• NHAN THQC C U A SINH VIEN TAM LY VE TINH LIEM CHINH TRONG THLJC HANH TRQ GIUP KHACH HANG Nghien ciru ndy duoc tai tra bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Qudc gia (NAFOSTED) trong de tai; Nghie[.]
• NHAN THQC C U A SINH VIEN TAM LY VE TINH LIEM CHINH TRONG THLJC HANH TRQ GIUP KHACH HANG Nghien ciru ndy duoc tai tra bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Qudc gia (NAFOSTED) de tai; Nghien cijru thuc trang boat dgng tra giup tam ly nham xay dung Bo tieu chuin Dao dire nghe nghiep cho t^c nha tam ly hoc Viet Nam; Ma s6: vii.1-2013.10; GS.TS Tran Thi Minh DiJfc lam chu nhiem GS.TS Tran Thi IWinh Oirc Khoa Tdm l\ hoc Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hpi vd Mum vdn Dai lioc Quoc gia Ha Noi TOM TAT Thong qua viec gidi thieu cdc quy dieu dgo due ve tieu chudn liem chinh doi vdi cac nhd tdm ly bdi viel Idm ro sir hieu hiel cua sinh vien Idm ly ve cdc linh hudng dao dire cu the, phdn dnh cdc khia canh khde cua lieu chudn liem chinh: 1/ Sir trung ihirc vd chinh xdc, 2/ Tranh khai thac cd nhdn gdy xung dpi lai ich 3- Sir cdi md vd thdng than vd -I'' Gidi quyul hdnh vi sai pham dgo ddc Khin chung sinh vien Idm ly duoc nghien ciru co muc hieu hiel khd ve cdc liMhudng dgo due Irong ihirc hdnh nghe trpt giup Idm ly Sir hieu hiel ve hdnh vi dgo due nghe nghiep cua sinh vien cdng cao cdc linh hudng dgo due dua cdng ro rdng vd gan vdi cdc hdnh vi dgo due thdng thudng ciia ngudi Ngufrc Igi cdc linh hudng dgo dire cdng gdn vdi linh chdt nghe nghiep Ihi muc dp nhdn Ihirc dimg ciia sinh vien cdng gidm Tir khda: Sinh vien: Shun thuc: Liem chinh: Quy dieu dgo due Ngdy nhgn bdi: 10/11/2016; Ngdy duyft ddng bdi: 25/11/2016 D | t van de Hi?n Viet Nam ngoai vice tri chuomg Uinh dao tao tam ly theo huong nghien curu \a giang day truyen thong thi nhieu ca so dao tao da xay dvmg cic chuomg trinh theo huong day thirc hanh tham van/tri lieu tam ly Nhieu truong hpc a cac Ion nhu Ha Npi, Da Ning, Ho Chi Minh c6 nhu cau tuyen nhan vien tham van hpc duomg; mpt so benh vien da Vuyhn dung sinh vien tam ly lam tinh nguven va nhan lam viec vdi chuc danh "ky thuat vien tam ly"; cac trung tam tu vSn/tham van, cac duomg day tu van ciia ca nuac deu tiep nh?m cii nhan tam ly lam cong v iec eham soc tam ly cho khach hang (than TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd' 12(213), 12-2016 chu) Mac du Nha nuoc chua cap ma so righe cho hp nhung \\ the ciia cac nha tam ly thuc hanh dang cang duoc khjng djnh xa hpi Vi vay, vai tro ciia cac nha tam ly viec dao tao, nghien ciiu %e lam sang va tham \in tam ly cang duoc khuySn khich Vice xa\ dung Bp quy tic Dao diic hanh nghh tam ly o Viet Nam cung quan trpng Vai y nghia na\ chiing toi thuc hien mpt nghien cuu vh thirc trang hoat dpng trg giup tam Iv nham xav dung Bp tieu chuin Dao diic nghS nghiep Trong khuon kho bai v let nay, vin dg dugc dat la: Sinh vien tam ly (nhOng ngudi da hpc ve tham \an va/hoSc tri lieu tam ly) higu bigt thS nao vS tieu chuin liem chinh ciia nha tam ly hoat dpng trp giiip thuc te cho khach hang? Trong hoat dpng trp giiip tam ly cho khach hang, khai niem dao diic \a liem chinh cua nha tam ly thuong d6ng hanh cung nhau, doi dugc hieu nhu nhau: Dao diic la liem chinh va liem chinh ciia nha tam ly chinh la dao diic ciia hp Tu> nhien npi ham khai niem van c6 su khde Khi ban v6 vin de Dao die \a Liem chinh Bob Czimbal \a Michele Brooks cho ring: Dao diic la mpt he th6ng cac quy Aiku \a luat le dugc ap dat tu ben ngoai Do la mpt nghia vu gin vai nhihig phin thuong ben ngoai chiing ta thuc hien theo cac quy difiu, luat le \a la hinh phat chung ta pha vo chung Trong do, liem chinh la mpt he th6ng npi tai cac nguyen ly ben huong dan hanh vi ciia chung ta Liem chinh la mot su lira chpn ma khong phai la mpt nghTa vu Cac phin thuong tu tai ben moi ngudi co thg bj anh hudng nhung khong the bj ap dat bdi ben ngoai ngudi khae Liem chinh la lam nh&ng gi chiing ta cho la dung, mang Ain cam giac chan chinh va siic manh ben Khi chung ta hanh dpng vdi su