhin thi khang djnh logic nhffng pham bii eua tff khdng phai la mdt edng bidn ehffng Id mdt chffe nang eua phep bidn ehffng; cu cua ngudi, md Id bieu hien effa t'nh quy luit edn V.P.Rdgin lai eoi idgie bidn ehffng la mdt bp eua gidi ty nhidn cQng nhu cOa ngudi"'^' phan hop eua phep bien ehumg V.I.Lenin dae biet nhan manh s u thdng nhal Lien quan vdi quan diem thff hai, ehang ban, giffa Idgie ciia t u va Idgic ciia s y vat hien M.N.AIeexeep eel ddi tffong nghien effu eua Idgic thyc, dd Idgie eua sff vat hien thyc s i n sinh bien ehffng la tu bidn ehffng; Z.M.Onltglep lai va quyet djnh Idgic cua ty duy: "Todn bd eOa khang djnh Idgie bien ehffng nghidn o t u tu ly tat ea eae mat cua hien tuong, eua hidn thyc va luan; D.P.Goreki coi nhan thffc khoa hpc Id dpi c i c quan he (Idn nhau) eua ehung - dd l i nhffng tU(;mg nghien cffu cDa Idgic bidn ehffng, edn c i i hpp thinh c h i n ly Nhffng quan he (= chuydn A.Sdptulin coi Iff trffu tupng Id ddl tupng nghidn hda = mdu thuan) ciia nhffng khai niem = ndi cffu eua Idgic blen ehffng dung ChU ydu ciia Id-gieh, hdn nffa nhffng khii Ddi vdi phdp bien ehffng, c i hai quan didm tren niem ay ( v i nhffng quan hd, chuydn hda vd miu day deu thffa nhan phep bidn ehffng nghien effu thuin ciia chung) deu dffdc trinh bay nhff la nhffng quy luat phd blen eua sy van ddng, phat then nhffng p h i n i n h effa the gidi khaeh quan Bidn eDa ty nhidn, cua xa hdl toil ngucj v i cSa tu ehffng eiia sy vat s i n sinh bien ehffng eSa > Chung tdi eho rang, Idgic bidn ehffng v i phep nidm, ehff khdng phii ngffdc lai'"' bidn ehffng vat thdng nhat vdi Co sd ciia Dffong nhidn, dIdu dd khdng ed nghTa l i quy luat sy thdng nhat ay ehinh l i dya trdn sy thdng nhat phit tridn ciia tu v i quy luat phat tridn cDa tdn giffa quy luat eiia tu v i quy luat eua ton tai, m i tai tuyet ddi tnjng khdp vdi Chung khdng ddng ' s i u xa l i dua trdn nguydn ly tinh thdng nhat vat chat nhat mdt cdch luydt ddi, m i ddng nhat sy eiia thd gia Quy luat eua tu la sy phan anh quy khic bidt Chung ddng nhat ve ndi dung nhung luat cHa thd gidi khach quan (eiia ton tai) v i o y khic vd hinh thffc bieu hidn Quy luat ciJa Idn thffe eon ngucri, dd Idgie cua tu la sy phan tai, tdn tai mdt cich khich quan, khdng phu thudc i n h Idgic cffa thd gi(!ri khich quan C i c quy luat eua v i o ngudi; edn quy luat ciia tu duy, eh! ndo tu khdng nhffng khdng tieh rdi c i c quy luat eiia nd ddn dat ehung ta dat den c h i n ly thi dy nd ton tai, m i edn lien he mat thidt, httu cd vcri nd Nhu mdi dupe hinh dau de ehffng ta, nhung Ph Angghen da khang djnh: "khdng the dua nhffng khdng phai la tien, tieh bidt vdi thd gidi xung quy luat bidn ehffng tff bdn ngoai vao gidi ty nhidn, quanh, ma dya trdn co sd nghidn effu nhffng quy m i l i phit hien ehung gidi ty nhidn vd nit luat phit trien ciia the giiS khaeh quan cQng nhu ehung tff gidi tu nhidn'"' Ph.Angghen viet tidp: ban chat eua ehinh tff 'Tff Ijch sff eua gidi ty nhidn vd Ijeh sff ciia xa hdi lodi ngudi ma ngudi ta da nit dffdc c i c quy Khi de cap den mdi quan hd giffa phep bidn ehffng vd Idgie hpc, V.I.LdnIn eho rang, phep bidn luat cua phdp