TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HQC V A N LANG Vo Thj Xuan va tgk SUY NGHl VE D 6 I MOI PHlTONG PHAP DAY HQC DAI HQC THOUGHT ABOUT REVISING UNIVERSITY TEACHING METHOD Yd THIXUAN''''''''^ vd HOANG BINH THAI^"^ TOM TAT[.]
TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HQC V A N LANG Vo Thj Xuan va tgk SUY NGHl VE D I MOI PHlTONG PHAP DAY HQC DAI HQC THOUGHT ABOUT REVISING UNIVERSITY TEACHING METHOD Yd THIXUAN''^ vd HOANG BINH THAI^"^ TOM TAT: Bdi viet de cap nhicng vdn di ca bdn cua phuang phdp dgy hgc dgi hgc nhu khdi niim, dgc diim, thuc trgng vd cdc phuang phdp dgy hgc hiin dgi dang duge van dung Tren ca s& dd, chung tdi di xudt mgt sd dinh hu&ng ddi m&i phucmg phdp dgy hgc dgi hgc nham gdp phdn ndng cao hieu qud gido diie dgi hgc Tur khoa: gido due dgi hoc, phuang phdp, dgy hgc dgi hgc ABSTRACT: This paper will discuss the basic issues in teaching and learning methods in the Vietnamese higher education such as concepts, features, current problems, and the popular teaching methods widely used The paper also initiates suggestions for change in terms of teaching and learning methods to enhance higher education's effectiveness Keywords: higher education, method, teaching in universities l.DATVANDE Trong khodng mudi nam trd Igi day, nhi€u eo sd he thong gido due dao tao nude ta, dac biet Id he thong giao due nghS nghiep ldn lugt phdt trien, viec nghien cuu vd dua vdo gidng dgy ITnh vye phuang phdp day hgc chung va chuyen ngdnh Lmh vuc phuong phdp day hgc dai hoc khong mdi nhung vdi nhung ddc thu rieng, viec nghien cuu va dp dung van cdn nhieu hgn ehe Quan niem "Gidng vien chi edn thyc su vung chuyen mdn thi se day tot" tdn tai thdi gian khd ddi Nhung ngdy nay, rdt nhieu nhd nghien cuu giao due vd gidng vien da nhdn rang, diSu khdng hodn todn dung Thuc tien giao due dai hgc cang ngdy cdng chung minh anh hudng mgnh mS cua phuong phdp gidng day len chat lugng lam viec cua nhihig ky su, eu nhdn tren thj trudng lao dgng canh tranh da dang THVC TRANG DOI MOT PHUOTVG PHAP D^LY H O C D A I HQC 2.1 Noi dung Ve CO ban, phuang phdp dgy hoe bao gdm tat cd cdc hoat dgng cua ngudi day va ngudi hpc dien suot qua trinh chiem ITnh tri thdc khoa hgc Phuong phdp day hgc phu thudc vao muc tieu, npi dung day hgc Dac biet nay, xu the Idy ngudi hoc Id trung tam, phuang phdp day hgc cdng lien he nhieu den ddc diem cua ngudi hpe fMT ND ^PP Ghi chii: MT: Moi trucmg; ND: Npi dung; PP: Phuong phap '*' PGS.TS Truong Dai hoc Su ph^m Ky thuat Thanh Ho Chi Minh, Email- xuanspkt@yahoo com (") Qy Trucmg Can bp quan ly giio due Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, Email- hdthai@iemh edu TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HQC V A N LANG bde dai hpc, myc tieu day hgc (mdu nang lye ngudi) khac hdn bac phd thong vd day ngh8, eho nen tat yeu phuang phdp day hgc dgi hgc eung co nhieu khde biet Ben canh dd, ndi dung dgy hpc dai hgc bien doi lien tyc vd phdc hgp nen each thuc to chuc, boat dgng day hgc cua giang vien cung se rat khdc vdi hoat dpng hudng ddn nhdn thuc cua gido vien phd