liem chinh, chiing ta khong quan tam tdi viec cd dang de y hay theo ddi minh [2] Nhu vay, ddi vdi cac nha tam ly, dac biet la cac nha tam ly thuc hanh, hp hanh dpng dua tren cac quy dieu dao diic nghe nghiep ket hgp vdi svr cam nhan vi siic manh chan chinh tCr phia ben thi hanh vi cua nha tam ly sg dem l^i syr Uudng Idn lao ddi vdi nghe nghiep va ca nhan khach hang Vdi cac nha tam iy khai niem liem chinh khong chi don thuan ngy y tdi sir trung thuc ma cdn ndi den su ddi xii chinh xac, rd rang, chan that va cdng bang cac mdi quan he eiia minh vdi tat ca mpi ngudi, tat ca cac khia canh ve nghien ciiu khoa hpc va chuyen mdn nghe nghiep tam ly ciia hp Trong cac Bp quy dieu Dao diic nghe tam ly ciia nhieu nude tren the gidi, tieu ehuan liem chinh thudng bao ham cac quy diSu ve: 1/ Sir trung thuc va chinh xac 2/ T ranh khai thac ca nhan gay xung dpt Igi ich Day fa nhdm quy dieu mk tat ca cac nude cd Bp quy dieu Dao diic Ah cap dgn Ngoai ra, tieu chuin liem chinh cdn dugc phan tich cu thd mdt sd Bp quy digu Dao diic theo cac khia canh nhu: 1/ Cdi md va thing thin, 2/ Giai quygt hanh vi sai pham TAPCH(TAMLyH0C,S612(213), 12-2016 dao diic, Gia tri ca nhan va/hoac ranh gidi ca nhan va 4/ Tham khao y kien chuyen mdn (xem bang 1) Bang I: Gidi thieu cdc nhdm quy dieu dgo ddc thupe tieu chudn liem chinh ciia mpt sd nude tren the gidi Tieu ehuan cac niroc l.Sir trung thuc va chinh xac Tranh khai thac ca nhan gay xung dot Igi ich Coi mava thing than X Giai quyet hanh vi sai pham dao dire Gia tri va/hoac ranh gioica nhan Bi X X X X Anh X - - X My X X X X Canada X X X X Ireland X X New Zealand x X Nga X X X Philippines x Tho Nhi Kv X Uc X X Cpng ddng chau Au X X X X X X Npi dung ve gidi quyet iidnh vi sai pham dao due de lan cdc nhdm quy dieu md khdng de mot muc rieng Tham khaoy kien chuyen man X X X X " X Ngudn: Cdc Bp tieu chudn Dgo diic cua cdc nhd tdm ly cua cdc nude (xem muc ldi lifu thgm khdo) Phiromg ph^p \k khach the nghien cuu 2.1 Phucmg phdp nghien ciru D\ra tren su phan tich 11 Bd quy dieu Dao diic hanh nghg tam ly cho cac nha tam ly cua cac nude Ugn the gidi, ehiing tdi xay dung 104 tinh hudng dao diic thuc hanh trg giiip tam ly cho khach hang, phii hgp vdi digu kien hanh nghe tam ly d Viet Nam hien Trong dd, nhdm cau hdi vg nguyen tic liem chinh chiem khoang 25 tinh hudng Trong khudn khd bai vigt nay, chiing tdi chi phan tich 17 tinh hudng sinh vign tam ly ty danh gia miic dp higu bigt ciia minh (trong vai trd la nha tam ly) vg mdt sd khia canh cua tinh ligm chinh, nhu: 1/ Su trung thuc va chinh xac, 2/ Tranh khai thac ca nhan gay xung dot Igi ich, 3/ Cdi md \ a thing than \ a 4/ Giai quygt hanh vi sai pham dao diic TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, SO'12 (213), 12-2016 Khi ban \ L^ vin dg dao diic thuc hanh nghe tam l\ tap trung \ ao khia canh liem chinh cua ngudi trg giiip tam ly thi dap an dua cho cac tinh hudng chi cd thg la Dung hoac Sai - dua U-en cac qu\ dieu nghe nghiep ma nhung ngudi thuc hanh tam Iv thudng phai ddi mat Vdi cac tinh hudng chung ldi dua ra, sinh \ ien dang hgc liam thu III va diu nam thii IV nganh Tam ly hpc phai lira chpn mdt hai phuong an: Dung (phii hgp) hoac Sai (khdng phu hgp) theo nhan thiic cua hp Kgt qua digu tra chi tinh % sd sinh \icn higu diing hoac sai lien quan den tinh ligm chinh cu thg thudng gap qua U-inh trg giiip khach hang Cac kgt qua danh gia ciia sinh vign se dugc ddi chieu \a phan tich theo cac quy digu \g tigu chuin liem chinh dugc thira nhan tong tat ca cac Bd qu> digu Dao diic nghg tam ly dang tdn tai hien trgn thg gidi ma chung tdi cd dugc Nhu \a> phuong phap chinh dugc sii dung nghien ciiu na\ la phan tich tai lieu va digu tra bang hdi \ c su hieu biet ciia sinh \ ign tam ly ddi vdi cac tinh hudng dao diic ciia nha tam iy xci d tieu ehuan liem chinh 2.2 Khach the nghien ciru I dng so sinh \ icn nganh tam iy \ a tam ly giao due dugc nghien ciiu la 548 sinh \ icn tai cac khoa/nganh tam ly hoac tam ly giao due d cac trudng dai hpc d I la Ntii, I luc \ a