34 Nghien cii'u Ton giao So - 2011 VI TRi NCir6l PHU INC • • TRONG PHAT GIAO VIET NAM NGlVENNCiOCQLYNH' Vi tri ngifdi Phu nU gidi luat va kinh dien Phat giao Kundalakesa ditdc ca tung ve tnic giac cua minh,v.v '-' Cac ngudn tai lieu cho biet, thdi diic Phat, sd' eae vi tdn gia cd cd duyen tnic tie'p nhan sii giao huan ciia bac Dai Giae Ngd da dac qua A La Han, cd 12 vi nii Tdn gia tieu bieu, dd la: Mahaprajapati Gotami, Kiiema, Uppalavana, Kisagotami, Sona, Bhadda Kundalakesa, Patacara, Dhanmadinna, Siunana, Ubiri, Siibha, Siha Cac nii Tdn gia tren, gdm nhieu phan: hoang tdc, thitdng dan, giau cd, ngheo khd, gia, tre deu ditdc The' Tdn binh dang theo duyen nghiep hda Hoan canh chitng ngd khae nhau, tiem tie'n, bpc phat, ngat ngheo, than,v.v deu du'dc diic Phat giao hda nhe nhang, tit bi'^' Cd the coi thdi diem xuat hien Ty Kheo Ni la sau Phat dao 14 nam, Lenh ba Mahaprajapati Gotami (cm me ctia Difc Phat) cimg 500 ngifdi nit ddng Xa Di den xin dife Phat eho xuat gia hanh dao Ban dan Phat chita cho phep ngitdi nit xuat gia hanh dao vi nhit vay se khien Phat phap khdng ditdc citu tru Ngai A Nan biet chuyen ben den bach Phat rang: Ngitdi nit d Phat phap xuat gia thu dai gidi, cd the tu chitng qua Tu Da Hoan de'n qua A La Han chang? Khi cdn tai the', Difc Phat da tan ditdng nhiing phu nii the h i i n kha nang lanh dao Ngitdi phu nuf noi tie'ng nha't thdi dd la Mahaprajapati Gotami, ngitdi me ke ciia Dife Phat, ngitdi sang lap Ni doan Phat giao Ngoai ra, Patacara ndi tie'ng ve sii nghiem tri gidi luat Khema du'dc ngdi ca ve sii sang sudt: Dhanmadinna xuat sac ve thuyet phap Sona ndi t i e n g vc sit can man; Bhadda Diic Phat dap: Cd the chitng du'dc Ngai A Nan bach rang: Neu vay, xin Phat cho ngifdi nii difdc d Phat phap xuat gia thp Dai gidi "'^• TS Vien Nghien cirti Tdn giao, Thfeh Chon Thien (bien soan) 'Tdmj gid tlidi diic Phdt Ciiiio hc)i Phiit guio Viet Nam, Vien Ngien eiiu Phiit hoc Viet Nam, 1991, ir 225-233 Xem them: Tfiidno ido Ni ke ghi lai 73 irirdng hpp ngp diiO cua ciic \\ trudng lao ni: Phdt giao irong thdi dai chung la Nxb 'Ton giiio 2005 tr.lO-11 2, Karma Lekse Tsomo "Ni gidi Phin giiio litm liinh dao", Cdc hdl tliam luan Hdi nglu nff gidn Phdt ^ido the gioi Idn ihi'f II (tir ngii\ 28/02/2009 den mky 03/01/2010) tap 1.11,20, 35 Nguyen Ngoc Quynh Vi tri ngudi phiinu' ^ Phat bao: Nay A Nan! Ta vi ngitdi nu" che' Tam phap kinh"" trpn ddi khdng du'dc bd qua, ne'u cd the thiic hanh lien difdc xua't gia thp gidi Phat ciing ndi them: Cd dieu dang tie'c la ne'u ngu'di nit khdng cf Phat phap xuat gia thi Phat phap se difcfc tru lau cf ddi them nam tram nam niia"' Quan niem ciia xa hdi An Dp cd dai cho rang, ve mat tinh than va dao difc ciia ngifdi phu nii deu thap kem hdn nam gidi, nhitng quan diem eiia Phat giao da cho tha'y rang nft gidi khdng cd trd ngai vice giai thoat Trong ea bp luat: Ludt Pali, Luat Tit Phan, Luat NgU phan deu cd nhae de'n Bat kinh phap Tuy vay, dieu quan trpng la ca ba bd luat tren, diic Phat deu khang dinh Ty Kheo ni cd the chitng qua A La Han'^' Trong quy che' Bat kinh phap, nhiing quy dinh cd sit phan biet giUa nam va nU Ve van dc nay, tac gia Minh Chi cho rang: quy che' Bdt kinh phdp da dat Ni chimg vao mdt dia vi thap kem hdn tang chimg rat nhieu Ong cho rang quy che xua't hien la bdi eanh lich sit thdi ki dd Xa hdi thdi Diic Phat la xa hdi trpng nam khinh nii, dd Difc Phat da dat quy che' nham bao ve ngitdi phu mi khcii bi nam gidi quay rdi Mdt