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D5 Thi Son v^ Dtg Tgp chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGHB 174(14) 91 96 NGHIEN c t r u PHAN TICH LOI SAI CUA SINH VIEN KHOA NGO4I NGU* D^I HQC THAI NGUYEN KHI DICH TRV"C TIEP Tt^ HAN VlEX SANG TIENG TRUNG QUOC V[.]
D5 Thi Son v^ Dtg Tgp chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGHB 174(14): 91-96 NGHIEN c t r u PHAN TICH LOI SAI CUA SINH VIEN KHOA NGO4I NGU* - D^I HQC THAI NGUYEN KHI DICH TRV"C TIEP Tt^ HAN VlEX SANG TIENG TRUNG QUOC VA GIAI PHAP K H A C P H V C D5 Thj Sun, DS Thj Phuang' Khoa Ngogi ngit - DH Thdi NguyS TOM TAT Ttr Hdn Vi§t chiim 60-70% ttt vyng tilng Yi§t hi^n dai Id bO ph^ clu didnh quan trgng ciia tii vyng tilng Vi^t Ddy Id uu thi rit Idn cho ngudi hgc Viet Nam hgc tieng Trung Tuy nhiSn, ttt Hdn Vl^t du nhdp vdo Vi^t Nam ttt rat Idu, hifn tai nhttng ttt ndy tilng Trung hi6n dgi dd c6 su bien ddi nhdt djnh, sau du nhgp vdo Viet Nam chttng cung biin doi theo sy phdt Uien ciia tiei^ Vift, tgo thdnh sy khde ddi Id rit Idn ve mat f nghTa gifta ttt Han Vift vd tir tieng Trung tuong ling, Dilu ndy khiln ngudi hgc Vift Nam phgm nhilu iSi sai djch tryc tiip ttt Hdn Viet sang tieng Trung Trong bdi viit ndy, ngudi viit tiln hdnh phdn tfch kit qud khdo sdt loi sai ciia sinh vien Khoa Ngogi ngft - DH Thdi Nguyen dich tryc tiip ttt Han Vift sang tieng Trung vd dua gidi phdp khde phyc nhdm hgn chi nhthig loi sai ndy Tir khda: Tieng Trung; tiiHdn Vi$t; Idisai; dich; Khoa Ngogi ngU MODAU Trong thdi ki Bdc thugc, cimg vdi sy xdm luge vd dd hd cua nhd Hdn, chii Hdn theo chdn cac quan Igi nhd Hdn sang nude ta, ngudi Vigt tiep xuc vdi chii Han, hgc chu Hdn, nhung Igi dpc chi^ Han theo quy lugt phdt dm cua tilng Vi$t, tir dd md hinh thdnh len mpt hg thong ngdn ngU trung gian "chii Hdn- dm Vigt" Vao the ki 20, cimg vdi sy xuit hifn ciia chii Qudc ngii, ngudi Vift da sit dyng chii Quoc ngii dl phign dm eac tir "chii Hdn-dm Vigt" va hinh ngn tii Han Vift nhu Tuy nhlgn, tu dau thi ki thu 10, sau Vigt Nam trd thdnh mgt qudc gia ddc lap, "chii Han-am Vigt" bj tdch ly khdi hg thong ngdn ngii tilng Han va phat triln theo mgt hudng rieng ciia tieng Vigt, chju sy chi ph6i cua hodn cdnh Ijch sii, xa hdi Vift Nam, hinh ngn sy khac giiia tii Hdn Vigt va tir tilng Hdn tucmg umg Trong qua hinh thy ddc tilng Tmng, eac em sinh vien khdng nhgn thiic dupe sy khde bidt md tao thdnh nhigu loi sai hgc tap vd sii dyng tilng Trung djch tryc tiip tir Han Vift sang tilng Trang Vi dy nhu djch cau "Anh ta rdt phong dp" cdc em dich thdnh "ftk^SM.S" Tii"M^" tilng Trung la danh tii, nhung tii "phong dp" tilng Vift viia la danh tii vira Idtfnhtir, vay tilng Vigt cd the ndi "anh ta rat phong dg" nhung tilng Trung phai ndi "{tk^&'^M ^ " mdi dOng Ngudi hgc khdng nam dupe sy khde ve tii log! gii^ hai tii tren ma bieu dgt sai Vi vdy, neu cd the han che dupe nhiing ldi sai thi cd thi giiip ede em phdt huy tich eye uu thi cua tii Hdn Vift qud trinh hpc tgp vd sir dyng tieng Trung Nhiing nghign cuu ve tir Han Vift, am Hdn Viet cd thi ndi Id bit diu tir the ky thii 20, diu tien Id cdc nha hgc gia ngudi Phap, Diic, sau dd Id Nhdt Bdn, Tmng Quoc, Vift Nam Npi dung nghien ciiu chii ylu tgp tmng vdo ngudn goc, qua trinh hinh va phdt trien cua tir, dm Hdn Vift; moi quan hf gitta ttt tilng Han vdi tir Hdn Viet vd sy anh hudng cua ttt, am Han Vift dii vdi tilng Viet Ngudi bdt dau nghien curu ve ttt Hdn Vift sdm nhat phai kl den nhd tu diln hpc Alexandre de Rhodes Trong cuon tii dien tieng Viet dau tien "Vift, B La" xuat ban nam 1651 cua dng dd thu thgp 8000 tir tilng Vift, dd cd 700 hi Hdn Viet [1] Cho dii Rhodes khdng thyc sy nghien cuu tur Han Viet, nhung tir diln ciia dng, khdi nifm ttt Hdn Vift lin dau tien xuit hien Ngudi nghifn ciiu vg am Han Vift dau tien la Henri Maspero Trong "Lich sir dm vgn tilng Vift" md dng xuat bdn nam 1912 cd dg cgp Tel: 0989946696; Email dophuong.sJl@inu.edu.v, 91 D§ Thj Son va Dtg Tgp chf KHOA HQC & CONG N G H $ tdi am Hdn Vigt, khdi nifm ttt Hdn vigt, Ijch sir hinh hi Hdn vigt va diln biin am dpc cha Hdn ttong tilng Vift [2], Tuy nhign phdi din ndm 1948, ttt Hdn Vift mdi dupe nghign ciiu tuang ddi hg th6ng va todn difn bdi hpc gid ngudi Trang Quoc Vuong Lyc Trong "Nghign ciiu tilng Han Vigt" eua dng da chia tilng Hdn Vigt Idm ba logi: tilng Hdn Vigt e6, tilng Han Vift vd tilng Hdn Vift hoa Rit nhilu cdc nghign cdu ve sau lay cdch phdn loai ndy Idm ca sd [3] 174(14): 91-96 khde phyc nhftng ldi sai phd bien lien quan din tii Hdn Viet, nang cao khd nang bilu d^ tilng Tmng ciia ngudi hpc PHUONG P H A P NGHIEN CtTU Phuang phap nghign cuu ehhih ngudi viet sis dyng Id phuong phdp dilu tta bdng bang hoi Ddi tupng dilu tta Id 200 em sinh vien nguoi Vift Nam chuyen ngdnh tieng Tmng ttt nam din ndm tgi Khoa Ngogi ngft, Dgi hpc Thai Nguyen Trong dd, nSm cd 64 em, chiem 38%, nam ed 76 em, chiem 38%, nam co 60 em, chiim 30% Tai nude ta, cu6n ty diln "Tir diln Hdn Vift" cua Ddo Duy Anh xuit ban ndm 1931 la Bang hdi thiet kg gom 100 cdu, chia Idm nghign ciiu ddu tien lien quan din tii Han Vift phan, phan diu tign cd 20 cau, loai hhih la [4] Ve sau vao nhiing nam 70, Nguygn Tdi phan dodn dung sai, phin thir g6m 80 cau, Cin xuit bdn cuon "Ngudn g6c vd qua hlnh thi loai djch Vift-Trung Ngi dung dilu hinh thdnh am dgc tilng Hdn Vift" da md diu bao phCi mat: ldi sai vl nghia ttt vyng, 151 eho thdi ky mdi nghifn cuu tir Hdn Vigt tgi sai ve tir logi, ldi sai ve ket hgp tft, ldi ty tao Vigt Nam [5] ttt mdi vd ldi sai vg f nghTa sac thai cua ttt Theo phong trao hgc tgp tieng Trung Quoc, KET QUA VA PHAN TICH nhiing nghien eiiu vl dng dyng