phd Hd Chi Minh Trong tdng sd nu> cd 15,9% sd em da va dang lam cdng \icc ug giup cd thu phi \a dd cd gan 1/2 em (chiem 41,7%) bao cao rang, minh chua bao gid dugc giam sat chuygn mdn Ngoai ra, cd 70,0% so sinh vien lam them \c trg giup tam ly cho ring, minh "rat ty tin" \a 'ty tin" hd trg khach hang Trong sd cac cm chua tirng di lam them (chiem 84,1%) lien quan dgn trg giup tam ly cd 72.3% sd cm cho ring, minh "cd y dinh thuc hanh nghe Ug giiip tam ly sau trudng" Cd thg ndi, mong mudn dugc thyc hanh nghg trg giup tam ly la kha cao d sinh vien hien va mdt sd ngudi thyc hanh tam 1\ chua dugc cap bang cii nhan tam iy va hanh nghg khdng cd giam sdt chu> C-n mdn la dieu dang quan lam tu khia canh dao diic nghg nghiep hien Phan tich ket qua nghien ciru Cac mdi quan he nghg nghigp dugc hinh giua cae nha tam ly vdi khach hang hay \di ddng nghigp ludn thg hien rd rang hoac ligm in sy mong dgi lin ve sy liem chinh Ligm chinh doi vdi nha lam ly khdng chi la mot pham chat ma cdn la mpt nguygn tic, mdt tieu chuin rit quan trpng cho su tign bd \c tri thiic va sy tri nigm tin vao cdng vice doi vdi nganh Tam ly hpc Nhung ky vpng dugc chung tdi phan tich iCr gdc cua sy trung thuc va chinh \ac, vice tranh khai thac ca nhan gay xung dot Igi ich sy thing thin, cdi md \a sy bao cao cd sai pham dao diic nghg nghigp TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 12 (213) 12 - 2016 • 3.1 Su- trung thirc vd chinh xdc cung cdp thong tin Trung thyc la ndi su that Cac nha tam ly trung thyc hp hanh ddng theo each ma hp bigt la phai lam, ca nd cd thg ga> rac rdi Khi nha lam ly ndi nhung digu khdng dung sy that hoac nghi rang ed thg khdng diing hoac ea nhan dang che giiu sy thai dgu cd ihg gpi la ddi tra Ndi ddi la khdng trung thyc bdi vi ca nhan dang ndi cai gi dd khdng phai la sy that [12] Trung thyc \ a chinh xac nghg nghiep ciia nha tam ly ihg hien d \ iec hp ndi vg ban than va ngudi khae lign quan dgn trinh dp hpc van, kinh nghiem, nang luc % a sy lign ket; U-ong nghign ciiu thyc hanh va cdng bd: Iruygn thdng va qua cac thdng bao bing ldi ndi hoac van ban, v.\ dgu phai ining thyc va chinh xac Dg nhin manh tinh trung thuc va chinh xac vg dao lao, bang cap kinh nghiem va chit lugng djch vu Bd quy digu Dao diic ciia Thd NhT Ky cdng bd ligu muc 4.1 vdi Ign gpi la Tranh bdo cdo sai hoac lira ddo viec tir gidi thieu neu rd: Nha tam ly khdng thyc hien bao cao sai sy that, lira dao hoac gian fan lign quan dgn ban than: (a) Dao lao, kinh nghigm hoac tham quyen, (b) Mire dp hpc thuat, (c) Chiing nhan, (d) Dang phai, thg chg ha> hiep hdi, (e) Cac dich vu (0 Co sd khoa hpc hay lam sang cho hay kci qua hoac mire dp cdng ciia djch vu cua hp, (g) Kinh phi (h) An pham hoac kgt qua nghien cim Kgt qua digu Ua ddi vdi cac tinh hudng vc sy trung Ihyc vice cung cip thdng tin \ g ban than va kinh nghiem lam viec cua nha tam ly (xem bang 1) cho thiy d menh dg 1: cd 93.3% sd sinh \ ien cho ring cd vi pham dao due nha tam ly ndi ddi khdeh hang da di lam nhigu nam vi sg khach hang khdng lin tudng Digu phu hgp vdi ligu ehuan cua sy trung thyc \ a chinh xac Irong Bd quy digu Dao dire cua Anh, cho rang: Nhd tdm ly hpc cdn phdi trung thuc vd chinh xdc thdng bdo vi nghe nghiep vd trinh chuyen mdn cua minh, bao gdm cdc vdn de nhu kien thirc, ky ndng, ddo tgo, gido dye vd kinh nghiem lam viic (muc 4.1 i) Mat khae, nhd tdm ly cdn bdo ve cdn than thdng tin rieng tu cua minh vd ddng nghiep tir viec bi bop meo bdi ngudi khde vd hdnh ddng nhanh chdng de sua sai (Bd quy digu Dao dire ciia Canada, muc III.2) Nhu vay, linh hudng ngudi trg giiip, vi du sinh vign di lam thgm d cdc CO sd thyc hanh chua dii digu kien vg bang cap thi ca viec duge lanh dao CO sd cd "danh gia cao" \a phan cdng hd trg khach hang thi xet tir dao dire nghg nghigp sinh vign van khdng dugc nhan giiip khach hang (trir dd fa budi thuc hanh cd giam sal chuygn mdn) Ddi vdi thyc hanh trg giup lam fy, ngu mpt ngudi chi cd bang cap cu nhan lam ly thi khd cd thg tham van/tri lieu cho Idiach hang cd rdi nhieu tam