thdng Hien nay, mue tieu cua cdc trudng dai hpc Id ddo tgo nhimg ngudi nang ddng, co tu sdng tao, tu chu, co 6c phan dodn, co nang lyc gidi quyet van de mdi sinh, co nang luc ty hge, tu nghien cuu sudt ddi, cd ndng luc tao nghiep, tien than, lap nghiep "thi trudng lao ddng" ddy biSn dgng vd khQng bien gidi Vdi "mdu lao dpng" nhu vdy, gidng vien se phdi ehgn lya cdc phuong phdp dgy hgc co cdu true tu tdi tao bode sdng tgo, tieu bi§u nhu: phuang phap gido dieu, phuong phdp ddm thoai, phuang phdp tich cue, phuang phdp khong chi dao (phuong phdp khdng gd hudng) Theo phuong phdp gido dieu: npi dung day hpe la khuon mdu kieu "khudn vdng thudc nggc", each day Id "thdy ndi tro ghi" va sinh vien eu hpc, Idm theo dung nhu thg la dat ket qua hgc tdp cao, khong can c6 y kien thay doi gi khdc Muc dich cua day hge Id nhdc Iai (tiep nhan) "dung" nhiJng gi thay dd day Theo phuong phap dam thoai: npi dung day hpc cd tinh chdt dmh hudng, vi?e day hpc thdng qua ddm thogi bdng cac eau hdi neu vdn de de di d6n tri thue Mue dich day hgc la tdi hien Igi nhihig gi thdy day bdng ngdn ngii ban thdn Theo phuong S6 04/2017 phap nay, sinh vien ed phdn ehu ddng hon nhdn thuc Theo phuong phdp tich eye: npi dung day hpc mang tinh chdt khai ggi vd muc dieh day hpc Id phdt tri6n tu tdi tao Sinh vien se chu dpng, ty gidc, tich eye va dpc lap nhan thue, ngudi thdy chi dong vai tro trgng tdi, cd vdn qud trinh djiy hpe Theo phuong phdp day hpe khong chi dao (phuang phdp kh6ng go hudng): bao gom cdc phuong phdp nghien cuu, ngu6i hpc tu phat hien, tu gidi quyet vd tu danh gid de dugc chia se, hodn thien edc cong trinh nghien cuu, ludn vdn, ludn dn Phuang phdp nhdm phdt trifin tu sang tao eho ngudi hpc 2.2 Thuc tr^ng su* dung phtrong phap day hoc d^i hgc Co nhi6u ket qua nghi6n cuu va goc nhin khde ve thuc trang sd dung phuong phdp day hgc eua gidng vien cac trudng dai hge De eo nhung ddnh gia khach quan ve vdn de ndy, chung toi da thuc hien mpt khdo sat nhd vdi gidng vien Trudng Dai hge Su phgm Ky thudt Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh (Bang I) K£t qua cho thdy, k j nang su dung phuang phdp dgy hgc truyin thdng: thuyit trinh - cua cac gidng vien d mdc thao eao Tuy nhien, ky ndng sic dung phuang phdp day hgc tich ciec lai rdt thdp, eo d6n 23,08% theo ddnh gid la khdng dat yeu edu; kj nang td ehice dgy thue hdnh theo guy trmh thifc hdnh phan Idn eung ehi d mdc Trung binh - Khd va vdn cdn 7,69% khdng dat yeu edu TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Vo Thj XuSn va tgk Bang Ky nang sir dung phircmg phap dgy hpc dgi hpc ciia giang vign Trucmg Dgi hpc Sir pham Ky thu^t Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh ^ •—^^^^ Mii'C Phu'OTig p h a p ^ -— _, Sii dung phuong phap truyen thong: thuyet trinh 42 (64,62%) Trung binh (9,23%) Khong dat (0%) T6ng cdng 65 (100%) (0%) 13 (20,00%) 37 (56,92%) 15 (23,08%) 65 (100%) (4,62%) 26 (40,00%) 31 (47,69%) (7,69%) 65 (100%) Rat t6t Khi 17 (26,15%) Sir dung phuang phap day hoc tich cue: thao luan, hoc theo nhom To chirc day thuc hanh theo quy trinh thuc hanh IMOT