II nH'a la Luat tang difcjifc kiet tap theo tinh than bao thu ciia Thitdng Toa Bd Dai hdi kiet tap lan thif nha't d Vifdng Xa, va liic bay gid sd' A La Han chie'm da sd cupc kiet tap Ong chng cho rang: Mdt quy ehe' nhif vay khdng cdn thieh hdp nGa the' gidi hien dai, dac biet la cf xa hdi Viet Nam, vdi ngitdi phu mi "tay hdm chia khoa", nim quyen tai chlnh gia dinh, l e n h dng khdng bang cdng ba""*' Ty kheo Thich Chan Quang lai ed ? ^ ^ ^ quan diem cho rang: Vdi Bat kmh phap, Phat da dat vi tri ciia ngitdi ni thap hdn ngitdi tang, tii dd cd quan diem cho rang ngitdi phu nit nang nghiep hdn nam Nhitng can II giai dieu bang bdi canh xa hoi thdi Difc Phat Vi lue dd, ngitdi ni dau tien lai la di cua Difc Phat, nhit vay cae Ty kheo (tang) at se kinh trpng Ba, lam mat tdn ti trat tii, khdng cdn binh dang nita Nghia la tif chd sd di Difc Phat, ngitdi Tang se ed truyen thd'ng tdn kinh ngifdi Ni Phat mudn tranh tinh Bdt kinh phdp cung cd the doe lii Bdi kinh phdp Npi dung bao gdm: 1- Dilu Ty kheo ni mpt triim tudi thiiy vi Ty kheo mci'i thp gidi phai dirng day nghinh tiep lc biii triii toa mdi ngdi, 2~ T)' kheo ni khdng dupe miing nhiec qud inich Ty kheo che li\ ngudi phii gic'Ji, phii kien pha oai nghi 3- Ty kheo ni khdng dupe vl Ty kheo tiic cu, tiic lie niem uic tu ngdn tri, khdng dupe ngan Ty kheo lim tdi, thuyei gidi, tu tii', Ty kheo ni khdng dupc qud iriich l'\ kheo, ngupc lai Ty kheo dupe qud triich Ty kheo ni, 4- Thii'c Xoa Ma Na hai nam hpc gidi xong, phiii theo Ty kheo tiing xin thp did gidi 5- Ty kheo ni phiuii ldi Tiing tiing phiii d hai bd tang (bd Timg, bd Ni Tang) himh phiip Ma Na Doii (y hi) nira thang 6- Ty kheo ni phiii nu'a thiing den ben Tang Cciu giiio thp, 7- 'Ty kheo ni khdng dupe d dia phuong niio khdng cd tru xu Ty kheo timg ma kiei hii an cu 8' Ty kheo ni timg (chiing Ty kheo ni) an cu xong phiii den 'Ty kheo timg ciiu ba sir lir tir: thiiy nghe nghi, Xem trong: [,iidl ni' phdn Ty kheo ni gidi bdn hide ki tap yeii Nxb, Tdn giao 2005 tr 11 Xem Ludi ii'i phdn Ty kheo ni gidi hdn hio'c ki tdpyeu.SAd.\v.9A2 A La Hiin: lii quii ciling circ ciia Tieu thira, Ngudi diic quil A La Thin, tnii qua hai van kiep se dilc quii Phiit Xem 7Yc dieii Plidt hoc Hdn \'iei Hii Npi, 1992 tr 16 "Tuc III Phiit Diing chfnh giiic lii vi giiic ngd chim If khdi sinh tir liuin hdi, khdng trd ki the gian sinh tir niiy nua" Xem Gi:ic Dung, Phdt Met Nam ddn ldc \ let Nam Nxb Tdn giao 2003, tr 141 Xem: Minh Chi "Phat giiio the ki XXI" sach That gido Irong tlu'ii dai cluing la .Sdd, tr 14- 15, 36 t r a n g nhif vay n e n da cjiiy d i n h r a n g , du ldn tuoi h d n n h i t n g ngifdi Ni v a n phai k i n h t r p n g ngifdi Tang'"' Kinh Dieu phap lien hoa (Kinh Phap Hoa), p h a m 12 cd nh£c de'n p h u nii vdi viec giac ngd, t u tap da ditdc chitng qua nhifng phai bie'n t h a n h t h a n n a m rdi sau dd mdi Avtdc de'n cdi Vd Ciic b phifdng Nam de t h a n h Phat: "Bay gid ca chimg hpi deu t r d n g tha'y Long nii vut bie'n thanli dan dng, dii h a n h bd tat lien dd qua the' gidi Vd Ca'u ci phifdng Nam, n g d i toa sen bau t h a n h d a n g e h i n h giac, dii ba mitdi hai tu'dng, t a m mitdi ve dep, k h a p vi chimg sinh t r o n g tat ca mifdi phifdng ma dien thuyet phep mau""'*' Viec Long nit bie'n t h a n h n a m gidi rdi mdi bie'n t h a n h Phat du'dc 11 giai la cjuan n i e m ve phu nii cua An Dp thdi cd dai Viec bie'n mdt p h u nit t h a n h mot n a m n h a n cd n g h i a la sii vrtdt khoi dieu