XAY DUNG BAI TOAN CHAN DOAN K T T H U A T DUNG TRONG DAY HOC K T T H U A T Iran Quae C[/̂ g'''' Tom tdt Bdi todn chdn dodn ki thudt Ididng chi giup ngUdi hgc hieu rd cdu tao, nguyen li ldm viee eiia doi[.]
XAY DUNG BAI TOAN CHAN DOAN K T T H U A T DUNG TRONG DAY HOC K T T H U A T Iran Quae C[/^g' Tom tdt Bdi todn chdn dodn ki thudt Ididng chi giup ngUdi hgc hieu rd cdu tao, nguyen li ldm viee eiia doi tUdng ki thudt md eon phdt trien tu ki thudt vd ndng lUc ki thuat thong qua viee phdn tich ede ddu hiiu, hien tUdng di tim nguyen nhdn hong hoc vd tii de edch khdc phuc cdc hong hoc Tuy nhiin, ddi vdi nhUng thiet bi mdi, co edu tao vd nguyen li ldm viic mdi thi viec xdy dUng ede bdi todn chdn dodn ki thudt co y nghia rdt thiit thUc vd cdn thiit Di thudn ldi eho qud trinh xay dUng hdi todn vd de ddm bdo tinh khoa hgc, khd thi, hieu qud viic xdc dinh dUde quy trinh xdy dUng bdi todn Id mgt yeu td quan trgng vd tien quyit Trong bdi ndy, tdc gid di xudt quy trinh nam bUdc xdy dUng bdi todn chdn dodn ki thuat ciing vi du cu the viic day hgc module mdy thu hinh giup ngilcfi hoc hieu ro cau tao, nguyen li lam viee eua doi tiidng ki thuat ma phat trien tu ki thuat va nang lUc Id thuat Tuy^ nhien, thiic tien day hpc ki thuat, ngUdi giao vien thilcfng sii dung nhflng bai toan da CO san ma chila nghiin edu de til xay dilng cac bai toan m6i Trong thdi dai khoa hoe va c6ng nghe phat trien manh nhil hiin nay, cac may moe, thiet bi ki thuat cang nhieu, da dang va phiic tap Va tat nhien, cac hong hoc eiia ehiing cung cang da dang va phiic tap Dieu dat yeu cau doi vdi giao vien ki thuat la phai bilt xay diing bai toan ve CDKT de SLf dung day hpe Do ehinh la li khien tae gia, la mot gido vien Id thuat, dau td nghien cflu xay diing cac bai toan CDKT II Xay dung bai toan chan doan kithuat Xac dinh quy trinh xay dUng bai todn chdn dodn kithuat Trong qua trinh giai quyet bat ki mgt cong vile nao do, ngfldi ta deu phai tien hanh I Oat van Se theo mdt so bfldc nhSt dinh Tong hdp qua Bai toan chan doan Id thuat (CDKT) Ii trinh giai quyet mot loat cac cdng vile cung bai toan dat nhiem vu xac dinh nguy&n loai se cho ta rut dflde mot quy trinh thdc nhan hong hoc ciia doi tiidng ki thuat di(a vao hien edng viec Ddi vdi qua trinh xay dflng bai viec phan tich cac th6ng tin thu dilOc tit diu toan CDKT eiing vay, qua nghien cflu qua hieu h6ng hoe, viee phan tieh dac diem cau trinh xay dflng bai toan ki thuat, nghiin eflu tao va nguyen tac hoat dong eua doi tiiong Id qua trinh day hpc npi dung ve bao dfldng, sifa thuat vi viec lap luan ve moi quan he giiia ehfla, xfl li sfl cd, cac thiet bi Id thuat, cd the chung vdi Bai toan CDKT co vai tro rat nit quy trinh chung xay dflng bii toan Quy 16n day hoc ki thuat vi chung khong ehi trinh xay dflng bai toan CDKT thfldng bao gdm bfldc nhfl sau: Tii khda: day hgc, module, mdy thu hinh, xdy dUng bdi todn, ehdn dodn ki thudt • ThS Tnfdng Cao ding Cong nghe Viettronics I TBUONGOAIHOC HAl PHONG chinh xae, ngfldi xay dflng bai toan phai Idem Chan doan ki thuSt li nham xae dinh dinh can than, nghiim tue de dim bao dd dflde bp phan, chi tilt (gpi chung li bp phan) chinh xac eiia cac nguyen nhan nlu Cd the miy moc, thiet hi (gpi chung la thiet bi) ndi day eiing li mdt cdng vile khd khan nhat bi hdng hdc va xac dinh dflde nguyen nhan ehan doan giy nen nhflng hdng hdc Do viy, de xiy Budc 4: Ldp bdng dU lieu dflng dfldc bai toan CDKT cho mot thiet bi Tfl kit qua cua bfldc trln, de tiln cho nao dd hoae cac thiet bi dflde de cap noi viec sfl