S O DINH HirONG PHAT TRIEN, AP D y N G PHUONG PHAP DAY HQC D ^ I HOC 3.1 Tang cu-dng dp dung cac phu-ong phdp d^y hoc tich cu-c, phat huy tinh chu dpng & ngirdi hgc (Active Learning) Nhieu ngudi ggi day la dinh hudng day hpc tich cue hda Bdn chdt cda phuang phdp dgy hpc la boat dgng eua sinh vien phdi duge ndng eao len so vdi boat dgng cua giang vien qud trinh td chuc nhdn thdc, ti le ddo nghich tu 7/3 trd len (sinh vien hoat dpng 7/gidng vien boat dgng 3) so vdi kieu day hge truyen thong (3/7 bode 1/9) Nhdn djnh cua 77.0% chuyen gia nghien edu gido due va cdc giang vien Idu ndm ve phuong phdp dgy hgc cho rdng, ddi mdi phuong phap dgy hgc theo hudng tich cue h6a hpc tap phd hgp diSu kien nude ta, vd 70% ddt vdn de ndng cao ky nang sd dung cae phuong phdp dgy hgc tich cue la uu tien de cdi tien phuong phap day hgc [7] N8u ngudi dgy td chuc edc hogt dgng hge tap cho ngudi hpc thong qua bdi tap hodc ehu di tu nghien cieu hodc ldm viec nhdm, nhdm lam chuyen bien vi tri cua ngudi hgc tic thu ddng sang ehu ddng, td ddi Ngudn: [7] tugng tiip nhdn tri thice sang ehu the ndng dgng tim kiim tri thue, thi co the nang cao hi8u qua hgc tdp Thufic tinh bdn chdt cda phuang phap dgy hgc tich eye thong qua hoat dpng ed nhdn hodc nhdm sinh vien the hien d nhiing diem sau ddy: Phuang thdc chd dao la hogt dong cd nhdn eua ngudi hgc dugc ndng eao, ngudi hge tu nhdn thuc, ty phdt trien, tu thyc hien, ty bieu dat, tu kiem tra, tu danh gid de dugc gop y va sau dd tu hoan thien, tich luy thdnh tri thuc cua ban than Ngudi hge khong phdi nghe vd nhd hodn toan nhimg npi dung dugc the hien sdeh vd, gido trinh mon hgc hoac ldi gidng cua gido vien Tich cue hda hoat ddng hge tap (d ddy khdi niem boat dpng - Activity - tuong duong vdi khdi niem tich cue - Active) lam chuyen bien vj the cua ngudi hgc Theo do, td chd khach the ti6p nhan kien thuc m6t cdch thu dpng, mot chieu, bao gi lam nay, ngudi hpc trd thdnh ehu the tich eye, ty lye, ty giac va nang ddng; tien hanh qua trinh hgc tap td chd don gidn Id sy hge, sy bat chude, sy tai hien, sy ghi nhd, trd thdnh hogt dgng hgc tap vdi nhung muc dich xdc TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HOC VAN LANG dinh, cd k^ ndng vd phucmg phap, phuang tiSn thich hgp mgt each tu gidc, chu dpng Phuong phdp dgy hpc tich eye se khai thac toi da kinh nghiem cd nhan va true tiep eua ngudi hpc, biSn no sue mgnh hge tap Ngudi day khong go ep, cuong bde, ban phdt, gido di8u, ma tao dieu kien, tao ca hpi, tao trien vgng hpc tap, nudi dudng tinh sdn sdng, tinh cam, tinh tich eye y ehi, ke cd bdn ndng cua ngudi hpc de dat myc dich hpc tap vd phdt trien ed nhdn Toi da hda sy chia se, tuang tdc giua sinh viSn vdi sinh vien, thay vi chd dgi tri thuc "ban phdt" tu ngudi day; hgn che den tdi thieu quyet dinh vd can thiep dp dgt cua ngudi day qud uinh hgc tap GV HS X»^ ^ Ghi chii: GV: Giang vien; HS: Hoc sinh Trong thuc te, dya tren nhung thupc tinh ban chdt noi tren, van dung phuong phdp day hgc tich cue vdo qud trinh dgy hgc, edeh th8 hien rat phong phu 3.2 Doi mdi phmmg phap day hoc dgi hpc theo