k h a e Met giUa nam va nii Va vi Diic P h a t Thich Ca da k h a n g dinh r a n g t h u vat, chim m u d n g sau bp, thao mdc ciing nhif ngifdi deu cd Phat tinh vay lam Ngai cd the p h a n biet n a m gidi h a y nii gidi Ditdi mat Ditc Phat het t h a y mpi chiing s i n h deu binh dang'"' Trong Dai Chinh Tin Tu Dai Tang Kinh cd ghi: "Sit giac n g p k h d n g lien cjuan de'n t h a n ngitdi n a m h a y t h a n ngitdi nu'-'i'^' Kinh Thien Sanh t r o n g T r u n g A Ham nhae deh viec: c h a n g Thien S a n h le sau phifcfng vdi ldi n g u y e n r a n g : Con x i n het long cung kinh, cimg difdng, le bai phung- sit nhitng chiing s i n h d phitdng Ddng, Sau lam nhit the' x o n g thi nhitng chimg s i n h ay ciing se cimg k i n h cimg du'dng le bai, p h u n g sii Ddi vdi phitdng cdn lai cimg nhif vay Khi tha'y Nghien cuu Ton ciao So - 2011 the Dure P h a t day: T r o n g g i a o p h a p cua n g a i Cling cd le bai sau phifdng t r o n g dd cd phifdng Tay quy dinh: Chdng phai thitdng yeu, k i n h trpng, chu cap cho vd con: vd p h a i kheo k i n h t h u a n chdng'"' Trd lai vdi viec P h a t che' r a Bat kinh phdp Day k h d n g p h a i la sit r a n g bupc Ty kheo ni, ngifdc lai, chinh la sii bao ve hp k h d i n h i i n g cjuy dinh k h a e nghiet ciia p h a p luat difdng thdi ddi vdi ngu'di phu nii T r o n g Dai Tri Dp Luan n g a i Long Tho ciing da n h a e den 'vice k h d n g phan biet gidi t i n h t r o n g Phat giao: "Vi Difc P h a t da k h a n g d i n h va thitc te' ciing chitng m i n h cho t h a y chit "vi Ty kheo ni v a n g i a c n g d t h a n h Phat nhif ditc The' Tdn Dd la t i e n g ndi b i n h dang, n h a n ban, thie't thiic nha't eiia P h a t giao"^^' Nhvtng dau an cua tin ngvtdng Miu Phat giao Viet Nam thd P h a t g i a o vao Viet Nam ket hdp vdi tin n g i t d n g t h d Mau b a n dia da tao nen mdt h i e n tifdng t h d cimg cac Phat ba kha ndi trpi t r o n g he thd'ng ddi tifcpfng thd, Cd ngitdi cho day la t i n h nit t r o n g Phat giao Viet Nam, Nhifng ciing co the n h m n h a n la Sli ket h d p ciia P h a t giao vdi dac diem t i n n g i t d n g ciia m d t nifdc n d n g n g h i e p ~, Xem: Tlifch Chan Quang Teiui li dao due Nxb Tdn giao 2004 tr 252-255, S, Nguyen Hdng (dich I Kinh Dieu Phdp Lien Hoa X\b,Vdn giao, 2004 tr 241, Xem: Nikkyo Niwano Dao Phdt ngdv na\ iiid'l dien dicit nidi ve hd kinh Phdp Hoa Tr^n liiiin M5n dich tr 329-332 10 Ddc vd ldn nu kinli Dai Chmh Tan Tu Dal Tang Kinh A^9 tap 12 tr 106 b9 Diin theo Giiic Diing Phdi \ ii'i Nam Ddn tde \ iei Sam Nxb Tdn gi;ic>, 2003 11, Trung Hdm Kinh Thien Sanh kinh Dat Chinh Tan Tu Dai Tang Kinh 26 tap I, 638c 12, Diin theo: Giac DQng Phat \ iel Nam ddn loc ,!,.:}, \'iel Sam Sdd.tr 138 37 Nguyen Ngoc Quynh Vi irhigi{dyi_pliiintlm a n g t l n h m i u he, t r p n g tlnh p h d n thiic, sinh sdi n a y nd nen Phat giao tai Viet Nam ciing m a n g nhiing a n h hifcfng dd Cac t h a n may, t h a n mita, t h a n sam, t h a n chdp la n h i i n g bieu titcfng ciia tin ngitdng cit d a n Vict cd' k h i ke't hcip vdi Phat giao da trcf t h a n h P h a p Van, P h a p Vu, Phap Ldi, P h a p Dien Khi du n h a p vao Viet Nam, h i n h titpfng Bo Tat Quan The' Am chuyen h a n t h a n h h i n h tifdng nii gidi, vdi cac bie'n the nhif: Phat Ba Quan Am n g h i n mat n g h i n tay, Quan Am Chuan De, Quan Am tpa sdn, Quan Am td'ng tii,v.v Do nhiirng dac diem vung, tdc ngitdi nhit t r e n ma d a n dan, qua qua t r i n h tie'p bie'n ciia lich sii, da xua't hien