dung day hgc ciing nhu eho qua dung mdn hpc, hpc phan, md dun nao thi trinh xay dflng bii toan, ngfldi xiy dflng bai viec dau tiln la phai xac dinh dflcfe cac loai toan phii ti^n hanh lap bang dfl lilu Bang dfl hdng hoc eiia thiet bi hoae eae thiet bi dd Nhfl lieu thfldng dflde eau tnic cd cdt vdi cae npi vay, de xay dflng cac bai toan CDKT thi trflde dung nhfl vi du d bing Thfle chat thi bang het phai lilt kl dflde danh muc cac hdng hoc da lieu de xay dflng bai toan CDKT khdng can eiia thilt bi cd cot "Cach khae phue", nhflng de thuan Idi cho qua trinh day hpe sau niy thi bang Budc 2: Xdc dinh hien tUdng hdng hdc Tfl danh muc cac hdng hdc da cd, ngfldi dii lieu nen cau true them cdt niy Khi xay xay dflng bii toan phai xae dinh rd hien tfldng dflng bai toan thi cd the ehfla can dien thong ciia mdi hdng hoc dd li gi, nhfl the nao Hien tin edt "Cach khac phue" Biidc 1: Xdc dinh cdc hong hoc tfldng hdng hdc cd the dfldc the hien qua miu Bdng 1: Bing sac, miii, am thanh, hinh anh hoae mdt the STT Hdng hoc hiin dac biet, khac thfldng nao dd Sfl the hien CO the dfldc gpi la "bat thfldng" dflde - Hflng hdcl - Hflng hdc2 gpi Ii dau hieu hdng hdc dCrlieu xay dUng bai todn Hientl/irng Nguyen nhan CDKT Cach khac phuc - Hflngh6c3 Budc 3: Xdc dinh nguyen nhdn gdy nen hong hoc Budc 5: Soan thdo ndi dung bdi todn Ddi vdi cac thiet bi ki thuat, qua Can cfl vao ket qua cua bang dii lieu, efl trinh boat ddng m i cd xay sfl true trae, bat moi hdng hdc cd the xay dflng dfldc mpt bai thfldng (lim viec kem chat Ifldng, khong binh toan CDKT Ndi dung bai toan thfldng dflde thfldng, tham chi khong hoat dpng) nio do, trinh bay dfldi dang de nghi, minh linh (Vi ngoai trfl nhiJng nguyin nhan tfl bin ngoii thi du: Hay xac dinh nguyin nhin khiln cho chac chan sfl true trie la thilt bi ddng ed cfl tang tdc thi chet may) Sau xay cd mdt hoae vii bo phan nao dd bi true trie, bi dflng xong bii toan, ngfldi xay dflng tien hanh hdng Ngfldi xay dflng bai toan phii can cfl phac thao quy trinh giai qayit (Idi giai cua bii vao dac diem cau tao (kich thfldc, vat lilu, cac toan) vi dfl kien cac phfldng tiln ki thuat thdng sd kl thuat khac), nguyen li lam vile, sfl phuc vu cho qua trinh giai quyet bai toin dd tac dpng tfldng ho va moi quan he nhan - qua (thfldc, ddng hd do, dung cu thao lap, ) cua cac bd phan cd lien quan vdi de xac Co the md ta quy trinh xay dflng bii toan dinh nguyin nhan CDKT trln day bang sd tren hinh Trong qua trinh xay dilng bii toan, de dam bao cac nguyen nhan nlu la hoan toan TAP CH( KHOA HOC Vol 04, No 16 5/2016 I 63 Bu'd'c2 Bucfc3 Xac djnh Xac djnh cac hi^n tlfq'ng hong hoc Bifd'cl hdng hoc Bu'6rc4 Bu'd'cS Xac djnh L$p So^n thao nguyen bang npi dung nhSn gay dO* li^u bai toan nen hdng hoc Hinh 1: Quy trinb xdy dUngbdi todn ehdn dodn kitbugt Vidu minh hoa De minh hoa cho quy trinh da xac lap, dfldi day xin neu mdt vi du ve quy trinh xay dflng bai toan CDKT dflng day hpc ve sfla ehfla may fhu hinh (tivi) Dfla theo quy trinh xay dflng bai toan CDKT da neu hinh 1, cd the tien hinh xay dflng bai toan nhfl sau: Budc I: Xdc dinh cdc hong hoc May thu hinh dang lim vile hi tat dot ngpt ed the mdt sd nguyen nhan sau: - Mat dien Ifldi - Nd eau ehi ciia may - Dflt mach miy - Hdng bp phan cung cap diln nguon ciia may, Ba nguyen nhan dau ddn gian, de phat hien va kiem nghiem gia thuyet ed miy thflc, hoan canh thflc (mat dien), d d^y se tap trung de cap tdi nguyen nhan thfl td, co thi xac dinh dfla trln sfl phan tieh li thuyet Trong sd cae sii cd, hdng hdc eiia may thu