hudng hpc t^p trai nghiem (Experiential Learning) Ddy Id boat dgng hpc tap, dd sinh vien trye tiep trdi qua kinh nghiem thyc t6 nghe nghiep hodc mo phdng, co tinh thuc hdnh, tu sinh vien rut nhung kk ludn khai qudt bai hpc Theo Kolb [2] cac qua trinh hpc tap dugc chia thdnh nhdm co bdn, phu hgp vdi xu hudng hpc t§p (ki8u hpe) khdc nhau: 1) Quan sdt suy ngdm: hpe tap thong qua quan sdt cdc boat dpng So 04/2017 ngudi khac thyc hien hodc chiem nghiem Igi bdn thdn, suy ngdm vd due kk nhung trai nghiem; 2) Khdi niim hoa: hpc tgp thdng qua viee xdy dung cdc khai niem, tdng hgp, bien giai va phdn tich nhiing gi quan sdt dugc; 3) Trdi nghiem thue ti: hpe tap thdng qua cac hogt dpng, hdnh vi, thao tac cy the, trye tigp; 4) Thie nghiem: hge tap thdng qua nhung thii nghiem, de xudt cac phuong an gidi quyfit vdn de vd dua quyet dinh 3.3 Day hgc dinh hu-ong nang luc hanh nghi (Competency Based Training) Chuong trinh gido due theo hudng li^p can ndng luc Id quan diem mdi, da dugc phdt tridn td thdp nien 70 tai My, Canada vd md rpng vao thap nien 90 Chuong trinh ndy khde ehuong trinh tiip can npi dung (truyen thdng) d nhung di6m eo ban; thu nhdt, mue tieu cudi eung cda day hoc la phdi hinh thdnh d ngudi hgc nang lyc hanh ngh6 thyc tien; thu: hai, khdi lugng ngi dung khdng nang nh, dan trdi qua nhi^u kien thuc hdn lam uyen bde, ma phdi chgn Ipc nhung gl thiet thuc mang tinh tich hap nhdm trang bi cho ca nhan ngudi hpc nang lue thue hien cdng cdc eong tdc.ciia nghe, nang lye tu ddc lap va sang tao Dieu khde biet v8 mat phuang phap day hpe theo hudng ndng luc so vdi cdch day truyen thdng d nude ta Id ngudi day biSt ca cdu hoa cac npi dung ly thuy€t va thm; hdnh theo cac edng tdc thuc ik cua thi trudng - dd ehinh Id nang lye Cdc nang lire dugc xdc dinh phdi dua theo chudn cdng nghiep, vd cd that theo nhu cau thye tien san xudt, khdng phdi ehi la nhdng nguyen ly mo ho Hoat dpng gidng day vd danh gia phdi dua tren Tieu chudn Ngh8 (OS: Occupational Skills) vd Tieu chi KJ thuSt TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG (Performance nhdm ddp Criterion) dng khd Tich nang eye hdnh Vo Thj Xuan va tgk hoa nghe lam vd Idm duge viee d ngudi hpc sau tdt nghiep (Competency Based Education), cd viec 3.4 Lya chgn phu-ong phap day hgc dai hgc theo muc dich hgc t^p Bang Lua chgn phucmg phdp day hpc dai hpc theo myc dich hpc tap MVC OiCH HQC TAP Pho bien kien th^c PDA' CIEC s Thuyai trinh; Sach gido khoa; Doc; Tai li?u phdt thSm; Mai khach thuyet trinh; Sij dung cac bai tap yeu cau sinh vi£n tim kien thdc cgp nh^t; Phdt triin ky nang viec sCr dyng thu vi?n v i cac tii nguyen hoc tap khdc; Hpc ca nhan c6 huong din; 9.TailifuhQc Phat trien kha nang su' dung cac y tu'cmg va thong tin Nghien cuu tnrong hop; Thuc hanh; Kinh nghiem lam vi§c; Cac dir an; Trinh diln; Nhom lam viec; Mo phong (vi du nhu tren may tinh); Hgi thdo; Thao luan; 10 Bai luan Phdt trien kha ndng cua sinh viSn de kiem tra y tuo'ttg va bdng chi!rng Xemina va hucmg ddn; Gidm sdt; Ty trinh bay; Cac tieu luan; Thong tin phdn h6i ve cdc bdi vi6t; 6, T6ng quan tai