nhiing vi P h a t ba m a n g dam da'u a n rieng cd ciia Viet Nam Phat P h a p Van (the' ki II) nhif da neu cf tren, Phat Ba Chiia Hitdng (the' ki XVIII) la n h i i n g vi Phat sinh r a tren da't nifde Vict Nam de rdi dai dien cho d a n tdc Vict Nam ndi tie'ng ndi bao ve chan ly eiia d a n tdc, lam diem tiia cho d a n tdc, bao ve quyen ldi linh t h i e n g cua d a n tdc'''" Trong cac chua Vict ol Mien Bac hien nay, bien titdng thd Mau la rat phd bie'n Theo Nguyen Duy Hinh: 'Mau la mdt hien tifctog Dao giao vd'n da tham n h a p vao Phat giao nifde ta tu" thdi Ly -Tran Song de'n the ki XVII ve sau, cho de'n hien Mau mdi vao chua va chie'm mdt than dien rieng ben canh Phat dien Man ke't hpfp vdi Dao giao, Mat giao, tin ngitdng Me vdi phii chil, len ddng, thude t a n hitdng nitdc la lan at ca nghi thitc Phat giao'"' Trifdc day, viec thd m a n chi bd hep t r o n g p h a m vi cac den, dien Sau nay, nhu can eua cac tin dd, dien thd Mau difdc difa vao chiia, dat t r o n g gian chinh dien, hoac x a y difng mdt g i a n n h a de thd r i e n g Ddi k h i , tai mdt so' chiia cd hien tit(;;ng Mau l a n at Phat Ngoai ra, cdn p h a i ke tdi Phat g i a o cua ngitdi Hoa kieu vdi cac den thd ba Thien Hau, ciing cdn ditdc gpi la Chiia Ba (phan biet vdi cac Chiia Ong thd Quan Cdng cua ngifdi Hoa) Ba Thien Hau la mdt vi t h a n s d n g bien du'dc ngifdi Hoa Kieu thd cimg k h a phd bie'n cf nhiing ndi hp de'n cit tru T r o n g cac chiia Nam Bd, thifdng cd tifdng Quan The' Am vdi kich thifdc ldn ,"' V ^ 9 de n g o a i vifdn, co le a n h hifdng tin ngitdng t h d Quan Am Nam Hai cua ngitdi Hoa Nhiing n a m g a n day viec thd p h u n g n a y da x u a t hien k h a nhieu t r o n g cac n g d i chua d Mien Bac Van de gidi va binh dang gidi cua Phat giao Viet Nam Ddi vdi P h u nit Viet Nam, tit n d n g t h d n cho tdi t h a n h thi, Phat giao la mdt tdn g i a o r a t g a n giii Cac ngdi chua viia la ndi s i n h h o a t tdn giao, vifa la ndi de phu nii de'n c u n g n h a u s i n h hoat m a n g t i n h cdng ddng, phue vu cac viec t r o n g chiia vao cac n g a y ram, m u n g mdt, n a u nifdng t r o n g cac n g a y gid td, cac n g a y le ldn d chua, n h i i n g phu nii thifdng la n h i t n g ngu'di da ldn tuoi va n a m t r o n g hdi cac ba vai theo ddn vi ehiia Ngoai ra, ngifdi p h u nii cung cd n h i t n g d d n g gdp t r o n g viec x a y diing, su'a chita cac cd scf vat chat ciia Phat giao Dieu n a y Axicic the hien qua tuc c i m g h a u v a b a u h a u cf c a c n g d i c h i i a 13 Gii'tc DOng Phdt Viet Nam Ddn tde Met Nam Sdd 14, Xem: Nguyen Duy Tiinh, Siiy nglu khoa hoc viPhdt gido iiud'c la gdn ddy (tiii lieu tham khao ndi bp) Vien Nghien ciru "Ton giiio, ir 18 38 Nghien cuu Ton giao So - 2011 Viet Ke tif the' ki XIV, da t h a y x u a t hien viec thd cac ba h a u s o n g s o n g vdi viec thd cae d n g h a u t r o n g chiia Hp la n h i i n g ngitdi phu nu' da cd cdng ldn eho l a n g xa, cd ddng gdp n h i e u tien ciia cho viee x a y diing chiia Vdi n h i i n g d d n g gdp dd, l a n g ^ , xa, hoac chiia se ditng r a to chu'c viee khae bia g h i n h d cdng ditc ciia hp va giao ifdc se cimg gid hp lau dai t r o n g chiia cf mdt vai ndi cdn tac tifdng n h i t n g ba hau cd cdng diic vdi dia phifdng de thd t r o n g chiia"^' Phu m i Vict Nam giii mdt vi tri q u a n t r p n g sinh hoat P h a t giao ndi r i e n g ciing nhit t r o n g cac sinh hoat k i n h te, v a n hoa xa hpi tit n d n g t h d n cho tdi t h a n h thi