Iy (tni ngudi dd cd nhieu ndm kinh nghiem va lam \ ice ugn nhdm Vre em can sy ho tig dac biet), trudng hgp ngudi trg giiip TAP CHfTAMLt HOC S6 12(213) 12-2016 cdn chua cd bdng dai hpc, \ iec nhan giiip dd khach hang la khdng trung thyc va cdn vi pham vao Quy digu Dao diic nghg nghiep Bdng 2: Xhdn thiic ciia sinh vien ve sir trung thirc vd chinh xdc Sai Diing 93.3* 6,7 Dil chua du dieu kien ve bang cap de ho trg khach hang nhung duoc danh gia cao a co sa nen anh/chj van nhan giup khach hang theo su phan cdng cua lanh dao 67,7* 32J Anh/chj thay doi kel qua chan doan de than chii dugc them nhOng huong Igi , 95.9* 4,1 Anh/chj quang cao bSng cap cao nhat dii khong lien quan den cong \ iec anh/chj dang lam 96,7* 3,3 Tdng 81,6* 18,4 \ kien danh gia (%) Du moi lam thirc hanh nhung hieu qua giiip da cua anh/chj dugc danh gia rat tot vi so khach hang khong tin ludng nen anh/chi noi la da dl lam nhieu nam Sn lifu CO ddu • cd nghia Id hieu biet dung ve hdnh vi dgo dtiv Irong ligu muc 1.03: Mdu thudn giua Bp quy diiu Dgo due vd yeu cdu ciia to chirc ciia Hiep hdi cic nha Tam ly hpc My (APA) cd neu ring: Ngu nhifng yeu ciu ciia to chirc noi nha lam fy hpc dang lign kgt hoac noi hp dang lam viec cd mau thuan vdi Bd quy digu Dao diic nghg nghiep thi cdc nha tam ly phai lam sdng td ban chit cua mau thuan va chi cam kgt thyc hien theo Bd quy digu Dao dire va tign hanh cac budc hgp ly dg giai quygt mau thuan cho phii hgp vdi cac nguygn tic chung va tigu chuin ciia nd Nhu vay, cd dgn 32,3% so sinh vign nhan thirc chua dung vg nang luc chuygn mdii cua minh va mdi quan he giifa yeu ciu ciia td chiirc va Bd quy digu Dao due nghg tam ly (xem bang 2) Irong viec quang cao va truygn thdng cdng cdng, nha lam ly khdng tham gia vao quang cao hoac cung cip thdng lin sai, lira Ako hoac gian Ian vg ban than, \e nghign ciiu, thyc hanh hoac cac cdng viec khde Cac Bd quy digu Dao due cua cic nude nhan manh ring, nha lam Iy khdng dugc luygn bd phdng dai ve hieu qua cua cac djch vu ma hp cung cip hay lam clio luygn bd cd uu thg chuygn mdn, thyc hi?n tuyen bd khdng tdn trpng cac vign khae hoac lam cho tuyen bd dam bao kgt qua cdng Hien nay, viec quang cao trgn mang vg cae djch vu lam ly thudng phdng dpi nang lyc cliuygn mdn va kha nang trg giiip da ITnli vyc cua mgt sd djch vu trg giup tam Iy Ngu chiing ta Ihir dao qua mdt sd trang mang qu4ng cao ciia cac trung TAPCHfTAH^LyHpC,S6'l2(213), 12-2016 tam tu vin tham vin se thiy bit ngd vg tinh chit "rao hang" theo kigu "ri gi ri cai ^ ciing lam tdt" Nhirng quang cao trdn mang vk tten cac phuong lien khae vg lay nghg eiia dpi ngu chuygn gia trg giiip va tinh da nang chiia Oi lam ly d tit ca cac linh vyc nhu hien na> da phai bay rd net thyc trang hanh nghg tham vin, tri lieu tam Iy cung nhu khia canh dao dire cua ngudi hanh nghg trg giiip hien d Viet Nam [ ] Kgt qua nghign ciiu cho thay, \ iec nha lam ly quang cao bang cap cao nhat cua minh du khdng lign quan dgn cdng viec hp dang lam la khdng trung thyc Cac nha lam ly chi dugc quang cao bang cap ciia minh tuong ling vdi cdng viec minh dang lam Cd 96,7% sd sinh \ ign ddng y vdi quan digm Tdm lai, sy higu bigt eua sinh vign \ e tinh liem chinh dugc ihg hien qua sy trung thyc va chinh xac la cao Nhin chung, cd ldi 81,6% lugt sinh vign da lya chpn dung vg cac khia canh khae ciia linh trung thyc va chinh xac viec cung cap thdng tin ea nhan va kinh nghiem nghg nghiep, khdng chi vg ban than ma ca ddi vdi ngudi ciing hgp tac lam viec 3.2 Tranh khai thac cd nhan gay xung dot loi ich Van dg tranh khai thac ca nhan gay xung dot Igi ich thg hien qua viec nha tam ly khdng Igi dung khach hang, thu phi khdng minh bach, khdng Igi dung danh tieng cdng ty minh dang phue vu dg thu Igi ca nhan v.v Bdng 3: Nhdn thuc ciia sinh vien ve tranh khai thac cd nhdn gdy xung dpt lai ich cdng viec Y kien danh gia (%) Sai Diing Anh/chj nhan/chuyen thu lao chuyen/nh$n khach hang tir ngudi khic 68,9* 31,1 Anh/chj dung uy tin cua ca sa minh lam v i ^ de co them khach hang cho rieng minh 81,2* 