bidn ehffng Nhffng quy luat khdng phai Id cdl gi khde hon la nhffng quy luat chung nhat eua hai giai doan phat trien Ijeh sff ay cQng nhff la - C Mac ua Ph Angghen, Toan tap, tap 20, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi, 1994, tr 25 12 - C Mac vd Ph Angghen, Todn tap, tap 20, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Hd Noi, 1994, tr 510 - 511 - V.l Unm, Todn lap, tap 29, Nxb Tiin M, Mdtxcaua, 1981, tr 99 • V.L Lenin, Todn tap, tap 29, Nxb Tien 6ft Mdtxcdva, 1981, tr 209 - 210 TAP CHI GIAO D y e LY LUAN - s 220 (2014) NSHIENCUU CHU NSHJA MAC-LENIN ehffng la Idgie hpc, la s u phu thudc Ian giffa TUTUtNBHd CHi MINH l i c i c quy luat va pham trii cua Idgie bidn ehffng, cac khai nidm: "Mdi mdt k h i i niem nam mdt nhffng vdi tinh cdch id cac quy luat va pham trff mdi quan he ndo dd, mdt mdi lidn he ndo dd ciia tu bidn ehffng vdi tat c i c i c khii nidm khic"'" Ddng thdi, Phep bidn ehffng vat vdi t'nh each la phudng V.I.LdnIn khing djnh idgic bidn ehffng Id Idgie ed phdp luan phd bien cua nhan thffc va thyc tidn ddng ndi dung, m d d d i tUdng nghien euti ciia nd eung vai trd l i Idgic hpc, la phuong phip luan cila nhan ehinh id ddi tupng nghien cffu cua phdp bidn thffe khoa hpc Bieu eho thay, phdp bidn ehffng ehffng vat: "Ldgic khdng phai Id hpc thuydt ve vat cung ehinh la Idgic blen ehffng Todn bd nhffng hinh thffc ben ngoii ciia tu duy, m i la hoc nhffng nguydn ly, quy luat, pham tni eua phep bidn thuydt vd nhffng quy luat phat tridn eua "tat thay chirng vat thyc sy ddng vai trd Id phuong phip mpl su vat vat chat, tu nhidn v i tinh than", tffc l i ludn phd bidn vd tao ndi dung ly ludn eua hpc thuydt ve nhffng quy luat phit trien eiJa t p i n phuong phip luan nhan thffc khoa hpc Mae du bd ndi dung eu thd eiia thd gidi vd nhan thfft the nhffng nguydn ly quan trpng nhat, ed ban nhat cua gidi, tffc l i su tdng kdt, tdng sd, kdt luan ciia Ijch cae khoa hpc cu thd cQng ed y nghTa phudng phdp sff nhan thffc thd gidi"'" Su thdng nhat giffa Idgic bidn ehffng vd phep ludn, nhung khdng the quy ehffng v i o phuong phip luan phd bidn - bidn ehffng vat, bdi vi ehung ehi bidn ehffng vat l i s y thdng nhat bidn ehffng, cd y nghTa phuong phap luan vd phudng didn nhin nghTa l i sy ddng nhat edn cd sy khie bidt thffc cua mdt khoa hpc cy the nhat djnh Tuy nhidn, Bd la can cff dd x i e djnh ddi tupng, ndi dung, nhffng phuong phap luan dd lai khdng thue hidn mdt nhiem vy, vai trd cung nhu mdi quan hd giffa Idgie edeh ddc lap md lai lidn quan mat thidt vcri phuong bidn ehffng v i phep bidn ehffng vat vdi tff phip luan bidn ehffng vat va dua vao phuong eich l i nhffng khoa hpc tffOng ddi ddc lap phip luan bidn chitng vat Phdp bidn ehffng vat nghidn effu nhffng quy Phep bien chirng vat cd nhieu chffe nang eo luat ehung nhat va nhffng bieu hien da dang cua bin, song nd dupe ddng nhat vdi Idgic bidn ehffng vi ehffng trcng tffng ITnh vye khde eOa hidn thyc nd bieu hidn viS tinh cich Id phffdng phdp luin phd Giii quyet nhidm vu dy l i ehffc nang dae tntng rieng bidn cua nhan thffc v i thyc tidn Cd thd ndi, todn bd eho phep bidn ehffng ma Idgic bidn ehffng