Dieu n a y ed t h e II g i a i a n h hifcfng tii t r o n g nop sdng, nep s i n h boat cua ngitdi Viet O dd, ngifdi p h u nii la ngitdi p h a i thifc hien n h i i n g n g h i a vu vdi g i a dinh, edn nhd thi giiip me lam cac c d n g viec vat t r o n g nha, r e n luyen nii cdng gia chanh, deh tritdng t h a n h thi quan :Kuye'n cdng vice n h a chdng vdi cae cdng viee nhit: tao lap k i n h te' g i a dinh, quan II t h u chi va g i a o due cai Cdn ngifdi dan d n g t r u y e n thd'ng ciia Vict Nam lo l a m n g h i a vu vdi xa hdi: nhit di phu, di linh, t h a m gia cac sinh b o a t m a n g t i n h cdng ddng Ne'u ngitdi n a o ehpn ditdng eii n g h i e p thi chi lo hpc cho td't de thi dd, l a m d a n g d a n h cho d d n g hp, xdm lang,v.v thi ciing v a n la n g h i a vu vdi xa hdi, cdn vice c h a m lo cho g i a d i n h h o a n t o a n phu thudc vao ngu'di vcf T r o n g ca dao, tuc n g i i Vict Nam ciing cd n h i t n g cau t h e Men sit g a n bd ciia ngitdi p h u nii vdi n g d i chiia P h a t nhif: "Tre vui nha, g i a vui chiia"", Dan dng vui d a m vui dinh, d a n ba vui ke vui k i n h cita chiia " O Vict Nam, ditdi thdi Tran, tit tu'dng b i n h d a n g n a m nit da ditcfc the hien t r o n g Khoa Hit Luc ciia T r a n Thai Tdng (1225- 1258): •Mac van dai an tieu an, hitu biet tai g i a xua't gia, bat can t a n g tuc, chi ye'u bien tam, bon vd n a m mi, h a tu trifdc titdng (Khdng ke la an dat ldn h a y nhd, k h d n g ke la tai g i a h a y xua't gia, t a n g h a y tuc, dieu cdt yeu la bien tam, vdn k h d n g p h a n biet n a m mi, lai cdn chap titdng)'^"' Ngoai tit tifdng binh d a n g n a m nU, cau ndi cua Tran Thai Tdng cdn b a o quat ca t i n h t h a n binh d a n g dd'i vdi h a i gidi x u a t gia, tai gia, t r i n h t u tap, dieu cdt yeu la d cai tam V ^ T m h b m h d a n g n a m nit du'dc the h i e n t r o n g k h a nhieu l i n h viic hoat d d n g ciia he thd'ng td chitc ciia P h a t giao Vict Nam P h a t g i a o Vict Nam tii r a t sdm da cd he thd'ng Ty Kheo eho n a m tu si va Ty Kheo Ni cho nii tu si Dieu k h a e vdi cac nitdc P h a t g i a o Dai thifa d Tay T a n g va M d n g Cd ciing nhit nipt sd' nu'dc t r o n g k h u viic Ddng Nam A theo Phat giao Nam tdng: Thai l^an, Campuchia, Lao, Mien Dien deu k h d n g cd p h u nit x u a t gia"^' Hien nay, nhifng nii P h a t tii d cac nu'dc n a y m u d n t h u gidi Ty k h e o ni p h a i t h u n h a n gidi cf nitdc n g o a i va k h d n g ditdc phep thiic hien b a t k y m d t n g h i le tdn g i a o nao mdt k h i ho t r d vc nu'dc'"*' 15 NgUN'iin Ngpe Quynh, Tuc cung hau vd lap hia hau li nu'O'C ta lich sir 'Tap chf Nghien cuu Lich sir so 5/2003 tr 63 69 16 Xem: Phdt gido tnmg lIuYi dai chiing m Nxb, 'Tdngiiio 20O5,lr 13 17 .Xem: Phdt gido trimg thdi dai chiing pi Sdd tr.lO-15, 18 Krisiana Raksachom "Ngudn gdc cua ciic 'Iv kheo ni d Ihiii Lan" Cdc hdi tham ludn Hdi i,ai,i ,i'u gidn Phai gido the gidi Idn thu 11, uii Heu dii dan, tiip l.lr 195 39 Nguyen Ngoc Quynh \'/112111^^J^^^^^ '-' u: d Viet Nam, mdt nhitng phu mi dau tien xua't gia diidc ghi lai su' sach la Ni su' Dieu Nhan (1041- 1113) Ni su' thudc ddi thii 17, ddng Ty Ni Da Litu Chi, la tntcfng nit cua Phung Can Vitdng Thucf nho, ba hien hau doan trang, ditcfc "vna Ly Thanh Tdng nudi cimg; Ldn len, ba ditdc ga cho ngifdi hp Le, lam cjuan Chau muc cf Chan Dang Chdng mat, ba thii tiet khdng tai gia Ba dem cua cai di bd' thi rdi de'n gap Thien sit Clian Khdng xin tho gidi Bo tat vdi phap danh