ttt Hdn Vigt Sau tiln hdnh khdo sat 200 em smh vien, ttong dgy hpc tilng Hdn eung cang dupe ngudi viit thu dupe kit qua cy the nhu sau cdc hgc gia quan tdm Nhung tac pham tigu Ket qua khao sat bilu cd thi kl din "Tilng Hdn Vift vd nhirng ggi md dgy hpe tilng Tmng va tilng Tdng so philu dilu tra phat Id 200 philu, Vift" ciia Duong A Binh [6]; "Phan tich dilm thu ve 200 philu, khdng cd philu ti^g, giong vd khac giiia ttt vyng tilng Tmngnhung cd nhung cdu hdi sinh vifn khdng tra tilng Vift va dgy hpc ngdn ngft" ciia Ly ldi duge Ket qua tra ldi philu dilu tta xem Tuylt Ninh [7]; 'Tgn dyng uu thi ciia dm bang I, Han Vift, tit Hdn Vigt dgy hpc hi vyng Dya vao bang 1, cd thg thay ti If 161 sai tilng Tmng tai Vift Nam" ciia Nguygn Thj djch ttyc tiip tii Hdn Viet Ign din 31.34%, Phucmg [8] Nhiing nghien ciiu ndy deu mpt ti If khd cao, Nhu vgy eft binh quan dich nhin manh y nghTa quan ttpng cua tu Han tft Hdn Vift cdc em sS sai mgt tft Dudi day Vift dgy hgc tilng Tmng vd tilng Vigt, Id mdt so vi dy cac em djch sai dua cac sach lupc day hgc tten ca sd phdn Vi dii 1: Xin cu ty nhign nhu d nha tich, so sanh ttt Hdn Vigt va ttt tieng Hdn Tuy nhien ttong rat nhieu nhiing nghign ciiu dd, chi cd mdt vai nghign ciiu ve phdn tich ldi sai Hen quan din tii Hdn Vift nhung chua thyc sy Vi du 2: Anh ta ty nhign Igi noi gl^n vdi toi cd duge nhiing kit qua thuyet phyc Do v^y, ngudi viet nhgn thay de tdi can dl sau nghien ciiu nhieu hon dl dua dupe nhiing ket lu|n quan trpng nham tim giai phap Bdng Kit qud trd ldi phieu dieu tra Djch sai: mum, titasgs^M-#., • sfta: \^m±, ifemiSga^a-# •* Djch sai: immm:^m^o Sfta: i^M^nm^^-^m^^ Tdng s6 cau 20000 100% TrS Ifri dting hoSc sai nliung l5i sai •tliong liSn quan d i n tfr H^n Vi$t U658 58.29% L5i sai djcii tr|rc tiip tir Hdn Vi$t 6268 31.34% KllSng tra IM dirvc -i 2074 10.37% D3 Thi Son va Btg Tap chi KHOA HpC & CONG NGHg Vf dy 3: Sinh trai gai la phy nif quyk djnh, vi^c la khong co ca scf Dich sai 4;Sa*aEt3*:Aft£ iSfiS Siia, 4s«*aft*A*s, a s s * s Ti If mdc ldi gifta sinh vign ndm 2, va cimg khac nhau, cy the xem bang Nhu v|.y, tft bang cd the thay tl If mdc Idi nhieu nhat la cac em sinh vien nam 2, chiim han 40%, ti Ig giam dan theo sy tich luy kiln thftc vl ngdn ngft Hdn va din nam 4, ti If dd giam xuong cdn 22,5% Tuy vgy, day vin Id ti If mde Idi kha eao Cd thi thiy cttng vdi sy nang cao ve ttinh dg tieng Han, cdc em dd sft dyng tft ngft chinh xac hern, nhung vin khdng thoat khdi sy dnh hudng cua tft Hdn Vigt 174(14): 91-96 ndm dupe tft logi ciia tft, dong thdi phan bigt tft logi ciia tft tilng Han va tft Han Vigt tuong ftng dl hgn chi cac loi sai ttdn Ngodi ra, f nghTa sdc thai cua tft va kit hpp tir cung Id mgt ngi dung cin duac nhan mgnh ttong qua ttinh gidng dgy, Dudi day la mgt so vi dy sinh vign djch sai Vi du 4: Anh