khdng thd nhffng nguyen tac vd ydu cau eua idgie bidn chirng thuc hidn dudc Trdn eo sd nhffng quy luat ehung nhat ddng thdi cQng Id nhffng nguyen t i e eiia phffdng ciia thd gidi ma phdp bidn ehffng vat nghidn effu, phip blen ehffng (nhffng nguyen tae dffdc nit tff Idgie bidn ehffng vach la nhffng die didm effa ehung nhffng nguyen ly, quy luat vd pham tiff eOa phdp tdc ddng ITnh vye tu va val trd, y nghTa bidn chiing vat) Ngupe lai, nhffng nguydn tae effa nhffng quy luat ay ddi vdi sy van ddng effa tu eiia phuong phip bidn ehffng deu ehffa dung yeu td nham dat ddn chdn ly Logic bidn ehffng khdng chi Idgic ciia b i n than nd Ve van dd ndy, cd the ddng y nghidn effu nhffng quy luat eiia tu duy, m i nghien cffu vdi quan didm eiia P.V.Kdpnhin: "Phep bidn ehffng ca nhffng quy luat phit tridn effa nhan thffc nham vach vdi tinh cich l i phuong phip tu ly luan khoa nhOhg ydu cau mang tinh nguydn tae phuong phip hpc ehinh Id Idgic bidn chirng d chiing ed eung mdt luin ddi vdi chii thd nhan thffc Vi vay, eic quy luat v i ydu eau qua trinh nghidn ciru khaeh the"''" pham tnl effa phep blen ehffng vat ddng thdi eung Ve phuong dien Ijch sff, Idgic bidn ehffng vd phdp bien chirng dupe coi l i nhffng khai nidm eung cap dp Trong tridt hpc Hdghen, ban chat eiia Idgic - V.l Linin, Mdtxcdva, 1981, • V.L Lenin, Mdtxcdva, 1981, Todn tap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bo, Ir 210 Todn tap, lap 29, Nxb Tieh bo, tr 101 TAP CHi GIAO DUC LY LUAN - s 220 (2014) 10 - P.V Kopnhin, "V.I Lenin, ligic hoc, khoa hoc", NhUng udn delriei hpc, so 4/1980, tr 470 13 NBIHENCiUCHUHBiaAMAC-LEHIH mnlJMB HB CH HHHH bidn ehffng chinh l i phffdng p h i p luan triS hpc Khi khdng nhin t h ^ ro "muc dich eudi cung" eua minh, nhan xet ve van dd ndy, V.l.Ldnin viet: " T ^ g cdng ma ^ ddn muc dich dd mdt each md m l m , ngap vd tdm tat, tieng ndi cudi cOng vd ban chat eua Idgk: ngffng, v i tham ehi ddi lai giat lui nffa Vat ly hoc cua Hdghen, dd la phudng phap bien ehffng""" hien dai dang nam Iren giudng de Nd dang de Giffa phdp bidn ehffng vat vd Idgic bidn ehffng, ve ed ban, la tnJng Thyc td ehffng chii nghTa vat bidn ehffng""' Trpng nhan thffc khoa hpc, eho du ed chU ^nh minh rang, mdt sd pham trff tridt hpc bieu hidn vdi nghidn eiiu phep bien ehffng va Idgie bidn chdng tinh edeh la nhffng hinh thffe Idgie va phuong phap hay khdng thi ban than eie nha khoa hpc cung can nhan thffe khpa hpc Chang ban, eae pham tnl: phai quan tdm ddn ehffng mdt cdch ty phdt hay tir phan t'ch va tdng hdp, quy nap vd dien djch, Ijeh sff giie, bdi vi ehi cd nhy the thi khca hpc mdi ed thd v i Idgic, trttu tupng vd cu the Buong nhidn, nhffng dat dudc nhOng ket qua mong mudn Tnong tic pham tiff ndi tren can phai dupe xem xdt viS tinh pham "Chff nghTa vat v i ehii nghTa kinh nghiem each Id nhffng hinh thffe Idgic bidn chirng trcing q u i phd phin", V I Ldnin da chi rang tham ehi nha tn'nh nhan thffe ban chat ede sy vat hidn tuong tam kidu Makhd nhffng t i e pham eiia DIdu dd khdng cd nghTa la Idgie bidn ehung v i phdp minh ve ITnh vuc vat ly hpc, Makho budc phii tuduy bidn ehffng vat ddng nhat tuyet ddl vd mpl