18,8 Anh/chj co the tang phi qua trinh giup dd cho khach hang neu s^ 89,3* trg giiip rat hi^u qua 10,7 Anh/chj de nghj muc thii lao va khong can thiet phai giai thich \ e dieu 83,1* 16,9 Tong 80,5* 19,5 Sd lifu cd ddu • cd nghia Id hieu biet ding ve hdnh vi dgo ddc Vg van de Thu xep tdi phinh Bd quy dieu Dao dire ciia Thd Nhi Kv ghi rd: Nhd tdm ly cdn thong bdo cho khach hdng, td chirc cdng sdm cdng tdt ve che tdi chinh cdc mdi quan he chuyen nghiep Su minh bgch cung cdp thong tin giup cho nhd tdm ly trdnh duac su ICrg ddi, gian Ign TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd'12 (213) 12-2016 Irong cong viec (muc 4.3) Cdn ddi vdi Bd quy dieu Dao dire ciia Cdng ddng chau Au nha tam 1> phai trung thyc va chinh xac lien quan den khia canh tai chinh cae mdi quan he chuygn nghigp (4.2 iii) Viec nha tam ly cho ring, minh cd thg tang phi ttong qua trinh giiip da cho khach hang, ngu sy ttp giiip rit hieu qua la hoan toan \'i pham dao dire, the hien sy Ihigu minh bach lai chinh Co 81.2% sd sinh vign danh gia la sai, khdng dao dire Cung nhu \ay, nha tam ly cin tranh dua mire thu lao \k khdng giai thich rd rang vg viec tang phi qua trinh giiip dd cho khach hang - cd 89,3% sd sinh vign khdng ddng y, khdng cho la diing \ di nhan dinh Cung nhu \ ay cd 81.2% so sinh \ ign cho ring \ iec nha tam Iy diing uy tin co sd ininh lam \ ice dg ed them khach hang cho rigng minh la sai \ i pham dao dire nghe nghiep Cac Bd quy dieu Dao diic ciia cac nude deu khdng ung hg \ iec nha tam ly nhan hoac dua tign hoa hdng chuyen hoac nhan khach hang Hanh vi na\ dugc xgp \ao loai hanh \i vi pham dao due nghg nghiep Nhu \a> su khdng ligm chinh viec khai thac Igi ich ca nhan cdn the hien d \ iec nha tam ly nhan ihii lao chu> en va nhan khach hang tu ngudi khae Ve linh hudng cd dgn 31,1% sd sinh vien lai ddng y vdi hanh vi sai pham Rd rang, mdi quan he chuyen mdn vdi khach hang ciing nhu cdng vice, nguyen tac dao dire cua nha tam Iy phai dugc dat trude nhu'ng Igi ich thuong mai Cae nha tam ly can lam rd cho nhifng ngudi cd lien quan higu rang minh hanh ddng pham vi chuygn mdn, bi rang budc bdi cac nghia \ u phap ly, luan ly \ a dao diic cd lien quan dgn cdng viec Tdm lai, su nhan thirc cua sinh \ ign vg tinh liem chinh cua nha lam ly \ iec tranh khai thac ca nhan gay xung dpi igi ich dat d mire dp higu bigt cao: 80,5% lugt sinh vign da lya chpn dung hanh vi dao dire nghg nghigp d khia canh khai thac Igi ich ca nhan tir khach hang va cdng viec 3.3 Su- cdi md vd thang than cung cdp thong tin Sy edi md va thang than vc ban than va ngudi cimg lam vice, lam rd cac thda lhu?n cdng viec va khdng lira ddi gian lan cdng viec, cung cap thdng lin la nhihig khia canh duge nhie tdi nhigu cae Bd quy digu Dao dire eua Bi Canada Ireland Ilieo Hiep hdi cae nha tam Iy hpc Canada (phin III - Ligm chinh), nhiing gia trj ciia sy cdi md va thing thin tdn tai bdi canh cua tdn trgng ngudi va eham sdc cd trach nhiem Sy edi md va thing thin cua nha tam Iy la pham chat cin phai dugc tdi iuy?n Bdi vi, viec hoan toan cdng khai, cdi md va thirig than cdng bd thdng tin cd thg khdng cin thigt hoac khdng mong mudn d nhigu khach hang \a mdt sd trudng hgp, ed the la mdi nguy co ddi vdi nhan phim, hanh phiic eua hp hoac dugc coi la khdng phii hgp vg mat T A P C H ( T A M L V H C , S ' ( ) , 12-2016 van hda Trong nhirng trudng hgp nhu \ay nha tam ly cd trach nhiem dam bao rang, hp se khdng cdng khai loan bd thdng tin hoac don gian \igc edi md thdng tin phu hgp cae gia tri va khdng lam giam hieu luc cua cac thda thuan \ e tinh bi mat da cam kgt ban dau Viec lam rd cac thda thuan cdng viec ddi hdi nha tiim ly phai giai ihicli \a lam rd vai trd va trach nhiem cua minh vdi nhung nguiri ma hg dang lam \ iec dd bao gdm tat ea cac thdng lin can thidt de thigt lap sy ddng y bang van ban hoac bat van cac hgp ddng thda thuan fign quan dgn le phi cac chinh sach: quy trinh ho trg; ghi am; sy quan lam va trach nhiem dao due cua nha tam ly vdi khach hang va vdi ddng nghiep \ \ Bdng 4: Nhgn ihi'rc