li^u; Lam bai kifim tra; 8, Hpc mo; Ddnh gid dong cap; 10 Ty danh gia Phat tri4n kha nang ciia sinh vien de t^o cac y tuwng va bang chung Du an nghien cuu; Hgi thdo vh ky thudt gidi quyet van de sang tao; Nhom lam viec; Hanh dgng hgc tap; Tu dinh hudng; Cong ndo; 7, So d6 tu duy; Hinh dung sang tao; Hudn luy?n; 10 Giai quyet vdnd6 Tao thu^n Ipi cho su phdt triin ca nhan cua sinh vien Phan hoi; Kinh nghiem hgc t^p; Hgp aSng hgc tdp; Hdnh dOng hgc t^p; Nh^t ky hgc tip; Dong vai; Kinh nghiem nh6m; Tai li?u tu duy; Ty danh Phat triin nang li^c ciia sinh viSn de lap k4 ho^ch va qudn ly vi|c bgc cua minh l.Hgpd6ng hgc tap; Cac dy an; Hdnh dgng hoc tap; H6i thdo; Huc!fng din; Cdc bdn ghi va nh^t ky; Nghien cira dgc lap; Sdp ddt cong viec; H6 so phdt trien; 10 Lugn vdn gid; 10 Lgp ho so t^p md; 10 Sd dyng Internet Ngudn: [7] 3.5 M$t so bi^n phap da du-gc nghiSn qua ddo tao tai Tru-dng Dai hoc Su pham cuu, vdn dung thii- nghiem d^y hpc tich Ky thuat Thdnh ph6 Ho Chi Minh [7] cii'c hda ngudi hoc dya trSn h€ th6ng bdi Thu nhdt giang vien xdy dyng he tdp lam vi€c nhdm nhdm nang cao hi^u thdng bai tap theo muc tieu ky nang, chudn So 04/2017 TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG hi tai lieu hge tgp, k6 hoach hoat dong cdc nhom va edng bd gidi thich ro rang trudc vdi sinh vien Thye chdt, cdng viee ndy thuge khdu thiet ke dgy hpc Thie hai, ca cdu hda ndi dung tung chu d^ (ndng luc) dya vao mue tieu hdnh ngh6 Gidi phap ndy cho thay, sinh vien ldn lugt gidi quy6t timg phdn npi dung md khdng cam thay nang ne, qud tdi, trai Igi thich thu vd tu thda man vi nghT rdng minh dd hoan thdnh nhiem vu hpe tap Thu ba td ehuc hpc tap theo nhdm cho sinh vien gid hgc vd sau gid hpc Gidng vien phdn chia nhiem vu hgc tap va chuy6n giao cho sinh vien bang nhung eon dudng phu hgp nhdt vdi trinh dd ea nhdn Vi du: gidng vien ed th6 ggi y cho sinh vien ty chgn nhdm hgc tap (Pair-work - nhom nho 2, sinh vien) vd nhdn cae bai hpc vdi cdc ehu d^ theo sd thich va ndng lyc m6i nhom Thie tu phdn chia di6m ddnh gid mdn hpc vd hinh thdc kiem tra da dang Bien phdp kich thich rdt manh vao dpng ea ngudi hpc, giup ngudi hpc tham gia mdt cdeh tu gidc vdo qud trinh hpat ddng dugc id chdc theo hudng tich eye Loi day hpc truyen thong thudng keo dai qua trinh day mon hpc den cudi eung mdi co mpt ky thi, khong khuyen khich sinh vien no lue deu ddn va trd nen bi dgng ddn nen qua nbiSu mon thi d cudi hgc ky Tdng sd di6m thi: 10 diem; cd the dugc phan chia lam den 10 bai tap kiem tra ky ndng, can eu vdo mue tiSu mdn hgc vd phdn bd deu sudt qud trinh hpe (diem qua trinh) 4.KET LUAN Doi mdi phuong phap day hgc dai hpc li mpt nhihig vdn de thiet yeu de nang • eao chdt lugng gido due dai hge Nhimg hinh mdu quen thupc nhu kieu day hpc tmy^n thdng Iai chua cd Vi the, ve mat quan ly, c5n cd sy chi dao th6ng nhat, dong bp d cdc c^p qud trinh thyc hien ddi mdi phuang phdp day hpc bac dai hge De tdng bude thirc hien xu hudng ndy, can phdi ed mgt co chS khuy8n khich, tao di8u kien eho ngudi day v§ tinh thdn va vat chdt, dong bp vdi viec lam mdu neu guong, trgng