Dieu Nhan'^^' Ni sit ciing ditdc coi la nha thd nit dau tien cua van hpc Viet Nam Trong Thien Uyen Tip Anh NgO' Luc cd ghi lai bai thd cua Ni sit Dieu Nhan ve van de sinh, lao, benh, tii Tac gia Nguyen Dang Thuc nhan dinh: "Tac gia la mdt mi hien triet uyen tham ve thien hpc ddi Ly"''^'^' De'n giiia the'ki XIV, cd Ni sit Tue Thdng Ni sit hp Pham, gai ciia mdt gia dinh ddi ddi lam cjuan, xuat gia tu d am tren niu Thanh Lifdng Ni sit tu kho hanh, t n gidi chuyen can, thifdng ngdi thien dinh, chen mao gidng het La ban, danh tieng lifng lay Vua Tran Nghe Tdng (1370- 1372) ban hieu 'la "Tue thdng dai sif •'^'l v Lri': s: : '" O huyen Long Thanh (tmh Dong Nai), cd Ni sif Lifdng lap am Van Tinh d tren gd cao, tiep nd'i vdi niii Chau Thdi, thude thdn Long Sdn, de tinh tu Nay, chua da bi pha huy'^~' Ha Tien cd Ni cd hp Td'ng, la mdt nha giau d Ha Tien, gioi nii edng, Khi den tudi 16, nhieu nha giau cd quyen the cay ngitdi mai md'i de'n cau hdn, nhitng tat ca deu bi tit ehdi Cha me trach cif, cd thifa: "Nhan duyen cua phai chd Difc Phat chi giao" Sau mdt vi sif de'n nha, cd mdt mifc xin cha me eho di tu; Hp lap cho cd am Quan Am ben trai nui Dai Kim, tren dao Dai Kim de cd tung niem tu hanh Cd theu mdt bite hinh Bo tat Quan The'Am rat ldn, cif mdi miii kim lai niem Phat mdt cau, sudt ba thang mdi xong Bifc tranh rat sd'ng ddng nhit vi Phat sd'ng, difcpfe de thd am Chiia tren niii Dai Kim la canh Kim dii lan dao • (Dao kim ngan sdng), mdt 10 canh dep ciia tra'n Ha Tien''^'*' De'n thdi cac chua Nguyen (1558-1802), hoang gia trieii Nguyen ciing cd nhieu cdng chua, vifdng phi siing md dao Phat, cd ddng gdp khdng it cho vice hoang difdng Phat phap nhif: Cdng chua 9 A' Ngpe Tu Ba la gai ca cua Hitng to Hieu Khang hoang de (titc Nguyen Phiic Luan, than sinh ciia vua Gia Long), Ba mdt ldng thd Phat, nhieu lan xin cat tdc di tu nhifng vua Gia Long khdng cho''^*' Ba Chieu Nghi la ^d thif ciia Vd Vifdng Nguyen Phiic Khoat, difdc phong Quy Nhan, ba thitdng vitdn dang hifdng niem Phat, sau mat ba ditdc phong lam Tuf Man Chieu Nghi'=^^' 19 Thfeh dlianh Tu Thien sir Met Nam Nxb Tdn giiio 1991, tr, 173- 175 'Thfeh nir Bdn Giiic "Ni su Dieu Nhiin td su Ni khoi nguon cho ni gidi Viet Nam"", Phdt gido ddi Ly Vien Nghien cuu Phiii hpc Viet Nam Nxb Tdn giiio.2010.tr 202-209, 20 Nguyen Diing Thuc Thien hoc Met Nam Nxb, Lii Bdi 1967 tr 308 Diin theo Phdt gido Irong thdi dai ehiing la tr, 79 21 'Thfeh Thanh 'Tir, Thien sir \ iei Nam .Sdd, tr 385- 386, 22 Nguyen Hidn Due Tich sii' Phdi gido Ddng Trong tr, 384-385 \'ii Dai Nam liet triiven lien hien 23 Dai Nam liet truyen lien hien quyen 6, ir 197 Xem them Lich sir Phdi gido dting irong tr.385-386 24 .Xem them Dai Nam thire luc tieu hien: Nguyen Dac Xuiin, Chuxcn ndi cung chin dd/i chua tr.86 25 ,Xem them: Dai Nam ilni'c luc lien hieir Ngu\'en Dac Xuii/(, Sdd ir.69 40 Cdng chua Ngpe Huyen, ciia Vd Vitdng N g u y e n Phiic Khoat (1748- 1765) va ba ta c u n g t a n hp Td'ng Sau ehong mat, ba t h u tiet, quy y Vua Gia Long thifdng de'n t h a m vie'ng va b a n thifcfng r a t hau''^'*' ' Cud'i the ki XIX d a u the' ki XX, Ni bd Bac tdng bat d a u p h a t trien, x u a t hien cac vi Tdn ditc Ni cd ditc dp va dao h a n h dang k i n h ngitdng, lam n e n dao n g h i e p , tieu bieu la cd' Trifdng lao Ni Dien Tritdng, Ni tru'dng Dieu Tinh, Ni t r i t d n g Dieu Khdng, Ni tntcfng Nhit Thanh,v.v Rieng he phai Khat si ciing cd n h i i n g vi Tdn difc Ni nd'i d a n h nhif Ni tntcfng