ciia sinh vien ve sir cai ma vd thdng thdn \' kien danh gia (%) Sai Diing I Anh/chj lam hap dong chat chg vai khach hang ve qu\ trinh lam vi?c \i le phi 15,5 84.1 Anh/chj ghi am ca tham van nhung khong noi vai khach hang de tranh cho ho khoi lo sg khong dang co 74.4* 25,6 Anh/chj gSp khach h4ng cua dong nghiep ma khong noi vai dong nghidp vl khach hang dS cho phep 87,2* 12.8 -1 Anh/chj phan lich nhihig uu diem irong djch vu cua minh va so vai dich vg ciia nguai khae de khach hang co su lira chpn lot nhat 25.2 74,8 Ting 19,9 80,1 Sri lifu CO ddu ' cd nghia Id hieu biel dimg ve lu'inh vi dgo diit: Vg van dg fam hgp ddng chuygn mdn chat che \di khach hang vg quy trinh lam \iec va tra le phi cua nha tam ly ed 84,1% sd sinh vien ddng tinh vdi danh gia Dii\ la cdng vice hgt sire can thigt ma nha tam iy can phai thyc hien trude nhan dich vu ho trg cho khach hang TTieo Bd quy digu Dao diirc cua New Zealand, muc 3.1.5 Liem chinh ghi rang: Cdc nhd tdm ly cd gdng trdnh de sir man trd lira ddi cdng viec ciia minh Tnrdng hap phdi sir dung, cdn xem xet ddc Igp khia cgnh dgo diic vd dua ddy du vi cdc rui ro cho cdng chung hoac cd nhdn Irtrdc dug quyit dinh tien hdnh Trong tnrdng hap de xay sir man trd, nhd tdm ly cdn gidi thich loan bd ly hdnh ddng cho nhOng ngirdi dd bi dnh hirdng bdi hdnh ddng cua minh, neu thich hap vd/hogc neu duac yeu cdu (muc 4.3.3) Nhg tdm ly ciing cdn trdnh lira ddi (hoac sd dung ky thugt duac hieu nhu Id lira ddi) nghien ciru hoac dich vu ciia minh (muc 4.3.5X TAP CHf TAM ty HOC, Sol (213) 12-2016 Nhu \ av nha tam Iv ghi am ca tham vin vdi khach hang nhung khdng ndi vdi ho thi dd la mdt hanh \i % i pham dao diic nghg nghiep Bat ke Iy hay hoan canh nao, nha tam ly mudn ghi am ca tham van thi can phai n h ^ duac su cho phep cua khach hang Kgt qua nghien eiiu d bang cho tha) eo dgn 25,6% sd sinh vign nhan ihiie khdng dung vg van dg na> Tdm lai, ed 80,1% lugt sinh vien cd sy lya chpn diing cho ring sy cdi md va thing thin cua nha tam ly phai dugc thg hien phai qua sy thda thuan rd rang vg quy trinh lam viec va le phi vdi khach hang, viec thu am ca tham vin phai duoc su cho phep ciia khach hang; nha lam Iy khdng gap gd, ligp xuc \di khach hang ma khdng thdng bao cho ddng nghiep/nha tham van eua khach hang va ttanh chi ngu uu digm dich vu eua minh dg so sanh vdi djch vu ciia ddng nghiep 3.4 Liem chinh thi Men qua quy trinh bdo cdo sai phgm dgo ddrc Trong Bd quy digu Dao diic cua Hdi Tam ly Uc, muc C.7: Dgo due diiu tra vd cdc moi quan Idm cd ghi: Coc nhd tdm ly phdi hap tdc viec dieu tra vi dgo due vd td tung duac tiin hdnh bdi Hiep hoi Tdm ly cOng nhu ede ca quan phdp lugt ho cd trdeh nhiim diiu tra ve cdc khiiu ngi chdng Igi nhd tdm ly (C.7.1) Cung y nay, Bd quy digu Dao dire cua cac nha lam ly hpc My (APA), muc Phdi hap vdi Uy ban Dgo due nghi nghiep ghi rd: Nhd tdm ly h(rp tdc diiu trg, truy to theo yeu cdu dgo ddc cua bat ky Hiep hdi Tdm ly ndo minh Id hdi vien (mye 101) Cdn ttong myc 1.06: Phdi hap vdi Uy ban dgo due: Cdc nhd tdm ly phdi hap CUQC dieu tra dgo due, xem xet lien quan din Id tung vd yeu cdu kit qud APA hogc bdt ky ban true thuQC Hiep hdi Tdm ly hoc ndo md h(> thudc vi Bdng cdeh do, hp gidi quyet mot vdn de bdo mat bdt ky Nhu vay, viec nha tam ly ddng y hgp tac vdi Hpi Tam Iy hpc ddng nghidp mic sai pham dao dire nghg nghigp la dung - ed 87,7% sd sinh vign nhan thirc chinh xac vg khia canh Ciing ve khia c?inh xii ly sai pham, ttong Bp quy digu Dao dure eiia Hpi Tam ly hpc Uc cd ghi: Nhd tdm ly cd nghi nga hap ly rdng nhd tdm ly khde hdnh dgng khdng phii hap vdi cdc nguyen tdc vd chudn muc dgo dire dufrc trinh bdy brong ludt ndy: (a) thich h(rp, true tiip dgt cdu hdi cho nhd tdm ly ed hdnh vi sai phgm de hg xem xet hogc gian tiep thong qua mot nhd tdm ly cd bdng cdp vd kinh nghiem cao hem de ddi chieu cdc hdnh vi duac cho Id viphgm theo cdc quy djnh cu the ciia Bd quy dieu Dgo dire; (c) khuyen khich ngudi ddn bj dnh hirdng true tiep bdo cdo cho ca quan qudn ly cd lien quan - Uy bgn Dgo ditccua