hinh cd mot trfldng hdp li sau ngfldi sfl dung bat may, may boat ddng dfldc mdt thdi gian ngan thi bi tat dot ngpt De khac phuc, Theo eau tao cua may thu hinb, dl may ngfldi th^ phai xac dinh dflde nguyin nhan lim vile dn dinh thi nguon dien cung cap cho gay hien tfldng niy, tfl dd tim ddac bp cac bd phan ciia may phii ludn on dinh phan, linh kiln nao bi hdng va phai xac dinh Trong dd, diln cung cap eho may tfl lUdi xem nd bi hdng eai gi, hdng nhfl the nao, dien va dien tiiu thu cua cac bp phan Nhfl vay, hdng hoc can xac dinh eua bai toan may Iai thfldng khdng on dinh De khac phuc niy la "may thu hinh bi tat dot ngpt dang mau thuan nay, may thu hinh cd eSu t^o lim vile" (loai trfl trfldng hdp mat dien Ifldi) mpt b$ phan dam bao dn dinh ngudn diln eho cac bd phan cua may qui trinh may Budc 2: Xdc dinh hiin tUdng hong hoc Hien tfldng hdng hdc trfldng hdp lim vile Bd phan ddac gpi li "bp cung niy ciing chinh Ii ten hdng hdc nlu trln, cap dien ngudn" cua may thu hinh Ngfldi sfl dung thay hien tfldng may thu hinh bi tat dot ngpt sau mdi bat may dfldc mpt thdi gian ngan Budc 3: Xdc dinh nguyen nhan gdy nen hong hoc I TRfldNGOAIHQC HAI PHdNG Trong cau tao cua bp cung cap dien ngudn cd mach hdi tiep, m^eh niy cd nhiem vu dn djnh dien ap cho may (gpi li dien ap ra) dien ap Ifldi (gpi la diln ap vao) cd sfl thay ddi Diln ap thfldng thay ddi ti le thuan v6i dien ap vio va ti 11 nghich vdi ddng dien BUdc 5: Soan thdo ndi dung bdi todn lilu thu eua may Nghia la diln ap vio tang hoae ddng tiiu thu giam thi diln ap cd Npi dung bfldc niy gdm ed edng viec sau: xu hfldng tang len De gifl cho diln ap dn * Soan npi dung bii toan: dinh thi diln ap vio tang, ngfldi ta phai Tfl ket qua tren, cd th^ xay dflng mpt bai dieu chinh cho ddng dien qua den cdng suat toan ehan doan nhfl sau: giam xudng (vdi mach dao ddng nghet) hoae Hdy xdc dinh nguyen nhdn khien cho thdi gian md eua den giam xudng (vdi mach dao dpng dimg IC) De dieu khien den edng mdy thu hinh hoat dgng dUdc mgt liic thi bi suat boat dpng mpt each tfl dpng, ngfldi ta sfl tdt dot nggt * Dfl kien quy trinh giai bai toan: dung mach hdi tiep Neu mach hdi tiep bi hong thi se lim eho diln ap dau khdng on Quy trinh giai bai toan la qua trinh dinh va thfldng la cao hdn gia tri dinh mfle phin tieh, phan doan, suy luan, kiem nghiim Khi di?n ap vfldt qua ngfldng cho phep, cac nguyin nhan tren ed sd can efl vio dae mach bao ve se lam viec, ngat xung dao ddng, diem cau tao, nguyin li lam vile cua may thu lim mit toin bd ngudn dien ap (qua trinh hinh va can cfl vao cac dau hieu, cac bieu hien phat hien vi ngat xung dao ddng dfldc thflc hdng hdc hien nhd mdt mach so sanh ben IC dao * Dfl kien phfldng tien ki thuat phue vu ddng) eho qua trinh giai quyet bai toan; Nhfl vay, nguyin nhan din den mat dien ngudn cua may thu hinh li mach hdi tiep bi hdng Budc 4: Ldp bdng dU lieu Nhfl da neu quy trinh xay dflng bai toan, bang dfl Ueu se giiip ngiidi sfl dung cd cai nhin tdng quat, de dang Idem dinh lai cac ndi dung cdn thieu hoae sai sdt Vdi bii toan nay, ta cd bang dfl lilu nhfl trln Bang Bdng 2: Bdng dfflieu xdy dung bai todn ebdn mdy bj t6t dot STI ^ nggt Nguyin nhan Hong Hien hdc tMng Maybit^t May hoat 1) Mat dien \\i6\ dot ngot dgng mot 2]NocaiidikDa may lijcthibi tat dot ngot dodn Cadikhic phuc 3)Qutmach may 4)HflngbophSn cung cap dien nguon cOa may (hflng mach hoi tiep) Day la bai toan li thuyet nen khdng can phai cd cae phfldng tien ki thuat phuc vu nhfl ddng hd do, md han, thiec, nhflng can chuin bi so nguyen Ii, sd