ta la ngudi rat thuy chung (sai nghTa tft vyng) v l tl If cac logi ldi sai md sinh vien mdc phai xem bang Bdng cho thiy dich tryc tiip tft Hdn Vift sinh vign mdc ldi ve tft logi nhieu nhat, chiim hon 43%, kl din la cac ldi sai ve y nghTa sdc thdi, chiim 40%, sai vl kit hpp tu vd ty tao tft mdi deu chiem khoang 1/3, ldi sai vl nghTa tft vyng la it nhat, ehi ehidm 25.91% Dilu ndy chi ring sinh vien thudng chii ttpng nhilu ban vl van de ghi nhd nghia eua hi md chua coi ttpng vigc ndm vftng tft logi, each kit hgp tft cimg nhu sac thai cua tft Vi v|iy, gido vien ttong qua ttinh giang dgy cdn diu tu nhieu hem ttong vifc dgy cho sinh vifn Djch sai: Sfta: \t^-^mk^^X 'k^-^mmu^-rnXo Vi du 5: Cdng ttinh rat qui md (sai tft logi) Djch sai: Sfta: it^xmmmm^ 'A^XUUW§.^ Vf dy 6: Chiing ta phdi cimg vugt qua khd khdn (sai kit hgp tft) Djch sail S c i n i ^ - ^ S J i f f l ^ S o Sfta: m\m-^%m.mmo Vi dy 7: Chuyfn efta tdi, anh khdng can quan tdm (sai y nghia sac thai) Djch sai: m^m, -f^^ffl^'C'^ Sua: mmm i^^^t^ Vi d\i 8: Chuyfn rat quan ttgng vdi tdi (sai ty tgo ttt mdi) Djch sail m^^MWi^^W Sua: m'^mMm^MM^ v l nguyfn nhdn tao thdnh ldi sai, chu yeu g^m nhihig nguyen nhan sau ndm vd ndm (%) B§ng Kit qud trd ldi phiiu diiu tra giiia ndm 2, Dii t u ^ g Nam Nam Nam TrS M dting ho$c sai nhung iSi sai k h i n g liSn quan din lir Hin Vift 45.25 58.96 71.35 BSng i.TyUthi Ttrlo^i 43.4 Nghtaskth^i 40.65 L3i sai djch tryc tiip tir HSn Vift 40.03 31 22.5 Kh6ng tra VA du^c 14.72 10.04 6.15 logi ldi sai ctia sinh vim (%) Kit hyp tit 32.25 Tytsotirmii 30.55 Nghia tir vyng 25.91 Nguyen nhan hinh th^nh loi sai sa diing tu tieng Trung tuang ling tH Hdn Vift theo cdch diing tieng Vi$t Phan Idn cdc ldi sai cua ngudi hpc deu bit nguon hi nguygn nhdn Tft Han Vift vd cung quen thu0c doi vdi ngudi Vigt Nam, rit nhilu nhihig cau ca dao, tyc ngft, thdnh ngu nhu "dye tdc bit dgt", nhiing bdl tha nhu "Nam quoc son hd " ma chiing ta thugc Idng tft rat nhd diu cd yeu t6 Han Vift Vi thi, 6k cho vigc giao tiip dupe luu lodt vd ttdi chay, phai bilu dgt ngi D5 Thj Son vd Dtg Tap chf KHOA HQC & C6NG NGHp dung cd tft Hdn Vift, cdc em thudng tim hi tuong ftng tieng Tmng vd sft dyng ma chdng quan tam xem y nghia vd each dimg cua chung cd hrang ducmg vdi khdng Vi dy nhu djch cau " Cudi tuin ndy tdi bao vf ludn vdn tot nghigp" thi cdc em djch " S ^ i ^ ^ l f e M ^ a i ¥ ^ V & : f c " Tft Han Vift "bao vf" tuang ftng vdi tu " ^ l E " trang tilng Tmng Tuy nhien nhu dd dl c|.p d tren, tft the kj- thu 10, nude ta danh dde ldp, hi Han Vift da tach khdi hf thing tieng Han vd phdt ttiln theo hudng rifng ciia tilng Vigt nen dS cd sy biin ddi nhdt djnh, Ci ddy nghTa cua tft "bao vf (•0^31)" ttong tilng Vift da dugc md rgng 6k ndi "bao vg lugn vdn", nhung tilng Trung Igi khdng nhu vdy, md ndi bdo vf ludn van ngudi