Hiep hpi (muc C.7.2) Cdc nhd tdm ly khdng khiiu ngi hogc chiing thuc khieu ngi ve hdnh vi dgo ddc tdm thudng phgt y hogc vd cdn cu ddi vdi cdc ddng nghiip (muc C.7.3) Nhu vay, viec nha lam Iy canh bao vdi ddng nghidp 10 TAPCHfTAMLf HpC,Sd'l2(213), 12-2016 phat hien hp \ i pham qu> digu dao dire hoac ndi qu> eua to chirc la dung dan va cin thigt Cd 92.5% sd sinh vien nhan thirc dung vg %an de Bang 5: Nhgn thirc ciig sinh vien ve bdo cdo sai phgm dgo due nghe nghiep Y kien danh gia (%) Sai Dung Anh/chj dong \ hgp tac vai Hgi Tam ly hgc dong nghiep mac sai pham neu dugc \ eu cau 12.3 87,7 Anh/chj canh bao vai dong nghiep phat hien hg \i pham Quy dieu 0^0 due hoac ngi quy cua to chuc 7,5 92,5 Anh/chj nghi nga dong nghiep vi pham dao due nhung khong bao cao vai cap tren 92.6 7,1 Anh/chj giup khach hang thao dan kien ddng nghiep ciia minh dong nghiep co vi pham dao dire 77,7 22 Bao cao vai cap tren ve su sai pham cua dong nghiep 26,1* 73,9 52,8 47,2 Tong Sd lifu cd ddu ' cd nghTa Id hieu biel diing ve hdnh vi dgo diic Trong dd, viec nha tam ly giup khach hang thao don kien ddng nghiep ciia minh ddng nghigp cd vi pham xet \ e mat dao diic la khdng sai (chi ed 22.3°o sd sinh vign ddng y vdi quan digm na\) Tuy nhign, kigu hanh ddng thudng khdng dugc cac nha tam ly va Uy ban Dao dure cac nude khuygn khich Nha tam ly cd nhigu each dg bao ve cdng chung khach hang, ddng nghiep va cung nhu bao \ e danh tigng nghg nghigp cua minh Vi \ay viec nha tam Iy lya chpn hgp tac cimg vdi khach hang de chdng lai ddng nghiep thudng dugc gpi la "hanh ddng thigu khdn ngoan" Xet tir khia canh giai quyet khdng chinh thirc vi pham dao dire nghg nghi?p, Bd quy digu Dao due cua Hdi cac nha tam iy hpc My cd ghi: Khi nhd Idm ly tin rdng, quv dieu dgo dire bi vi phgm bdi cdc nhd tdm ly khde, hp cdn nd lire de gidi quyet vdn di bdng each thdng bdo cho cd nhdn do, neu each gidi quyit phi chinh thuc ndy phit hgp vd khdng vi phgm quyen bdo mat thdng tin (APA, muc 1.03) Ngoai ra, ttong muc Bao cao vi pham dao dire: Niu mpi sir vi phgm dgo dire ro ret dd gdy tdn hgi ddng ke hogc cd khd ndng gdy ton hgi ddng ki den mot ngudi hogc mot td chdc vd sir gidi quyet phi chinh ihirc (theo lieu ehuan 1.03) khdng dirge gidi quyet dung cdeh thdi diem dd, nhd Idm ly tiep tuc bdo cdo den Uy ban tieu bang hay qudc gia ve dgo dire nghi nghiep tdi uy bgn cdp phep hdnh nghi Nhd nude hay tdi nhirng ca qugn Id chirc thich App (APA, muc 1.05) TAPCH(TAMLtHpC,Sdl2(213), 12-2016 11 Nhu va> \ iec nha tam Iy bao cao thang vdi cap trdn vc sy sai pham cua ddng nghigp ma khdng di theo trinh tu bao cao sai pham dao dire cung la hanh \ i khdng phii hgp ve quy ttinh bao cao Xem xet lit ca cac Bd quy dieu Dao diic ma chiing tdi cd thi viec bao cao sai pham phai di theo mdt qu> trinh nhit dinh Khi ddng nghiep cd bigu hien \ i pham dao due, dau lien, nha lam Iy cin gap ddng nghiep cd sai pham dg gdp y, nhie nhd Ngu ddng nghiep khdng chip nhan gdp y, nha tham vin cd Ihg bao cao vdi ngudi giam sal hoac dua thao luan vdi dong nghiep (ngu viec na> khdng vi pham nghigm trpng dgn lirih bao mat thdng lin) Ngu viec khdng dugc giai quygt hgp Iy nha lam ly tigp lue/mdi lam don giri Ign cap cao hon Trong lieu chuin \ g giai quygt vin de dao dire, Bd qu\ digu Dao dire cua Hpi cac nha tam Iy hgc My (APA) cd ghi vg khigu nai sai ph^m dao dure: Nhd Idm ly khdng nop dan khiiu ngi ve dgo dire nghe nghiep thieu cdn cir dii vd y hay ed v Nhimg cdo bupc ve hdnh vi vi phgm dgo dire nghe nghiep ndy se bi bde bd Nhd tdm ly trdnh khdng nop dan khiiu ngi chua cd ho tra bdng chung thirc te (muc 103) Tir lat ca nhumg digu ttinh bay vg nguygn tac dao diic ttong bao cao sai pham d trgn thi \ iec nha tam iy nghi ngd ddng nghiep vi pham dao dire nhim^ khdng bao cao \di cap ttgn la phu hgp ca d khia canh quy ttinh bao cao va van dg can bao cao Trong linh hudng nay, nha lam ly mdi ed "nghi ngd ddng nghiep" thi khdng thg bao cao vdi cap ttgn dugc Sd lieu digu tra cho thay chi cd 7,1% sd sinh vign nh^ thirc dung vg van dg (xem bang 