tdm trpng diem a nhung dan vi su pham, nhdng giao vien tiiu bi6u, ddu tdu, NSu d6 tu phdt rieng le tdng ea nhan gido vien, md khdng co ca chS td chuc vd due nit kinh nghiem tu cap bp mdn den cap khoa, trudng vd ed nude, mgt cdch khoa hpc, thi se dl dang dan tdi chim Idng va gidm chdn tgi chd, tham ehi thut liii, cd khdng phdt huy, tan dung dugc nhOng bai hgc kinh nghiem cua cdc gidng vien da tdm huyet td chuc sinh vien hge tap tich cue, md cdn dl gdy tdm ly tri tre, chdn nan Gidng vien Id lye lugng quyet dinh chat lugng sdn phdm duge ddo tgo eua trudng dai hpc Vi vdy, trudc h^t hp cdn dugc quan tri^t sdu sac ve tu tudng, ly luan va cd chia se kinh nghi6m ldn nhau, cdn su sdp xep co ke hoach, sy khich le cua cac cap, de hg that su vuon len to chdc diu ddt sinh vien tich eye chiem ITnh ki^n thuc, ky nang nghe nghiep- Tich cue hoa day hge chd y^u hudng den nang luc hanh nghS cua ngudi hge, tdc coi trpng Iq' ndng thyc hien Khdng thi danh gid nhu gida nhdng giang vien to chdc dgy hpc tich eye vdi cae gidng vien vdn sogn gido trinh, giang day vd danh gia sinh vien theo tieu chi "nhd" vd "thuge long" 34 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN LANG Thuc hien ddi mdi phuong phdp day hge dgi hgc theo dinh hudng ti6p can ndng luc Id mdt nhiem vu rdt Idn, phdc hgp, Idu ddi ddi vdi cac cdp qudn ly gido due vd h>ng giang vien De thuc hien thdnh edng qud trinh day hge phat trien nang lyc cho ngudi hpe, gidng vi6n n6n lam quen ddn viec tai edu true npi dung theo cong viee eua nghi, t6 ehuc sinh Vo Thj Xuan vd tgk vien boat dgng trdi nghiem, kien tri ddnh gia vd hudng ddn tdng phdn Ben cgnh Id sy to ehuc triSn khai ddng bd d don vi, tu nhdn thue khoa hge ro rdng, cho den eo sd thilt bi vd phuang phdp day hpe theo hudng hinh thdnh nang lue cua ngudi hpc TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Inwent (2008), Phuang phdp dgy hge chuyen ngdnh, Tai lieu Bdi dudng giang vien eua Trung cap dgy nghe Kolb D A (1984), Experimental Learning Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Dao Thai Lai va cac tac gid (2011), Thue trgng ddi m&i phuang phdp day hge & dgi hgc Ky yeu Hpi thao Quoc gia vl Khoa hpc Giao due Vi8t Nam, Bd Giao due va Dao tao Tap n Nguyen Lpe (2010), Gido due vd ddo tgo tien t&i nhiing tdm cao mai: Viet Nam ddi mdi va phat trien, Nxb Chinh tri Qude gia Nguyen Trgng Thdng, Vd thi Xudn, Luu Due Tuyen (2006), Phuang phdp dgy hge chuyen ngdnh Dien, Nxb Dgi hgc Quoc gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh Vo Thi Xuan, Doan Hue Dung (2013), Innovating Methods of Technical Education and the Enhancement of Effectiveness of Higher Education in Vietnam-IETEC-13 Vd Thi Xuan (2006), Nghien cicu de xudt gidi phdp ndng eao hiiu qud ddo tao Ay ndng suphgm ky thugt - De tdi nghien cuu khoa hge edp Bp 2003-2006 Ngdynhdnbai:01/7/2017 Ngdy bien tap xong: 8/7/2017 Duyet dang: 17/7/2017 ... t§p (ki8u hpe) khdc nhau: 1) Quan sdt suy ngdm: hpe tap thong qua quan sdt cdc boat dpng So 04/2017 ngudi khac thyc hien hodc chiem nghiem Igi bdn thdn, suy ngdm vd due kk nhung trai nghiem;