ta dung "^ 'X^f^" Ngudi hpc khdng ndm dupe sy khac ndy ma bieu dgt sai Do tai li§u, gido trinh, tu dien Hifn tai cdc tdi lifu dgy tilng Trung eho ngudi Vigt vdn edn rat hgn che, thudng la djch ttt tai lifu tilng Trung danh cho eac nude ndi tilng Anh, vi thi nd khdng phu hgp vdi ddc dilm cua ngudi Vigt hpe tilng Tmng, cung khdng khde phyc dupe nhftng nhupc dilm cua ngudi Vigt hpc tilng Trung Phdn giai thich nghTa ciia tft ttong tdi ligu thudng bang tilng Anh, ngudi hgc hgc phai ty tra cftu tim hilu, dya vao khdi luqmg kiln thftc dupe tich luy ciia cdc em nlu nhu khdng cd sy ehi dan ciia gido vifn tren ldp, eac em khd cd thi hilu rd ngu nghia va cdch sft dyng ttong nhthig hodn cdnh ngdn ngft khde ciia tft Hifn cd rat nhilu ttt diln gidi thich ttt Han Viet thi nghTa dau tien tft dien dua la tft tuang ftng ttong tilng Tmng Vi dy nhu ttong tft diln Vigt - Han hifn dgi nha xuat ban Nghign eftu vd dgy hgc ngoai ngft xuit ban, trang 666 gidi thich tft "phi thudng" la " # S " ; trang 772 giai thich tft "than tuang" Id " # ^ , f^^"[9] Ngodi ra, da phdn cdc ttt dien Vift - Han chi dua phan giai thich nghTa ma khdng dua tft logi Vi dy nhu ttang 1679, tu diln Hdn Vigt nha xuat bdn Thanh Ho Chi Minh xuit bdn ndm 2008 giai thich tft "Ep^"la "An 174(14): 91-96 tupng! Wmm-: An hrpng sau sac %^% fi^m^: An tugmg ciia dl Igi cho toi rat t6t"[I0] Do khdng ndi rd tft logi ciia tir ngn ngudi hgc djch sang tieng Trung thudng cho rdng tft tilng Tmng va tilng \^i^ ciing mdt tft logi, tgo thdnh nhilu ldi sai ^• Thdm vao dd, mgt s6 tft diln dua nhttng vi dy chua dung, Vi dy nhu ttang 358, ttt diln Vift - Hdn hifn dgi Tmong Van Gidi, Le Khde Kilu Lyc chu bien, nha xudt bdn Khoa hpc xa hdi Vift Nam xuat ban nam 2005 lay vi dy giai thich tft "dang hodng" cd mot vi dy la "xdy dyng nude ta ddng hodng hon" dich tiianh " S E ^ a m ^ ^ S t o ^ M ' T l l ] , dich nhu vgy la chua chinh xdc, nen sfta " ffi a H a -a t# S JP ^ ^ " Trong tilng Trung hi " : ^ ^ " cd nghTa la "^'X, ifeHf " Do vgy khdng thi ndi " f f i ^ g a i S t l H J a ^M." Tuy nhien sau du nhgp vdo Viet Nam, ngft nghTa cua tft da dupe md rgng va phdt triln dl ndi "xay dyng nude ta dang hodng ban" Ngudi hgc khdng ndm dugc sy khde ma bieu dgt sai Phuang phdp hgc tap cua ngudi hoc chua ddng Ngoai nguygn nhan khdch quan ke tren thi day cung la nguyen nhan chii yeu tao nen loi sai eiia ngudi hgc, Khi hgc tdp va sft dyng tilng Tmng, cin phai tta cuu mdt ttt, mgi thdng tin, cdc em thudng tta cuu tft mgt, hai kgnh thdng tin nhat, nen hau nhu khdng c6 sy so sdnh va chit lgc thdng tm, khdng tim dugc ngudn thdng tin ddng tin cdy Vi dy nhu tra tft diln, rat nhieu em sft dyng phan mgm tft dign tich hpp vao difn thogi, mgt so phan mim cdn khdng ro rdng, dieu dan den tta sai nghTa cua tu, ho§c tra dupfc ngh^ cua tir nhung khdng bilt