mdt cich bidn ehffng tff phit, bdi vi ban than ly phudng didn Moi khia canh cua ehung cd nhffng thuydt vat ly da mang tinh chat vat Song mot dac didm dac tnmg rieng, nhd dd mdi cd the phan dieu chac chan rang, de nhan thffe khoa hpc ed bidt ehung vdi Neu Idgie bidn ehffng phan i n h hidu qua cao nhat thi c i n phai cd eie tri thffc Sff phit trien idgie effa nhin thffe, xay dyng ndn hd khoa hpc s i u sac nhat ve phep bidn ehffng v i thdng eic tri thffc thi phdp bidn ehffng lai vach Idgic bidn chirng, dae bidt can phai i p dung dffdng v i k h i nang x i y dung he thdng Iri thffe Chung mdt each ty giie Khdng phai ngdu nhidn dy, thdng qua dd quy djnh phuong didn nhan thffe Ph Angghen ehi rd: "Ngudi ta ed the dat ddn ddi vdi hidn thffc quan didm bidn ehffng dd nhffng s y kidn thyc Cd the ndi rang, Idgic bien chung vd phdp bien ehffng vat vffa ddng nhat, vffa khde Chung ddng nhdt ve ddi tupng nghien effu, vd c i c quy luit ed ban, eac phudng phdp giai quydt vdn de, nhung khae ve qua trinh giii quyet van dd v i nhffng khia canh xem xet eac van dd dd Sffe manh effa phdp bidn ehffng vat va Idgie bidn ehffng la d ehd, nd trang bj eho nhan thffe khoa td dang tieh luy lai cua khoa hpc t y nhidn bat budc; nhung ngudi ta cd thd dat tdi nd de ding hon ndu dua nhan thffc ve nhffng quy luat ciia tff bidn ehffng vao vide tim hidu tinh chat bidn ehffng effa nhffng sy kidn ay""" Tdm lai, Idgic bidn ehffng v i phdp bidn ehffng vat ed mdi quan he bidn ehffng khang kbit vfl nhau, thdng nhdt V(S vd ddng vai trd hdt silc hoc mdt phong each tu bien ehffng nham phin quan trong nhan thffe khoa hpc va thyc ti§n i n h dung dan ban chat eua eie sy vat, hien tupng Didu dd lai cdng ehffng minh eho t'nh khoa hpc chat dd tidp nhan chin ly NhOng Idi tien tri cua V.I.LdnIn che, tinh cdch mang vd tinh he thdng effa tridt hpc da ehffng td: "Vat ly hpc hidn dai dang di va se di, Mdc - Lenin Vi vay, vide nghien effu phep bidn nhffng nd di tdi phffdng phdp nhat dung, di tdi ehffng vat can thidt bao nhieu thi vide nghidn tridt hpc nhat dung eiia khoa hpc tu nhidn, effu Idgie bidn ehffng eung can thiet bay nhidu.IS khdng phai bang dudng thing, m i bang dudng khue khu^u, khdng phii ty glac, m i ty phit li - v.l Lenin, Todn tap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bo, Mdixcdva, 1981, tr 254 14 12 - V L Lenin, Todn tap, tap 18, Nxb TiAl bo, Mdtxcaua, 1980, tr 387 - 388 13 - C Mdc ud Ph Angghen, Todn tap, tap 20, Nxb Chinh tri quae: gm, Hd Noi, 1994, tr 27 TAP CHi GIAO Dye Lt LUAN - S6 220 (20l«{i ... eoi Idgie blen ehffng ddng nhat hodn CHi MINH cua ban than tuduy"''" todn vdi phdp bien ehffng; E.V.Ilencdp khang djnh Khi ban ve n\& quan hd giffa cac pham tnj ciia Idgic bidn ehffng Id thyc chat... ehffng; tu vdi c i c quy luat effa thd gidi khaeh quan, B.M.Kedrdp iai xem logic bidn ehffng Id mdt mat eua V.I.Lenin khang djnh: "Chii nghTa khieh quan: phdp bien ehffng; P.V.Kdpnhin thi khang djnh... cOa ngudi"''^'' phan hop eua phep bien ehumg V.I.Lenin dae biet nhan manh s u thdng nhal Lien quan vdi quan diem thff hai, ehang ban, giffa Idgie ciia t u va Idgic ciia s y vat hien M.N.AIeexeep