5) Tdm lai, ve van dg bao cao sai pham va quy trinh bao cao, ed 47,2% lugt sinh vign da lya chpn dung vg khia canh dao dire cac linh hudng dua ra, cd hon 1/2 sinh vien (chigm 52,8% lugt lya chgn) cd hieu sai vg hanh vi dao dire cua cac nha tam ly thyc hanh quy trinh bao cao sai pham dao dire nghg nghiep Ket luan Ligm chinh la mdt ttong nhung gia trj quan trpng nhit va thudng dugc nhin nhan tir khia canh dao dire ngudi vdi nghTa la sach va thing ttong suy nghr, ldi ndi va viec lam theo cac chuin myc xa hdi va nghg nghiep Tir viec nghign ciiu vg sy higu bigt cua sinh vign tam ly ckc tinh hudng thyc hanh tham vin/trj lieu tam ly ed thg nil dugc mdt sd nhan xet sau: 1/ Nhin chung, sinh vien lam ly duge nghign cim cd mire dp higu bigt kha vg cac tinh hudng dao diic thyc hanh nghg trg giiip lam ly 2/ Sy hieu bigt vg hanh vi dao dire nghg nghigp ciia sinh vien eang cao cac tinh hudng dao dire dua cang rd rang va gin vdi cac hanh vi dao diic •2 TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sdi (213), 12-2016 thdng thudng cUa eon ngudi Ngugc lai cac tinh hudng dao due cang gan \di linh chit nghg nghiep thi muc nhan thirc dung eiia sinh vign cang giam 3/ Cae linh hudng lign quan ldi quy trinh bao cao \ e sai pham dao dire eua nha tham vin cho thiy, sinh \icn ed mire dp hidu bigt thap nhat Thyc tg day la cac linh hudng thg hien quy trinh bao cao sai pham dao dire cd tinh chuygn nghiep ngn da sd sinh vign tham gia nghien ciiu cd ihg chua dugc trang bi sau ve dao dire nghg lam ly 4/ Cd mdt lugng nhd sinh vign ttong nghign cim da tham gia thuc hanh trg giiip Ire em cd thu tign nhung hg lai khdng dugc giam sal chuyen mdn Digu it nhieu phan anh linh chat hanh nghe thigu kiem soat vg dao dire va chuvcn mdn ciia bd phan dang hanh nghg tam ly xa hdi Digu cang thiic day trach nhiem cua cae nha tam Iy \ ice nghien cim de lign ldi xa> dyng Bd quy tac LTng xir dao dire cho cac nha tam ly Viet Nam hien Tai lieu tham khao Tran Thi Minh Dire, (jido Irinh Tham vdn Idm ly, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2016 hitp: 'vvvvAV.abundancccompany.com/ethics integrilv.html vvww.apa.org/ (American Psychological Association Code of Ethics) htlpsy'vv%vw.psychologv'.org.au/ yAPS-Codc-of-F,thics.pd (Australian Psvchological Society Cixdcof Lthics) https:''vv\v\v.compsy.bc/sites/default/filcs/code of_ethics.pdf (Belgian Federation of Psychologists Code of F.thics -F,nglish) vvvvAv.cpa.ca/ 'Canadian%20Code%20of%20Fthics%20fo (Canadian Psychological Association Code of Fthics) ww-\v.cfpa.eu'cihics/mcta-code-of-ethics- (European Federation of Psychologists' Associations-Mcta-Codc of Ethics) http; "vv\vw.psychologicalsocictj'.icTind-a-ps>chologist/code-of-ethics.html (Psychological SiKicty of Ireland Code of Ethics) wvv\v.ps>chologislsboani.org.n/, cms_show_download.ph (New Zealand Psychological Societv Code of luhics) 10 vvww.pap.org.ph/includes/view/ /codc_of_ethicsj)dfpdf (Psychological Association of the Philippines, Code of Ethics) 11 hop: vvAVAv.psvTU-s.ru'en'documcnts/codcethics.php (Russian Psychological Society Code ofEthics) 12 Talkingtreebooks.com/definition/what-is-honesty.html 13 hltps;/ cn.vvikipcdia.org' /TurkishPsychologicalAssoci (Turkish Psychological Associaiion I'thics Code) 14 v\\v-\v.bps.org.uk/system/files/ 7code_of_ethics_and_conduct.pdf (British Psychological Societ> Code of llthics and Conduct) TAPCHlTAMLVHOCSd 12(213), 12-2016 13 ... tam ly d Viet Nam hien Trong dd, nhdm cau hdi vg nguyen tic liem chinh chiem khoang 25 tinh hudng Trong khudn khd bai vigt nay, chiing tdi chi phan tich 17 tinh hudng sinh vign tam ly ty danh... Cd 96,7% sd sinh \ ign ddng y vdi quan digm Tdm lai, sy higu bigt eua sinh vign \ e tinh liem chinh dugc ihg hien qua sy trung thyc va chinh xac la cao Nhin chung, cd ldi 81,6% lugt sinh vign da... Kgt qua digu tra chi tinh % sd sinh \icn higu diing hoac sai lien quan den tinh ligm chinh cu thg thudng gap qua U-inh trg giiip khach hang Cac kgt qua danh gia ciia sinh vign se dugc ddi chieu