cdch diing khong cd vi dy minh hpa Dac bigt tra hi dien Vigt - Trung cdc em thudng khdng ddi chieu kilm tta Igi bdng tft diln Tmng - Vift hay c&| phucmg tien khac md chpn nghTa dau tien tim dugc ciia ttt Tft diln thudng chi cung c^ nghTa cua tft mgt each tuang ddi, nd khong the ndi rd cdi hi ly dupe dung ttong hoan canh ndo, kit hpp vdi tft nao, dd ngudi hgc tta nghTa cua tft diln thi rat ygn tdmraabe Do Thj Son va Dtg Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ nguyen ca tft vao cdu md sft dyng, khdng de;? den cdc yeu td ngft phdp khde cua tft nhu ttt loai, y nghTa sac thdi, sy kit hpp tft vgy thudng dung tft sai, ddt edu sai Nhftng dl xuat d^y hpc D I phat huy nhung tdc dyng tich eye va hgn che nhftng dnh hudng tigu cue cua tft Hdn Vift doi vdi ngudi Vift hpc tilng Tmng, ngudi viet dua mgt sd dl xuit sau Thdng qua dgy hgc tii Hdn Viit dofn am tiit giiip ngudi hgc ghi nh& nghia cita ta va md rgng luffng tu viptg Trong tieng Trung, cd rat nhieu tft dan dm tilt tucmg ung vdi tft tilng Hdn Vift Vi dy ;fe (dgi); S,(ma); 7s(lye); B(qu6c); ^(an) Vi vgy, neu ngudi hpc cd the ndm viing y nghia cua nhihig tft thi vifc dgc, ghi nhd, hilu, v|n dyng tft ngft se de dang han Vi du cdc tft Han Vigt tuang irng cua thdnh ngft " ^ i £ ^ i i " la "dye toe bat dat" , ttong tilng Vift cd ngft ndy, vi vdy ngudi hpc thudng ghi nhd thdnh ngft ndy rit nhanh Ngoai ra, ti If sft dyng tft Han Vigt ttong cac ITnh vyc khoa hpc, gido dye, vdn hpc, chinh tri la rat cao Theo thdng ke, ttong 1080 thugt ngft ttong "tft dien giai thich thugt ngu ngdn ngft hpc" till ed 785 Id hi Hdn Vigt, ehilm 72%; 341 thugt ngu ttong cuon "thugt n^ft vdn hgc" cd din 265 tft Id tft Hdn Vigt, chiem han 77% DO dd, giao vien cd the thdng qua day tu Han Vift don dm tilt dl giiip ngudi hpc hilu, ghi nhd cung nhu ndm bat vgn dyng tft tilng Han dupe de dang hon B^ manh van dung tit Han Vift hgc t^p, dich thu^t vd giao tiep tieng Trung Tron^ qua trinh gidng day ttdn ldp, giao vien CO thg tmyIn dat cho ngudi hpc each tgn dyng Igi thi eiia tft Han Vigt dk nang cao khd ndng djch thugt cung nhu toe dp bieu dgt bdng tilng Tmng Nhu da ttinh bay d trdn, tilng Vift va tilng Han, dgi da so cac thu|t ngft ttong cdc Imh vyc kinh te, vdn hod, chinh trj va cac danh tft chi ngudi, su vgt, nai chon, phuong hudng diu cd thi dich ngang dupe DO v$y, Ign ldp vao nhirng npi dun^ nhu thi gido vifn cd thi ndi rd, ciing cd the dgy ngudi hpc cdc tan dyng tft Hdn Vift dd ddy mgnh qud trinh djch thugt vd giao tiep 174(14): 91-96 Tdng cudng phdn biit cdc tk ngu di g^ nham lan Dgi da so nhirng giao ttinh dgy hpc tieng Tmng diu bdt nguin tft Trung Quic, viet cho ngudi hgc tieng mg de Id tilng Anh Do vdy, gido vien mdi gap phdi tft tigng Tmng cd tft Hdn Vift tuang ftng diu nen tiln hdnh phan tich cho ngudi hpe rd su khde vl