Huynh Lien, Ni tntcfng Bach Lien, Ni tntcfng Tang Lien,v.v da t h a n h lap ditdc Ni gidi Khat si de t r u y e n ba c h a n h phap, cifu dp n h a n sinh Tinh den nay, chit Ni da xay diing dtfdc giao doan len de'n h a n g van ngu'di'^''' Trong g i a i doan da't nitdc cd chien tranh, da cd n h i e u the' he Ni gidi Viet Nam ditng len c h d n g giac, bao vc P h a t phap, bao vc hda b i n h cho dat nifdc Trong k h a n g chien chd'ng Phap, cf viing dich tam chiem n h i e u vi ni sit da gdp su'c ngu'di, sifc cua de nudi n a n g , bao ve can bd, bd dpi hoat ddng Nhieu vi da difde Chlnh phii t a n g thifdng Huan chitdng, huy chitdng nhif: Sit ba Dam Tie'n, chiia Mai Hitdng, Ha Ndi da difpTc Chlnh phii t a n g "Kl niem chitdng Td qud'c g h i cdng" va b a n g "Cd cdng vdi nifdc" Sit cu Dam Dang, t r u t r i chua Dien K h a n h cf l a n g Dich Vpng, ditc:fc Chinh p h u t a n g H u a n chitdng K h a n g ehien chd'ng P h a p h a n g Sit Dam N g h i d chiia Yen Phii, Ha Ndi, tham gia Viet Minh, chiia ditdc Chlnh phu t a n g thifcfng H u a n chitdng k h a n g chien h a n g nha't,v.v Nghien cuu Ton giao So ^20] i Durdi che' dp My- Diem d Mien Nam Viet Nam, cac chif Ni da cimg s i n h vien, hpc s i n h ditng len ddi quyen tit d a n chii, xud'ng difdng yeu cau t h a T a n g Ni, P h a t tif Nhiing ta'm gitdng da'u t r a n h tieu bieu g i a i doan cd Ni sit Huynh Lien, sif cd Dieu Quang,v.v '-*" T r o n g thdi g i a n chd'ng Chie'n t r a n h p h a hoai ciia de qud'c My, cac vi t a n g ni t u h a n h tai cac chua da l a m td't p h a n p h u n g dao ciia minh, p h a t h u y du'dc c h i n h tin, bai trit mc tin di doan Cac vi edn tich cite ddng gdp cdng lao d d n g de x a y diing Hdp tac xa Nhieu vi ditcfc b a u la chien si thi dua, lao d d n g tien tie'n, ca n h a n xua't sac, cd vi du'dc b a u vao Hoi d o n g n h a n d a n t h a n h phd', huyen Dac biet, cd vi t h a m gia dan q u a n du k i c h t n i c tie'p chie'n d a u va phue vu chie'n d a u c h d n g ehien t r a n h pha hoai Mien Bac cua de' qudc My nhu" sit thay Dam Luan chiia Hitdng The, sit t h a y Dam Dat ehiia Hd Qud'c, su" th^y Dam Van d khu Dd'ng Da """ Hien nay, t r o n g Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam, sd lifdng ni g a n titdng difdng vdi so litcfng t a n g Tong so tang, ni thupc Giao hdi P h a t g i a o Vict Nam tren ca nu'dc cd: 44.498 vi T r o n g dd, Bae Tdng: 32.625 vi N a m Tdng: 8.919 vi (8.574 Nam t d n g K h m e r va 345 n a m t d n g Kinh), Khat 26 Nguyen Flidii Due, / ich si'r Phdt gido ddng tr 386, 27 Cdc hdi tham ludn Hdi nghi nu gidd Phdt gido the gidi ldn tliU 11 Sdd t a p tr,3, 27 28 Ni trudng Ihich mi 11ue Giiic "Nu gidi Phiit gi;io \ii sir liinh dao ciui Ni doiin"'' Cdc hdi tham luan Hdi nghi ni( gidfi Phdt gido the gidiIdn thi'r 11 M(\.\ap u:3 29 Ni trudng 'llifch niT Hue Giiic -'Nugidi Phat giiio \'ii sir lanh diio ciia Ni doim"' Cdc hdi tham ludn Udi nghi ni'rgidi Phdt gido the gioi Idn llu'r II .Sdd tiip 2, tr.3, 30 Nguyc-n Dili Ddng, "Ni gidi 'Thiing Long- |la Ndi"" Kl ye'u Hdi ihdo Phdi gido thdi LY vdi 1000 ndm Thdng Lrmg- Hd N Vi/ tr.l28-l4l 41 Nguyen Ngoc Quynh Vitnji^ii;(>;ipl"i nu si: 2.954 vi"^" Trong dd, sd' Ty kheo ni len de'n h a n g van, chie'm ti le 47% tren td'ng so g a n 50.000 t a n g ni Nhieu ni tre n g a y da va d a n g r a site tu hpc tai cac hpc vien tren k h ^ p dat nu'dc, hoac du hpc tai An Dp, Nepal, T r u n g Qud'c, viing l a n h thd Dai Loan, Myanmar, My, Thai Lan,v.v