dd cau tao eua may thu hinh, cua bd phan eung cap dien ngudn cua may Sd dd niy cd the da cd tai lieu, giao trinh; cd the dfldc in, ve tren giay khd ldn; cd the dflde chilu tren may chieu projector v.v, Din day, ed the biln soan ndi dung bii toan la; Hdy xde dinh nguyen nhdn khUn cho mdy thu hinh hoat dgngdUdc mdt luc thi bi tdt dot nggt Trong qua trinh nghien eflu, van dung vao day hoc ve sfla ehfla, bao dfldng may thu hinh, tie gia da xay dflng dflpic mdt he thdng cic bii toan ve CDKT Qua trien khai thfl nghiem day hpc vi ^ kien danh gia cua cac ehuyin gia da cho thSy tinh thiet thflc, kha thi vi hieu qua day hpc cua cae bai toan TAP CH( KHOA HOC Vol 04, No 16 - S/2016 I 65 Nguyen Khae Trai (2007), Ki thudt chan III Ket luan dodn to, Nhi xuat ban Giao thdng van tai, Ddi vdi nhflng thiet bi cii, quen thupc thi viec phan tieh cac dau hieu, hien tfldng de tim nguyin nhan hdng hdc vi tfl dd de each khae phuc cac hdng hdc dd la mdt dieu binh BUILDING OF TECHNICAL thildng Tuy nhien, ddi vdi nhflng thilt bi DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEM IN mdi, cd cau tao va nguyin li lim vile mdi thi PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL viec xay dflng cae bai toan CDKT cd y nghia EDUCATION IN VOCATIONALrat thilt thfle De thuan ldi cho qua trinh xay TECHNICAL SCHOOLS dilng bii toan va de dam bao tinh khoa hpc, Abstract: This article aims at building kha thi, hieu qua cua bai toan ndi chung va bai process of technical diagnostic problem in toan CDKT ndi riing, vile xac dinh ddac quy professional technical teaching and trinh xiy dflng bii toan li mpt yeu td quan recommends basic procedures in building it in trgng va tien quyet professional technical teaching Therefore, it is based on five-step procedure (Identifying T A I L I £ U THAM KHAO shooting trouble, Analyzing shooting trouble, [1] Vu Qude Bao (2012), Nghien cdu chdn Causes of shooting trouble, Database of dodn tinh trang ki thuat he thdng dan shooting trouble, Creating problem (writing in dgng diiu khiin thuy lUc tren cdc phUdng correct form)) And in the article, the author tiin ed gidi qudn sU, Luan an Tien si ki suggested the ways to apply the procedure of thuat, Hpc vien Ki thuat quin sfl, Hi Ndi building technical diagnostic problem in [2] Dd Viet Diing (2003), Ddnh gid tin cay technical teaching actions The problems have vd xdy dUng phUdng phdp chdn dodn built on teaching practices of module trang thdi ki thuat he thong truyin dgng Television dien ddu mdy diesel van dung d Viet Nam, Keywords: teaching practices of module Luin an Tien si ki thuat, Trfldng Dai hpe television, building of technical diagnostic Giao thdng van tii, Hi Ndi problem [3] Nguyen Trpng Khanh (2011), Phdt triin ndng hie vd tU ki thuat, NXB Dai hpc Sfl pham, Ha Noi [4] Nguyen Tiln Khiem (2008), Nhap mon chdn dodn ki thuat cong trinh, NXB Khoa hpe Tfl nhien va Cdng nghe Ha Noi 66 I TRl/dNG DAI HOC HAI PHONG ... xac Co the md ta quy trinh xay dflng bii toan dinh nguyin nhan CDKT trln day bang sd tren hinh Trong qua trinh xay dilng bii toan, de dam bao cac nguyen nhan nlu la hoan toan TAP CH( KHOA HOC... se tap trung de cap tdi nguyen nhan thfl td, co thi xac dinh dfla trln sfl phan tieh li thuyet Trong sd cae sii cd, hdng hdc eiia may thu hinh cd mot trfldng hdp li sau ngfldi sfl dung bat may,... tim ddac bp cac bd phan ciia may phii ludn on dinh phan, linh kiln nao bi hdng va phai xac dinh Trong dd, diln cung cap eho may tfl lUdi xem nd bi hdng eai gi, hdng nhfl the nao, dien va dien