Nhieu vi ni tre da dd dat nhieu hpc vi: cit nhan, thac si, tie'n si Phat hpe, the' hpc va ngoai nifde Hp da va d a n g phung sit tich ciic eho cac Ban t r i sii cac tinh, thanh, T r u n g ifdng Giao hdi t r e n cac mat: t h d n g tin bao chi, H o a n g phap, Giao due, Nghi le, Tii thien xa hdi,v.v "'''-' ôã K e i l u a n ''''•' "'''^'^ ""-'^ -"'•- "• '' Phu nii Viet Nam, tif n o n g thon eho tdi t h a n h thi, da cd n h i e u d d n g gdp dd'i vdi sinh hoat Phat giao Hp k h d n g n h i i n g giii vai trd quan t r p n g t r o n g vice x a y diing cd sd vat chat Phat giao ma cdn lam eho nhiing sinh boat ciia P h a t giao thcni phong phii, da d a n g nhit cac sinh hoat hdi, nhdm, di lc hdi chiia, t u n g k i n h micm Phat, cac man miia, hat, d a n g hitdng,v.v Tin ngitdng thd Man b a n dia da cd nhiing dau an n h a t d i n h t r o n g P h a t g i a o Viet Nam Dieu n a y du'dc the hien k h a rd dd'i titdng thd t r o n g dien thd ciia cac chiia Viet nhu" titpfng Quan Am Nam Hai, Quan Am Tdng Tu", he thd'ng cac chiia thd P h a p Van, P h a p Vii, P h a p Ldi, Phap Dien, cac titdng ba h a u t r o n g chiia Dac biet la hien tifcpfng t h d Mau d a n g n g a y c a n g p h a t t r i e n t r o n g cae ehiia thd Phat hien Tinh t h a n b i n h d a n g nam m i da xua't hien k h a sdm t r o n g tit titcing va t r o n g he t h o n g to ehite cua Phat giao Viet Nam N g a y tif thdi Ly (the ki XI) d Viet Nam da x u a t hien n h i i n g ni sit ndi tie'ng dac dao Ditdi thdi Tran, vua Tran Thai Tdng (1225- 1258) da k h a n g d i n h quan niem k h d n g p h a n biet n a m h a y nii t r o n g tac p h a m Khoa hit luc T r o n g n h i t n g nhiem ki qua, tit k h i Giao hdi P h a t giao Viet Nam difdc t h a n h lap n a m 1981, dii cac hoat dpng ciia chit ni Vict Nam ludn ludn cd mat t r o n g cdng d o n g T a n g g i a n h i t n g chufa the hien ditdc he't vai trd n a n g d d n g t r o n g ldng Giao hpi Cho de'n 01/01/2009 difde sit cho phep va c h a p t h u a n ciia Chit Tdn ditc Hdi d o n g Chitng minh, Hdi d o n g Tri sit, P h a n b a n Dac t r a c h Ni gidi du'dc r a ddi Day la mpt niem vui ldn ciia chit Ni Phat giao Vict Nam Hi v p n g r a n g , t r o n g thdi g i a n tdi Ni gidi se p h a t huy k h a n a n g t r o n g cac n g a n h boat d d n g xa hdi, de lam td't hdn niia t r p n g t r a c h m a Giao hdi giao phd va the hien d i m g vai trd va chitc n a n g ciia Ni gidi Vict Nam t r o n g giai doan hien nay, dc tit dd P h a t g i a o Vict Nam difdc p h a t t r i e n vdi mdt t i n h t h a n that sii binh , dang, tien bd./ 31 Bao Ciio 'Tdng kei cdng liic PIKU SU nhiem kf V (2002-207) Ki yeu Dat hdi Dai hieu Phdt gido todn qud'c ldn thu VI Nxb Tdn giiio H 2008 tr 34, 32 "Sir dim thiin cua ni gicii Phiit giao tren ITnh vuc ti^r thien xa hdi", Cdc hdi ihani ludn Hdi nghi nu gidd Phdt gido the'gidd Idn thu 11 Sdd, tiip 1, tr ... se difcfc tru lau cf ddi them nam tram nam niia"' Quan niem ciia xa hdi An Dp cd dai cho rang, ve mat tinh than va dao difc ciia ngifdi phu nii deu thap kem hdn nam gidi, nhitng quan diem eiia... Viet Nam Phat P h a p Van (the' ki II) nhif da neu cf tren, Phat Ba Chiia Hitdng (the' ki XVIII) la n h i i n g vi Phat sinh r a tren da't nifde Vict Nam de rdi dai dien cho d a n tdc Vict Nam. .. Thien sir Met Nam Nxb Tdn giiio 1991, tr, 173- 175 'Thfeh nir Bdn Giiic "Ni su Dieu Nhiin td su Ni khoi nguon cho ni gidi Viet Nam" ", Phdt gido ddi Ly Vien Nghien cuu Phiii hpc Viet Nam Nxb Tdn